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Black History Month Lessons & Resources, Grades 9-12

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Black History Month Lessons & Resources, Grades 9-12

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Grades 9-12

Lesson Plans & Activities

LESSON PLANS

Teaching Hard History
These resources for middle- and high-school educators include Learning for Justice's grades 6-12 framework, as well as student-facing videos and primary source texts to help all students grasp the historical significance of slavery. Educators will also find teaching tools and professional development resources.

Tulsa: The Fire and the Forgotten
Through a series of video clips and activities, students can learn about the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre and how the community of Tulsa is coming to terms with its past, present, and future.

ACTIVITIES

The Underground Railroad: Journey to Freedom
The Underground Railroad was the network used by enslaved black Americans to obtain their freedom in the 30 years before the Civil War (1860-1865).

Background Resources

SOCIAL STUDIES

African American History Month Exhibits & Collections
Resources covering art and design, baseball, civil rights, culture, folklife, military, music and performing arts, religion, slavery, and resource guides.

W. E. B. Du Bois: Online Resources
Includes digital materials related to W. E .B. Du Bois and links to external Web sites.

Black Labor History
Lessons and links on the life histories of people whose struggle was part of a larger social and economic movement to improve the lives of the working class.

Separate Is Not Equal - Brown v. Board of Education
History, images, and other resources covering the historic Supreme Court ruling ending segregation and ensuring opportunity in education.

Africans in America
Images, documents, stories, biographies, and commentaries. The site provides teacher's and youth guides. The four part series may be in local libraries.

Black History - Biography - Celebrate Black History Month & People
Biographies, photos and videos of notable African Americans.

The Awakening of Norman Rockwell
This article examines Norman Rockwell's career and how his painting, The Problem We All Live With, for the January 14, 1964 issue of Look magazine was a turning point in this career and reflected his unexpected politicization in the 1960s.

ARTS

Poems to Celebrate Black History Month
Poems and articles by African-Americans.

Jazz: A Film by Ken Burns
Online activities and biographies, transcripts of many interviews with musicians, K-12 lesson plans, and a music study guide for grades 5-8.

The History of Hip-Hop
A collection of interviews from National Public Radio (NPR) that chronicle the seminal people and events in the hip-hop movement.

African American Visual Art and the Black Arts Movement
The Black Arts Movement (BAM) began in the mid-1960s to provide a new vision of African Americans. This site provides images galleries a theoretical essay, timeline, and links to other online art sources. Note: the top banner links are dead but the bottom links are functional.

The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed
African American History by region.

SCIENCE

10 Black Scientists that Science Teachers Should Know About
A list from PBS Education of some of the top Black scientists, engineers, inventors, and mathematicians that includes links to media resources to help you bring their work-and stories-into your classroom.

8 Black Inventors Who Made Daily Life Easier
This blog post outlines some of the lesser-known but vital contributions of Black inventors.

SPORT

Negro Leagues Baseball Museum: Resources for Teachers
Before Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier in Major League Baseball there was Negro League Baseball. This site features history, a timeline, photos, and teacher resources.

African American Athletes
Brief biographies and film clips of outstanding African American athletes. Don't miss the links to legal and political figures, scientists and educators, activists, artists and writers, entertainers, and musicians and singers.

Quizzes

Printables

Audio & Video

AUDIO

Blues Journey (23:17 minutes)
This four part audio series explores the history of the blues.

VIDEO

Legacy: Black and White in America
Compares African-American life today and that of the Civil Rights generation.

Faubourg Tremé: The Untold Story of Black New Orleans (68 minutes)
Considered the oldest black neighborhood in America, Faubourg Tremé is the origin of the southern civil rights movement and the birthplace of jazz. Check local listings to see when it airs on a local PBS station.

Unforgivable Blackness: The Rise and Fall of Jack Johnson (220 minutes)
Jack Johnson was the first African American boxer to win the Heavyweight Championship of the World. The website includes the story of Johnson's life and career, a timeline, and media gallery. The DVD may be available in local libraries.

Books

Find African American booklists from Read Across America.

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Black History Month Lessons & Resources | NEA

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LESSON PLANS Teaching Hard History These resources for middle- and high-school educators include Learning for Justice's grades 6-12 framework, as well as student-facing videos and primary source texts to help all students grasp the historical significance of slavery. Educators will also find teaching tools and professional development resources.

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10 Famous Black Mathematicians and Their Contributions

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10 Famous Black Mathematicians and Their Contributions

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"The colour of the skin is in no way connected with strength of the mind or intellectual powers." -Benjamin Banneker

The following names represent those famous black mathematicians who beat the odds against their discrimination and achieved excellence in the field of mathematics.

1. Benjamin Banneker (1731-1806)

Best known for: Constructing a clock that struck hourly

Although best known as an African-American scientist, Benjamin Banneker was a multi-talented person who self-educated himself in astronomy and mathematics. He was also a writer, compiler of almanacs, surveyor and inventor. At the age of 24, Banneker observed a wrist-watch and used it to construct his own clock from wood which struck on the hour. He created puzzles for trigonometry which demonstrated his knowledge of logarithms. Banneker also attempted to find the exact lengths of an equilateral triangle which is inscribed within a circle where the diameter of the circle is known. He brought about a positive contribution in mathematics years before any black mathematician came to rise.

2. Charles Lewis Reason (1818-1893)

Best known for: First African-American to teach in a pre-dominantly white college

Although Reason's contributions to the field are not spectacular, he is remembered as the first African-American to be appointed university professor at a pre-dominantly white college, that was, New York Central College, McGrawville. Charles Reason was an early child prodigy in mathematics as his parents laid great emphasis on education from the very beginning. At the age of 14, Charles began teaching at the African Free School in New York from where he embarked upon his life-long career as an educationist. He has worked tirelessly to promote education among the blacks and even founded that Society for the Promotion of Education among Colored Children.

3. Kelly Miller (1863-1939)

Best known for: First African-American to attend John Hopkins University

Mathematician, sociologist, columnist, essayist and scholar, Kelly Miller had a remarkable influence on the intellectual life of African-Americans. When a minister took notice of Miller's exceptional mathematical abilities, he sent him to Fairfield Institute from where he earned a scholarship to Howard and later attended John Hopkins for post-graduate studies in mathematics, physics and astronomy. However, when JH raised their tuition fee, Miller left and adopted a teaching career in sociology and later pursued his mathematics study. Miller was also the first person to teach sociology at Howard University.

4. Dudley Weldon Woodard (1881-1965)

Best known for: Second African-American to earn Ph.D in mathematics and established the mathematics graduate program at Howard University

Dudley Woodard is remembered as the second African-American to achieve a Ph.D degree in Mathematics from Penn. Woodard had more achievements than any of his predecessors. He managed to publish his masters' level thesis, 'Loci Connected with the Problem of Two Bodies' and taught college-level math for 20 years. He was also the dean at Howard - the most prestigious university for black Americans at the time. At Howard, Woodard established a graduate program in mathematics and furthered it by establishing a mathematics library, sponsored professorships and seminars- in short, Woodard advanced the mathematics faculty steadily in only quarter of a century. He is distinguished as one of the greatest Black Mathematicians of all time.

5. Martha Euphemia Lofton Haynes (1890-1980)

Best known for: First African-American woman to earn a Ph.D in Mathematics

Although she is remembered as the first black American woman with a Ph.D in mathematics in 1943, this was only a stepping stone in Martha Haynes' extraordinary and highly influential career. She played an instrumental role in changing the face of the education system from which the blacks were often segregated or very few in number. For forty-seven years, Haynes taught at Washington DC's public schools where she was also the first woman to chair the DC School Board. Haynes' also served as chair at Dunbar High School and District of Columbia Teachers College for their respective mathematics departments. At Miner Teachers College, she went as far as establishing the mathematics department altogether.

6. Elbert Frank Cox (1895-1969)

Best known for: First African-American ever to receive Ph.D in Mathematics

Elbert Frank Cox is a name that will perhaps never be missed out when speaking about black mathematicians. In 1925, Cox became the first African-American to earn a Ph.D in mathematics. He inspired many future black mathematicians and served a 40 year long teaching career. He taught at Howard University and West Virginia State College. The Cox Talbot Address is annually delivered at National Association of Mathematicians' national meetings in his honour and the Elbert F. Cox Scholarship Fund which is used to help black students achieve educational goals is also named in his honour.

7. William Waldron Schieffelin Claytor (1908-1967)

Best known for: Third African-American to receive a Ph.D in Mathematics

Being Dudley Woodward's most promising student at Howard, it is no surprise that William Calytor was recommended for further studies at Penn. Claytor quickly earned himself an outstanding reputation at Penn where he won the Harrison Scholarship in Mathematics and later the Harrison Fellowship in Mathematics- the most prestigious award Penn had to offer. Moreover, his dissertation was also well-received by the faculty at Penn because it furthered the theory of Peano Continua-a branch of point-set topology. Come 1933, Claytor became the third African-American Ph.D holder and joined West Virginia College as a faculty member. Later in his life, Claytor earned a Rosenwald Fellowship in 1937 to further develop his theory on Imbeddability on questions regarding homogenous continua. Unfortunately, he went through a rough patch after which Claytor managed to return to his teaching work but did not get back to his research which left many colleagues at Penn disappointed.

8. Marjorie Lee Browne (1914-1979)

Best known for: Third African-American to earn a Ph.D in Mathematics

Another prominent female mathematician and educator was Marjorie Browne who was the third black woman to earn a doctorate in her field. Not only did she chair the Mathematics Department at North Carolina College but also responsible for setting up the first electronic digital computer center at a minority college in 1960. Browne taught undergraduate and graduate level math and published four sets of lecture notes during that time for other teachers to use. Furthermore, in 1950s, Browne won a Ford Foundation grant to Cambridge University and other grants to University of California and Columbia University thus allowing her to travel vastly for her field of study as well.

9. David Harold Blackwell (1919-2010)

Best known for: First black faculty member at UC Berkeley and only black American inducted into National Academy of Sciences

Perhaps one of the greatest African-American mathematicians, David Blackwell is part eponymous of the Rao-Blackwell Theorem, first black inductee (and only) into the National Academy of Sciences and first tenured member of faculty at the University of California, Berkeley. Blackwell has also been the President of the American Statistical Society and Vice President of America Mathematics Society.

10. Jesse Ernest Wilkins Jr. (1923-2011)

Best known for: Entering University at the age of 13

Rightly referred to as the 'negro genius' in the media, this African-American was a mathematician, mechanical engineer and nuclear scientist who became the youngest ever student on entering the University of Chicago at the age of 13. Wilkins worked as a contributor to the Manhattan Project during World War II, wrote numerous scientific papers, earned many awards, served several important posts and aided recruitment of minority students into science courses. Jesse Wilkins served in his respective fields for seventy years making undeniable contributions to optics, civil and nuclear engineering and pure and applied mathematics.

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10 Famous Black Mathematicians and Their Contributions

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"The colour of the skin is in no way connected with strength of the mind or intellectual powers." -Benjamin Banneker The following names represent those famous black mathematicians who beat the odds against their discrimination and achieved excellence in the field of mathematics. 1.

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Black people were not usually allowed to acquire formal education during the slavery era. As a matter of fact, various laws were passed in the South disallowing slave literacy in the wake of the slave rebellions and revolts. Nevertheless countless black scientists and inventors have made significant contributions to society and humanity.

In this article at Famous Scientists, we will discuss the famous black scientists, physicians, inventors throughout history and their wonderful achievements.

Benjamin Banneker (November 9, 1731 - October 9, 1806)

African American astronomer, mathematician and author who who constructed America's first functional clock.

Charles Drew (3 June 1904 - 1 April 1950)

American physician, surgeon and medical researcher known as the inventor of the blood bank.

Dr. Daniel Hale Williams (January 18, 1858 - August 4, 1931)

African American physician who performed the first prototype open-heart surgery.

Emmett Chappelle (born October 25, 1925)

African American scientist and researcher and a recipient of 14 U.S. patents, who discovered that a particular combination of chemicals caused all living organisms to emit light.

Ernest Everett Just (August 14, 1883 - October 27, 1941)

African American biologist and author known for his work on egg fertilization and the structure of the cell.

Garrett Morgan (March 4, 1877 - August 27, 1963)

African American inventor who made both the first traffic signal invention and the first patented gas mask.

George Washington Carver (January 1864 - January 5, 1943)

American scientist and inventor and an extraordinary explorer and innovator of agricultural science.

James West (born February 10, 1931)

African-American inventor who developed the mic in the 1960s; holds 47 U.S. and more than 200 foreign patents on microphones and techniques for making polymer foil-electrets.

Mae Jemison (born October 17, 1956)

American physician and NASA astronaut known for being the first black woman to travel in space.

Marie Maynard Daly (April 16, 1921 - October 28, 2003)

The first African American woman to earn a Ph.D. in Chemistry.

Norbert Rillieux (March 17, 1806 - October 8, 1894)

American inventor and engineer, best remembered for his invention of the multiple-effect evaporator.

Patricia Bath (born November 4, 1942)

American ophthalmologist and inventor known for being the first African American woman doctor to receive a patent for a medical invention.

Percy Lavon Julian (April 11, 1899 - April 19, 1975)

African American researcher known for being a pioneer in the chemical synthesis of medicinal drugs from plants.

Philip Emeagwali (born August 23, 1954)

Nigerian-born scientist and inventor known for first using a Connection Machine supercomputer to help analyze petroleum fields.

Prof. Samuel Massie Jr. (July 3, 1919 - April 10, 2005)

An organic chemist who was the first African American to teach at the U.S. Naval Academy.

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Black people were not usually allowed to acquire formal education during the slavery era. As a matter of fact, various laws were passed in the South disallowing slave literacy in the wake of the slave rebellions and revolts. Nevertheless countless black scientists and inventors have made significant contributions to society and humanity.

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Teaching Tools | Resources for Teachers from Scholastic

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Black History and Culture - Google Arts & Culture

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The past, present, and future of the Black experience in the United States

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The 1954-1968 civil rights movement in the United States was preceded by a decades-long campaign by African Americans and their like-minded allies to end legalized racial discrimination, disenfranchisement and racial segregation in the United States. The movement has its origins in the Reconstruction era during the late 19th century, although it made its largest legislative gains in the mid-1960s after years of direct actions and grassroots protests. The social movement's major nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience campaigns eventually secured new protections in federal law for the human rights of all Americans.
After the American Civil War and the subsequent abolition of slavery in the 1860s, the Reconstruction Amendments to the United States Constitution granted emancipation and constitutional rights of citizenship to all African Americans, most of whom had recently been enslaved. For a short period of time, African American men voted and held political office, but they were increasingly deprived of civil rights, often under the so-called Jim Crow laws, and African Americans were subjected to discrimination and sustained violence by white supremacists in the South.

Discover this historical event

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Civil rights movement - Google Arts & Culture

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The 1954-1968 civil rights movement in the United States was preceded by a decades-long campaign by African Americans and their like-minded allies to end legalized racial discrimination, disenfranchisement and racial segregation in the United States.

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National Museum of African American History & Culture

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National Museum of African American History & Culture

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Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, Washington, D.C., United States - Google Arts & Culture

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The National Museum of African American History and Culture is a museum that seeks to understand American history through the lens of the African American ...

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Smithsonian Education - African American Heritage Teaching Resources

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If you're interested in that broadest of all musical categories, "world music," you won't find a better site than Smithsonian Folkways, which contains 40,000 tracks from the Smithsonian Folkways archives. Albums and individual songs are available for purchase and download. For Black History Month, Folkways Recordings offers free videos, music, and spoken-word recordings.

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Black writers like Toni Morrison, Langston Hughes, Richard Wright, Zora Neale Hurston, Alex Haley, Maya Angelou and James Baldwin created great literary works.

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We have over a hundred resources on hand....this is just a few.

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Coded messages

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What Is The African American Chefs Hall of Fame?

The African American Chefs Hall of Fame is a recognition program that celebrates the living history of African American chefs and highlights those individuals whose extraordinary contributions have made American Cuisine, and use, possible. The African American Hall of Fame was launched by the Taste of Heritage Foundation in 1993. Inaugural inductees were announced on April 12, 1993 at the Hay Adams Hotel in Washington, DC.

"There are some extraordinary people who have helped make American Cuisine an unparalleled platform for innovation that goes well beyond what we could have ever imagined. This program honors individuals who have pushed the boundaries to bring Southern Cookery to life and make it an desirable resource enjoyed by millions."
- Joe Randall
At the African American Chef's Hall of Fame, our mission is "Showcasing great African American Chefs... who have Inspired us all!"
It is essential that we know our history. Most African American history has been lost or distorted, as if African American chefs didn't play a prominent role in the culinary foundation of our nation's culture. It is up to the African American Chefs Hall of Fame to preserve that history.

We must push ourselves to tell our story better than it has ever been told before. We will focus on celebrating the great African American chefs in the Hall of Fame through firsthand stories of their trials and tribulations. Memorable lessons they learned and unforgettable obstacles they encountered.

We stand on the shoulders of the culinary pioneers that paved the way for African American chefs of today to achieve so much and continue to garner the accolades they so truly deserve. This organization is dedicated to showcasing the lives and contributions of these remarkable pioneers and the contributions they've made to our industry.

Our Mission

We are fulfilling our mission in various ways, while preserving our historical roots through the induction of great African American chefs into the Hall of Fame. As custodians of African American history, we have an inherent responsibility to preserve and promote African American chefs and their contributions through various programs, thus maintaining a perpetual foundation that keeps the Hall engaged with inductees both now and in the future.

The African American Chefs Hall of Fame is currently at a pivotal place in its history. We are truly energized by its potential, but most excited about the overall clarity of our organization's vision and its anticipated impact upon African American culinarian lives-past, present and future.

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What Is The African American Chefs Hall of Fame? The African American Chefs Hall of Fame is a recognition program that celebrates the living history of African American chefs and highlights those individuals whose extraordinary contributions have made American Cuisine, and use, possible.

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Who are the greatest Black Mathematicians?
Often I am asked the questions:
1. Is [or was] there a Black Gauss?

2. Should a Black Mathematician have been awarded the Fields Medal?

3. Who is [or was] the most important Black Mathematician?

4. Who are the greatest Black Mathematicians?

5. Who are the young mathematicians whose careers exhibit extraordinary promise?

I believe all but the last two questions to be foolish. However, I hope to address these questions on this web page - in reverse order. For a history of African Americans in science research read Kenneth R. Mannings article, "Can History Predict the Future?" For a description of Blacks in Mathematics Research seeResearch Mathematicians of the African Diaspora. As usual, underlined words are hyperlinks in this website to more information on the individuals below.
CONTENTS
Who are the young mathematicians whose careers exhibit extraordinary promise?

Mathematicians of the 1990s Mathematicians of the 1980s

Who are the greatest Black Mathematicians?

Great Black Mathematicians of the 1970s & 1960s The Masters
5. Who are the young mathematicians whose careers exhibit extraordinary promise? Mathematicians of the 21st Century
I had anticipated delaying this section until 2007 and young folks had begun to publish. However, as a winner of the AMU/ICMS 2003 Young African in Mathematics Medals, one individual has changed my mind.

Oguntuase: Currently in Italy, Nigerian born and soley Nigerian trained,James Adedayo Oguntuase earned his Ph.D. in 2001, but has published 18 papers in mathematics since 1998. This promises to be a stelar career.
Mathematicians of the 1990s:
Seven mathematicians of the 1990s, Adebisi Agboola, Jonathan Farley, Wilfrid Gangbo, Abba Gumel, Trachette Jackson, Katherine Okikiolu, and Arlie Petters show extraordinary promise, "should be" (but are not necessarily) located at the very best institutions, and may be the Fields medal candidates of the future.

Petters: Belize born American citizen Arlie Petters, the most senior of the group is a member of Duke University's Bass Fellows. He is Full Professor of Mathematics and of Physics (their first tenured Black professor in the sciences - congratulations Duke). He is chiefly interested in the mathematical theory of gravitational lensing and related areas (differential geometry, singularity theory, general relativity, Astrophysics). Though Petters received his Ph.D. about ten years ago, he has published 30 papers and a book, chiefly in the area Gravitational Lensing. Petters's book on Gravitational Lensing is considered a tour de force in mathematical physics. In 1998, Petters was awarded the most prestigious award for "young" mathematicians, the three year Sloan Research Fellowship. In 2002, he was recipient of the firstBlackwell-Tapia Prize.

K. Okikiolu: Born to Nigerian and British parents, but educated in the U.S.,Katherine Okikiolu (was once on Princeton's faculty) received special distinction in 1997 when she was the first Black to win a Sloan Research Fellowship. Later in 1997, she won the Presidential Early Career Awards for Scientists and Engineers for "Innovative research in geometric analysis, particularly the determinant of the Laplacian under smooth perturbations, and developing student workshops and mathematics curricula for inner-city children." This particular award is worth $500,000 and is only granted 60 scientists and engineers in the U.S. per year. Okikiolu's work on elliptical differential operators is considered a major contribution, going well beyond what experts had considered feasible, given the current state of knowledge. Her 2001 publication Critical metrics for the determinant of the Laplacian in odd dimensions in the Annals of Mathematics, is receiving high acclaim. She is Associate Professor of Mathematics at the University of California at San Diego.

Farley: Born in an extremely successful academic family of Rochester, New York,Jonathan Farley, graduated second in his class with an A.B. from Harvard University and obtained a mathematics Ph.D. from Oxford University where he was awarded the Senior Mathematical Prize and Johnson Prize for his research. During a two year visit to the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute [MSRI] in 1996, Farley solved very important old problems in the Theory of Ordered Sets. He also works in Lattice Theory. He is currently publishing at an average of more than three papers a year, and in 2003 was a Distinguished Fulbright Scholar at Oxford University in England. Currently is Visiting Professor of Mathematics at Massachusettes Institute of Technology.

Gangbo: In just nine years from a Ph.D. to a Full Professor - this is incredible.Wilfrid Gangbo was born in Benin and in 1992 earned a Ph.D. from Swiss Federale Institute of Technology. Among his twelve papers is his 1996 The geometry of optimal transportation remains the single publication by a Black in the Mittag-Leffler Institute's Acta Mathematica, one of the world's strongest mathematics journals. In 2001 he was appointed Full Professor by Georgia Institute of Technology.

Agboola: In mathematics, one does not always know of young persons working in fields outside their own, and it is a great honor to the individual if the case is otherwise.Adebisi Agboola's work in Number Theory and Arithmetic Algebraic Geometry has been mentioned to me as very good byKevin Corlette and two of my non-Black colleagues whose area of research is mutually exclusive with Agboola, Corlette, and each other. Agboola is Full Professor of Mathematics at the University of California at Santa Barbara

Gumel: Born in Nigeria, Ph.D. in England. Abba Gumel is an extremely prolific in the areas Mathematical Biology, Non-linear Dynamical Systems, and Computational Mathematics. Currently he is a Full Professor at the University of Manitoba in Canada.

Jackson: American Trachette Jackson was a mathematics major at Arizona State in Tempe. Four years later she earned a Ph.D. in Mathematical Biology. Five years later she had ten articles under her belt and a Sloan Fellowship. Currently, Associate Professor at the Department of Mathematics University of Michigan

Johnson: British born Mathematical Physicist Clifford V. Johnson has over 60 publications since his 1992 Ph.D. Since that time he has immersed himself within String Theory (also see Sylvester James Gates) with papers and books. He is currently on leave at USC.
Great Mathematicians of the 1980s:
This is a group of mathematicians, nearing or just past Fields medalist years (before the age of 40), whose careers are very strong, and we expect them to have careers stronger than many of those who came before. They are Idris Assani, Johnny Brown, Nathaniel Dean, Carl Graham, Overtoun Jenda, and William Massey. There are a few more Mathematicians who could be mentioned here.

Massey: During Princeton University's inclusive period,William Massey enrolled and obtained a B.S. in Mathematics. From there he went to Stanford University for the Ph.D. and to industry, but his location in the Mathematics Department of Lucent Technologies has given him the opportunity to publish an average of 2.5 papers a year. In addition to the application of many papers in Queueing Theory and Stochastic Processes to problems in the Modelling of Telecommunication Systems, Massey, most importantly, has been involved with the mentoring African American students of Mathematics. Those who pay attention do very well; one of these is Arlie Petters (see young mathematicians above). Massey is a co-founder ofCAARMS, the annual Conference for African Americans Researchers in the Mathematical Sciences. In 2001, Massey became the first tenured African American Mathematician at an Ivy League Univrsity. He is Full Professor in Princeton University's department of Operations Research and Financial Engineering.

Dean: Applied Algebraist Nathaniel Dean has recently moved from Bell Labs and Lucent Technologies to academia in order to strengthen an already strong Applied Mathematics program at Rice University which included the Mexian American Richard Tapia. Currently he is Full Professor of Mathematics and Chairman of Mathematics at the HBCU Texas Southern University in Houston. Nearly half of his 50 publications are in Computer Science. Dean, along with Massey, were featured on the Public Broadcasting System 5-Part 1998 Mathematics Series Life by the Numbers.

Assani: Benin born, French educated Idris Assani studies Ergodic Theory and Dynamics. Assani has written very strong papers; read, for example, the 1997 Strong laws for weighted sums of independent identically distributed random variables. (which extends with new methods results obtained jointly by (1994 Fields medalist) J. Bourgain, H. Furstenberg, Y. Katznelson and D. Ornstein. Another one is the 1998 Multiple recurrence and almost sure convergence of weakly mixing dynamical systems. gives the best possible result to date on H. Furstenberg famous conjecture on a.e. multiple recurrence for dynamical systems.Fern Hunt also says Assani is her candidate for the greatest Black Mathematician.

Graham: American Carl Graham, the most junior of this group and a professor at École Polytécnic in Paris, was born in the U.S. but his African American mathematician fatherEugene Graham emigrated to France where Graham was raised. One of his papers which particularly brought attention is The martingale problem with sticky reflection conditions, and a system of particles interacting at the boundary.

Makinde: Nigerian born Oluwole D. Makinde once said "Being a Black man in the World of Mathematics especially in Africa is not a
very pleasant experience. One has to learn how to work with little or no facility." He published 50 papers in a variety of pure mathematcs subjects on the way to becoming Professor and Head of Applied Mathematics Depatment, University of the North, South Africa.

Jenda: Malawi born Overtoun M. Jenda continues to produce good Algebra inspite of involvement with administration.

4. Who are the greatest Black Mathematicians?
Great Black Mathematicians of the 1970s& 1960s:
There are quite a few well established Black mathematicians, in Africa, the Americas, Asia, and Europe, who are internationally known as leaders in their respective fields though past the midpoint of their careers and never quite reaching the accomplishment/recognition of "the masters." Ethelbert Chukwu (Differential Equations, Control Theory, and Mathmatical Economics),Francisco Antonio Doria (mathematical physics, logic, the philosphy of science, and the mathematical theory of communications),Nöel Lohoue (Functional Analysis), Donald Richards (Statistics), and Floyd Williams (Homological Algebra & Lie Groups) are probably the best of the group.

Others are Olusola Akinyele (Ordinary Differential Equations), Augustin Banyaga (Differential Topology), Earl Barnes (Linear & Non-linear Programming), Heneri Dzinotyiweyi (Topological Semigroups), G. O. S. Ekhaguere (Mathematical Physics), John A. Ewell (Number Theory), Aderemi Kuku (Algebraic K-theory), and Scott Williams (Set-Theoretic Topology, Set Theory, Topological Dynamics). There are at least 10 other good mathematicians who could be mentioned here, you can find them on the web page Research Mathematicians of the African Diaspora: http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/ResearchMathematicians.html.

Though Black Women in Mathematics form 25% of all Black Mathematicians, it has not escaped this author that the above response to question 4 discusses no woman. I am only aware of a hand full of Black women active ly engaged atforwarding the science significantly beyond a thesis. The most senior isFern Hunt who has at least 20 papers - recall the most junior, Kate Okikiolu is discussed in section 5 (above).
The Masters
Until the mid 1980s, Charles Bell, David Blackwell, A. T. Bharucha-Reid, and J. Ernest Wilkins had published more mathematics than the entire rest of the entire African American community. Though this no longer the case, The Masters, a slight expansion of the group has published more papers than the entire Black Mathematics community in the 20th century. I believe The Masters are David Blackwell, J. Ernest Wilkins, George O. Okikiolu, James Ezeilo, Albert T. Bharucha-Reid, Ronald E. Mickens, and Charles Bell.

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Bharucha-Reid

G. Okikiolu

Ezeilo

Mickens

Bell

Blackwell: There have been few black mathematicians who, prior to the late 1960s, have had the freedom and opportunity to work relatively unfettered. Of this group, David Blackwell is the only Black mathematician whose work is clearly within the "extraordinary mathematician" rank. There are others not far behind, we discuss them below.

When he was 22, David Blackwell earned a Ph.D. (University of Illinois, 1941) within 5 years of high school. As only Black institutions with very high teaching loads (20 to 30 hours per week as opposed to the standard 6 hours of today) would hire him, one would think his early career would lag somewhat. Although his work caught the eye of great mathematicians of the time, it took another 13 years and 20 papers before Blackwell was hired permanently at a research oriented institution, the University of California at Berkeley. By the time he was 40 (in 1959), David Blackwell had accomplished that which most mathematicians would consider a lifetime's work, he had written a book considered a classic, published 35 papers (three in the Annals of Mathematics), and had been an invited speaker all over the world. In 1965 he became the first African American named to the National Academy of Sciences (he is still the only Black mathematician to be so honored). In 1979 Blackwell won the von Neumann Theory Prize (the Operations Research Society of America). Though most (but not all) of Blackwell's work was in Statistics, his work exhibits a strong "theoretical"mathematics background.

In 2002, the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute in Berkeley and Cornell University has established the Blackwell-Tapia Award in honor of David Blackwell and Richard A. Tapia, distinguished mathematical scientists who have been inspirations to more than a generation of African American and Hispanic American students and professionals in the mathematical sciences.

Wilkins: J. Ernest Wilkins was a contemporary of David Blackwell, though his experience with racism was clearer. Both Wilkins' parents were graduates of the University of Chicago. At the age of 13, Wilkins entered the University of Chicago. He received his B.S. in Mathematics three and a half years later and at the age of 19 he earned a Ph.D. in Mathematics from the University of Chicago (1942) for a thesis in the area of Calculus of Variations. J. Ernest Wilkins, Jr. was described in national newspapers as "the Negro genius." Wilkins, though a very able mathematician, was interested in applications of mathematics, and after his Ph.D., he went back to school earning degrees in Mechanical Engineering from New York University.

Meanwhile, he experienced racism from the AMS (American Mathematics Society): In 1947 Wilkins received a letter from the AMS Associate Secretary for the Southeastern region urging him to come to the AMS meeting, and saying that very satisfactory arrangements had been made with which they were sure he'd be pleased; they had found a "nice colored family" with whom he could stay and where he would take his meals! No hotels would admit him and the hospitality of the University of Georgia (and of the AMS) was not for him. Thus, AMS meetings continued to be all white.
Though he has published nearly 100 papers (under 50 in Mathematics), Wilkins' impact on applications of mathematics to Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering is significant. He worked as a Physicist for several companies: from 1960-70, Wilkins was Assistant Chairman of the Theoretical Physics Department and Assistant Director (1960-65) of the Atomic Division of General Dynamics Corporation. J. Ernest Wilkins, Jr. was the second African American member of the National Academy of Engineers (1965). One of Wilkins' major achievements has been the development of radiation shielding against gamma radiation, emitted during electron decay of the Sun and other nuclear sources. He developed mathematical models by which the amount of gamma radiation absorbed by a given material can be calculated. In 1999 he is Distinguished Professor of Mathematics and Physics at Clark-Atlanta University.

Bharucha-Reid: To me, Albert T. Bharucha-Reid's work was, mathematically, nearly has great as Blackwell's and Wilkins, but for points of recognition, his career suffered one major fault - he resolutely refused to obtain a Ph.D. I have known several good mathematicians (e.g.,James Joseph, and Andrew Gleason, an ex-chair of Harvard University's Mathematics Department) who have found themselves in a similar position.

In 1949 at the age of 19, Albert Turner Reid (he later shared the surname, Bharucha, of his India born wife) earned a B.S. in Mathematics and a B.S. in Biology from the University of Iowa. By the time he was 23, he produced mathematics for eight published papers, but did not produce a Ph.D. thesis (he said, in 1953, it was a waste of his time) at his graduate school - the University of Chicago. Bharucha-Reid published six books and nearly 80 papers in algebra, analysis, mathematical biology, statistics, and topology, and was an undisputd leader in the area of Random Polynomials. With the exception of short stays at many institutions, he spent the majority of his career at Wayne State University in positions from Professor to Chair to Dean. He completed his career at Clark-Atlanta University a few years before, despondent with the death of his wife and taking his own life in 1990.

G. Okikiolu: The excellence of Black persons in Mathematics has not been limited to Americans, the NigerianGeorge O. Okikiolu works in London and has published 3 books and at least 190 papers, more than any other Black mathematician. He is also the father of Katherine Okikioludiscussed above.

Ezeilo: Another Nigerian, James Ezeilo made an enormous contribution. This 1958 Ph.D. (University of Cambridge) has also received numerous honorary doctorates. His early research deals mainly with the problem of stability, boundedness, and convergence of solutions of third order ordinary differential equations. Apart from extending known results and techniques to higher order equations, the main thrust of his work was the construction of Lyapunov-like functions, which he did elegantly and used to study the qualitative properties of solutions. In addition he was a pioneer in the use of Leray-Schauder degree type arguments to obtain existence results for periodic solutions of ordinary differential equations. Finally, with two other mathematicians, Ezeilo built mathematics to the fine degree it exists inNigeria today serving the entire African continent quite well.

Ronald E. Mickens at Historically Black Clark-Atlanta University straddles two fields, Mathematics and Physics, and from 1970 to 1999, Dr. Mickens published over 200 papers and 5 books. Recently, Mickens was honored with an election to Fellowship in the American Physical Society, a rare position limited to .5% of the membership of the society. With all of this Mickens has worked directly at the effort to bring African Americans into Physics and to improve Physics in Africa.

Here we note Charles Bell, who though, far from the rank of contemporaries Blackwell and Bharucha-Reid in Mathematical Statistics or Ezeilo and Mickens, had an exellent life-time career.

3. Who is [or was] the most important Black Mathematician?

I believe the answer is vaguely fathomable? Assuming "importance" refers to impact upon the community. Do we mean on mathematics, on the world community in general, or just in the African Diaspora community? In the first case, we discussed individuals in the masters above. In the last case the answer might bethe first Black Math Ph.D., a mathematician influential with governement (asPercy A. Pierre), a great teacher (such as Etta Falconer or Clarence Stephens), a research mathematician, or some part or combination of the four (likeAdegoke Olubummo orRaymond Johnson). You must decide; to learn more click on the underlined words.
2. Should a Black Mathematician have been awarded the Fields Medal? OR 1. Is [or was] there a Black Gauss?
Carl F. Gauss and Archimedes are the greatest mathematicians of all time, and those not even close have won Mathematics' Fields Medal or the Nevanlinna Prize. Though a relatively recent award, the Fields Medal is sometimes known to the public as Mathematics' Nobel Prize, but that is a misnomer as the medal is only awarded to for work completed prior to the age of 40. In 2002, Cornell University and the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute (in Berkeley) established a biannual prize, theBlackwell-Tapia Prize in honor of David Blackwell and Richard A. Tapia, distinguished mathematical scientists who have been inspirations to more than a generation of African American and Hispanic American students and professionals in the mathematical sciences.

Less than 1% of all mathematicians are Black, but a high1 percentage, 15%, of Black Mathematicians do mathematics research..Extreme obstacles (also see struggles) prior to 1970 often blocked mere participation of Blacks within the advanced mathematical community and may have had an effect on possible candidates for the Fields; however, a few slipped through the blockade. Further, we, the mathematics community, have had a generation, since 1970, to grow a Black prize winner and, to my knowledge, no Black mathematician of Fields Medal caliber has been totally ignored. Finally, since the beginning of the eighties, there have been enough journals so that a journal change can avoid a bad or racialist editor or referee. Not all published mathematics is good or even correct [seeFermat's Last Theorem]; however, no good mathematics goes unpublished unless its author desires it that way. I, therefore, believe the answer to question 1 is "NO!" and to question 2, "Maybe?"

(1 high compared with well under 10% in the general mathematical community)
R EFERENCES [agwu & nkwanta], [akinyele & olubummo], [deGroot], [Donaldson], [Falconner], [Grinstein & Campbell], [Ferguson, Shapeley & MacQueen], [Hill], [Kenschaft3], [Mayes], [Newell, et al], [Williams, Statistics], [74-93 survey], [Fields and Nevanlinna winners], [Fields Medal]
The address of this webpage is http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/madgreatest.html
A different version of this web page appeared in print elsewhere.
December 31, 1998
revised: January 7, 1999
revised: April 30, 2000
revised: July 24, 2001
revised: April1, 2002

Scott W. Williams
E-mail

Since opening 5/25/97, visitors to

MATHEMATICIANS OF THE AFRICAN DIASPORA: http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/mad0.html

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Who are the greatest Black Mathematicians?

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Who are the greatest Black Mathematicians? Often I am asked the questions: 1. Is [or was] there a Black Gauss? 2. Should a Black Mathematician have been awarded the Fields Medal ? 3. Who is [or was] the most important Black Mathematician? 4. Who are the greatest Black Mathematicians? 5.

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Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation

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CONTRIBUTIONS TO BLACK HISTORY FROM AGRICULTURAL, AND FAMILY AND CONSUMER SCIENCES

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CONTRIBUTIONS TO BLACK HISTORY FROM AGRICULTURAL, AND FAMILY AND CONSUMER SCIENCES

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Historically, Black women in sports faced double discrimination due to their gender and race. A number of African American female athletes have emerged as

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Despite the severe racial, social and economic barriers that African American athletes have been subjected to throughout history, there have been notable individuals who have risen above the challenges and shattered all expectations.

Not only did these athletes achieve "firsts" in their sport, but many also felt a heavy responsibility to stand up for their communities and use their fame to push for more inclusion both on and off the field.

Here are 10 African American athletes who became pioneers in their respective sport:

Jackie Robinson - First Black Baseball Player in Major League Baseball

Jackie Robinson made his debut with the Brooklyn Dodgers on April 15, 1947, and broke the color barrier for African Americans in baseball.

"It was the most eagerly anticipated debut in the annals of the national pastime," sports authors Robert Lipsyte and Pete Levine wrote. "It represented both the dream and the fear of equal opportunity, and it would change forever the complexion of the game and the attitudes of Americans."

After quietly enduring harsh racist treatment from baseball fans and team members alike, Robinson rose to Rookie of the Year and proved himself to be one of the most talented and fiercest players in the game. Just two years into the Major Leagues, Robinson won the National League Most Valuable Player Award. He'd go on to play in six World Series and helped give the Dodgers a World Series win in 1955.

Off the field, Robinson was a forefather of the civil rights movement, speaking out against racial discrimination and pushing baseball to use its economic influence to desegregate Southern towns and recruit more people of color into the leagues.

Jesse Owens - Five-Time World Record Holder in Track

In his lifetime, Jesse Owens was widely considered the greatest track and field athlete in history.

On May 25, 1935, Owens, who was a student at Ohio State University, attended the Big Ten collegiate track conference in Ann Arbor, Michigan, and set a stunning five world records and equaled another in both sprints and long jump - all within 45 minutes.

Owens continued his supernatural winning streak at the 1936 Olympics in Berlin, where he would emerge as the most decorated athlete, winning four gold medals.
READ MORE: How Jesse Owens Foiled Hitler's Plans for the 1936 Olympics
Jack Johnson - First Black Heavyweight Boxing Champ

Known as the "Galveston Giant," Jack Johnson lived his life fearlessly as one of the most famous and scandalous Black athletes in America.

With the Jim Crow era in full force, Johnson's 1910 match-up with undefeated white opponent James J. Jeffries was coined the "fight of the century." After Johnson knocked Jeffries out in the 15th round, race riots exploded all over the country.

Although he lived in dangerous times, Johnson didn't flinch when taking advantage of his celebrity. When he wasn't knocking out his opponents, he was busy expanding his businesses and banking on endorsement deals. He also had a penchant for white women, which eventually landed him in legal trouble (caused by racist laws). After he fled the country for seven years, he returned in 1920 and served jail time in federal prison.

In 2018, President Donald Trump posthumously pardoned him.

In 1920, Fritz Pollard and Bobby Marshall became the first African American players allowed to play in the National Football League. While Marshall, who played tight-end, went on to build an athletic career not only in football but also in track, boxing, baseball and ice hockey, Pollard quickly found himself juggling his running back duties with the newly added responsibility of being a head coach in the NFL - another African American first.

Charlie Sifford - First Black Golfer in the PGA

Long before there was Tiger Woods, there was Charlie Sifford, who's been referred to as the Jackie Robinson of golf.

For much of his early career, Sifford was confined to compete in all-Black golf tournaments, but upon the invitation of boxer Joe Louis, he sought to enter the PGA-sponsored Phoenix Open in 1952. His presence at the event was not taken too kindly, and he received many death threats.

Still, Sifford was not to be intimidated. He continued to perfect his game, and in 1961 entered the PGA Tour, becoming the first African American golfer to do so. His career totaled 422 tournaments, over 50 top 10 finishes and 22 professional wins.

Althea Gibson - First Black Athlete to Compete in International Tennis

Another Robinson comparison, Althea Gibson became the first African American to compete in a pro-world tennis tour and in 1956, the first African American woman to win a Grand Slam title (French Championships). The following year, she would win Wimbledon and the U.S Nationals and repeat her wins in 1958. Her career would total 11 Grand Slam wins, which included six singles titles.

Gibson's athletic accomplishments were considered revolutionary, making a huge social and psychological impact on the Black community, as did Robinson's for baseball. Forty-three years would pass until another Black female tennis player, Serena Williams, would win her first U.S. Open.

Bill Russell - First Black Coach in the NBA

A legend for his defense, rebounds and shot-blocking, Bill Russell was largely considered the top basketball player in NBA history for decades until Michael Jordan came onto the scene in the 1980s. As the former center for the Boston Celtics, Russell helped his team win 11 championships in 13 seasons. Starting in 1966, he served as player-coach for the Celtics, becoming the first Black coach in the NBA and the first to win an NBA championship. He also led the U.S. national basketball team to gold at the 1956 Olympics.

Wilma Rudolph - First American Woman to Win Three Gold Medals at the Olympics

Despite being diagnosed with polio as a child, Wilma Rudolph would grow up to become the fastest woman in the world of her generation. Competing in the 1956 Olympics in Australia, Rudolph would take home the bronze in the 4×100-meter relay, but it was in the 1960 Olympics in Rome that she sprinted her way into history by winning three gold medals, becoming the first American woman to accomplish such a feat at a single Olympics.

In addition to her accomplishments on the field, Rudolph was a tireless proponent of women's rights and civil rights.
READ MORE: How Wilma Rudolph Overcame Early Health Problems to Launch a Record-Breaking Career
Arthur Ashe - First Black Tennis Player to Win Three Grand Slam Titles

Known for his quiet but resolute demeanor, Arthur Ashe is still the only African American male tennis player to have won singles titles in the U.S. Open (1968), the Australian Open (1970) and Wimbledon (1975). The same year he won his first Grand Slam title, he was also ranked the top tennis player in the world.

Ashe wasn't only a record-breaking tennis player, but he was also known for his civil rights activism off the courts. He helped organize tennis programs for inner-city youth and publicly denounced apartheid in South Africa. After contracting AIDS from a blood transfusion during a heart procedure in the 1980s, Ashe spoke out about his diagnosis in 1992 and launched an AIDS foundation for further research.

Gabby Douglas - First Black Gymnast to Win Individual All-Around Champion

Dubbed "The Flying Squirrel" for her high leaps in competition, Gabby Douglas is a multiple gold medal-winning world champion and Olympian. In 2012 she made history at the London Olympics when she became the first person of color to become the Individual All-Around Champion. According to her official site, she also became "the first American gymnast to win gold in both the gymnastic individual all-around and team competitions at the same Olympic games." Four years later, Douglas competed at the 2016 Olympics in Rio de Janeiro and helped her team (aka "The Final Five") win another gold for their team event.

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Despite the severe racial, social and economic barriers that African American athletes have been subjected to throughout history, there have been notable individuals who have risen above the challenges and shattered all expectations.

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The Atlanta Post has profiled eight of the top African-American economists in a gallery revealing that despite their profession’s less-than-sexy rep, they’re up to some interesting and important stuff. Not to mention, their points of view and priorities are as diverse as the black community itself.

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12 Websites with Engaging Black History Month Teaching Materials

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12 Websites with Engaging Black History Month Teaching Materials

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Concordia offers multiple programs through a convenient online delivery method, allowing you to better balance life, work and your education.

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In honor of Black History Month this February, , the official podcast of Harvard Business School, is hosting its Black Business Leaders series, which highlights compelling African American protagonists across a range of cases in the MBA curriculum. In addition, Senior Lecturer Steven Rogers sits down to discuss his new course " Black Business Leaders and Entrepreneurship," which examines great business opportunities that have emerged from identifying underserved markets of black consumers, and the unique interplay between, and intersection of, race and successful entrepreneurial ventures.

The Entrepreneurship Behind Ebony Magazine

For more than seven decades, "Ebony" magazine has chronicled the most important African American issues of its time. Steven Rogers examines how the company faced the stark challenges in the rapidly changing media landscape of 2015.

Putting Diversity to Work

In theory, most companies would love to diversify their workforce. In practice, hiring specifically to increase diversity can cause a variety of cultural problems within an organization. Robin Ely explains.

A Remarkable Legacy of Firsts, Maggie Lena Walker

Maggie Lena Walker used her leadership of the Independent Order of St. Luke to form a bank, newspaper, and department store-all in the stronghold of the Confederacy. Tony Mayo discusses his case study about this pioneering African American woman.

Franklin Leonard, 'Black List' Mastermind

Using crowdsourcing to develop an annual list of Hollywood's hottest unproduced screenplays, Franklin Leonard took the negative term "black list" and turned it into a coveted place to be. Henry McGee, former president of HBO Home Entertainment, explores a fascinating case about navigating the Hollywood film industry and taking success to the next level.

The Amazing Life of One of America's Earliest Black, Female Entrepreneurs

Though not everyone may know her name, Madam C.J. Walker helped invent what have become staples of our modern country and economy: national sales forces, corporate social responsibility, and, yes, even basic haircare. Nancy Koehn describes Walker's inspiring real life story of making good on her own unique American dream.

Black Business Leaders & Entrepreneurship

A new course from Senior Lecturer Steven S. Rogers explores 14 new case studies all with black protagonists, including Ebony Magazine and Johnson Publishing Chairman Linda Johnson Rice. The course, its cases, faculty, and students examines the great business opportunities that have emerged from identifying underserved markets of black consumers and the unique interplay between race and successful entrepreneurial ventures.

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Black Business Leaders Series - News - Harvard Business School

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In honor of Black History Month this February, , the official podcast of Harvard Business School, is hosting its Black Business Leaders series, which highlights compelling African American protagonists across a range of cases in the MBA curriculum.

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The Online Reference Guide to African American History

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The Online Reference Guide to African American History

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BlackPast is dedicated to providing a global audience with reliable and accurate information on the history of African America and of people of African ancestry around the world. We aim to promote greater understanding through this knowledge to generate constructive change in our society.

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The Online Reference Guide to African American History

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The Online Reference Guide to African American History

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BlackPast is dedicated to providing a global audience with reliable and accurate information on the history of African America and of people of African ancestry around the world. We aim to promote greater understanding through this knowledge to generate constructive change in our society.

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Historic front pages and photos from the newspaper’s archives and lesson plans aligned with Black History 

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Historic front pages and photos from the newspaper’s archives and lesson plans aligned with Black History 

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Historical Times articles, lesson plans, crosswords, multimedia and more from The Learning Network and the New York Times.

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12 Black Musicians Who Changed Music Forever

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12 Black Musicians Who Changed Music Forever

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12 Black Musicians Who Changed Music Forever

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We take a look at the most talented black singers, songwriters and remarkable performers who have transformed the music industry.

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Black History Month Resources - National Archives

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Black History Month Resources - National Archives

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Online Resources
National Research Collection NARA Resources

The American Image: Portrait of Black Chicago

An exhibit of photographs taken by John White of Chicago during the 1970s. The site consists of an introduction and three parts.

Black Family Research: Using Records of the Post Civil War Federal Agencies at the National Archives

Reconstruction-era federal records document the black family's struggle for freedom and equality and provide insight into the federal government's policy toward the nearly 4 million African Americans freed at the close of the American Civil War.

Freedman's Bureau Preservation Project

Reginald Washington's Prologue article on NARA's preservation of post-Civil War era records documenting the federal government's assistance to newly freed slaves.

NARA Records pertaining to American Slavery and the International Slave Trade

Compiled by Walter B. Hill, Jr.

NARA's microfilm publications on Black studies.
To search this catalog online:

1. From the main Microfilm Catalog page, click Advanced Search (next to the Search button)

2. In the right hand column, under Subject Catalog, select "Black Studies"

3. Hit "Search"

Prologue, Summer 1997, Vol. 29, No. 2

"This issue of Prologue focuses on the use of federal records in African American historical research. Sixteen articles by NARA staff and other historians explore the depth and breadth of material in the National Archives relative to African Americans. This issue examines the Civil War and Reconstruction, labor issues, civil rights, pictorial records, and research aids.

Researching African Americans in the U.S. Army, 1866-1890: Buffalo Soldiers and Black Infantrymen

An article by Trevor Plante from the Spring 2001 issue of the NARA publication Prologue.

Other Federal Sites

African American Heritage

This National Park Service site provides links to information about people, places, stories, museum collections, travel and lesson plans.

The African-American Mosaic

This is a Library of Congress resource guide for the study of black history and culture.

African American Odyssey

According to Choice magazine, this Library of Congress virtual exhibition was designed to "give a comprehensive, rich picture of more than 200 years of African American struggle and achievement."

Afro-American Genealogical Research

Instructions from the Library of Congress on how to begin Afro-American genealogical research.

The Daniel A.P. Murray Pamphlet Collection

Full-text manuscripts documenting African American history and culture from the early 19th through the 20th centuries. Includes the Timeline of African American History, 1852-1925. From the Library of Congress.

NAACP: A Century in the Fight for Freedom

The Library of Congress presents "a retrospective of the major personalities, events, and achievements that shaped the NAACPâ€™s history during its first 100 years." Of special interest is the NAACP Interactive Timeline .

National Museum of African American History

This is the site of the future National Museum of African American History, which is scheduled to be completed in 2015.

Sources for Images on African American History

A bibliographic reference aid from the Library of Congress's Prints and Photographs Division.

Non-Federal Web Sites

African American Biographical Database

According to Chadwyck-Healey, this database is the largest electronic collection of biographical information on African Americans, 1790-1950. Click "Search" in the left-hand panel to access tips for locating individuals or searching full-text subjects.

African American History: Digital Library

This site links to black history information in libraries across the country. Subjects range from personal papers and manuscripts to sheet music to transcripts of speeches.

African American Oral History Collection

The Oral History Center at the University of Louisville has digitized and made available online a series of interviews conducted in the 1970s to document the life of African Americans in Louisville.

African American Women Writers of the 19th Century

The New York Public Library provides an online collection of some 52 full-text works.

African American Women's History Resources at Rubenstein Library

"This guide hightlights material within the holdings of the David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library ranging from the early days of slavery to the present that document African American women's stories."

The African American World

A compilation of PBS and NPR sites that focus on the African American experience. Sites are organized into History, Arts & Culture, Race & Society, and Profiles. Includes a timeline, Reference Room, and links for kids and teachers.

African-Americans - Biography, Autobiography, and History

This web site, hosted by the Avalon Project at Yale Law School, makes accessible a number of full-text books by notable black authors including Frederick Douglass, Booker T. Washington, and Martin Luther King Jr.

Africans in America

This well-organized PBS site was designed as a teaching guide for a six-hour television series covering the history of slavery in the U.S.

After Slavery: Race, Labor and Politics in the Post-Emancipation Carolinas

This web site is an international research collaboration drawing together developments of the post-emancipation South and understanding the period to be an important part of American labor history.

Black History, American History

A collection of essays by African American public intellectuals which have appeared in The Atlantic Monthly over the years. The contributors include Frederick Douglass (1866), Booker T. Washington, (1896, 1899) and W.E.B. DuBois (1897, 1902) and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (1963).

Black History Month

Infoplease.com has assembled this collection of resources and features to honor Black History month.

The Encyclopaedia Britannica's Guide to Black History

Encyclopaedia Britannica's online guide to African American History covers the years 1619-1999. This site offers a comprehensive time line and information on terms, people, and eras relating to black history.

Hutchins Center for African & African American Research

At Harvard University, "The Hutchins Center for African and African American Research supports research on the history and culture of people of African descent the world over and provides a forum for collaboration and the ongoing exchange of ideas."

The John Henrik Clarke Africana Library

The Cornell University library provides a special collection focusing on the history and culture of people of African ancestry.

John Hope Franklin Research Center for African and African American History and Culture

Part of the Duke University's David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, this collection highlights archival material concerning African American history and culture, with particular strengths in nineteenth century slavery and African American life in the post-World War II civil rights era

Moorland-Spingarn Research Center

The MSRC at Howard University is recognized as one of the world's largest and most comprehensive repositories for the documentation of the history and culture of people of African descent in Africa, the Americas, and other parts of the world.

The Negro Travelers Green Book

The University of South Carolina Libraries has digitized the 1956 edition of The Negro Travelers Green Book, which provided African American tourists with information about places to stay, dine, and sightsee safely during the era of segregation. In addition to the digitized book, the site also includes interactive maps.

Research Quick Start Guides: African American Studies

This Stanford University site is good for beginning black history research.

This Day in Black History

"A community driven, interactive online periodical about the black experience. Each day, DayInBlackHistory.com highlights black icons, events, and more that have shaped the world on that day in history."

Unknown No Longer

The Virginia Historical Society has created this database of enslaved Virginians, drawing on their collection of unpublished documents. The database provides the names of slaves, along with other relevant information about each person. Users can also browse the collection, and a message board is available.

State, Regional, and Local Research

The African-American Experience in Ohio, 1850-1920

Search or browse the Ohio Historical Society's collections relating to African Americans in Ohio.

African Americans - Archives Dept.

Listing of collections relating to African Americans in Wisconsin and particularly the Milwaukee area.

Allegany County African American History

Western Maryland's Historical Library provides a list of African American individuals, groups and organizations of Allegany and surrounding counties.

Avery Research Center

The College of Charleston, South Carolina, documents the "unique historical and cultural heritage of African Americans in Charleston and the South Carolina Low Country."

Black Archives of Mid-America

This project is a collaboration between the Black Archives of Mid-America Inc. and the Kansas City Public Library. Funded by the Missouri State Library, it is the largest repository of African American history and artifacts in the Midwest, particularly in the four-state area of Missouri, Kansas, Iowa, and Oklahoma.

Documenting the American South

This collection at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, contains sources on Southern history, literature and culture from the colonial period through the first decades of the 20th century.

Missouri's African American History

This site is full of links to research in the Missouri State Archives. Of particular interest are:

National Archives for Black Women's History

(Mary McLeod Bethune Council House National Historic Site, Washington, D.C.)
The mission of this site is to "identify, collect, develop, interpret, and preserve the legacy of Mary McLeod Bethune including her unique focus on the individual and collective history of African American women."

Race and Place: African American Community Histories

This web site on slavery, the Civil War, Reconstruction, and the era of Jim Crow, is by the Virginia Center for Digital History at the University of Virginia in collaboration with the Woodson Institute for Afro-American and African Studies at UVA.

Records relating to African Americans in the New York State Archives

New York State Archives Leaflet No. 8; 1997.

Military

African Americans in the U.S. Army

Links to information about African Americans in the U.S. Army including artwork and photography, and information about specific units. From the U.S. Army Center for Military History.

Black Men in Navy Blue during the Civil War

A history of black sailors in the Navy during the Civil War. An article from the NARA publication, Prologue, by Joseph P. Reidy.

Black Wings: African American Pioneer Aviators

This online exhibit from the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum is about the black pioneers of aviation who learned to fly despite formidable obstacles.

Civil War: Black American Contributions to Union Intelligence

This publication originally appeared in the Winter 1998-1999 edition of Studies in Intelligence, a journal published by the Central Intelligence Agency's Center for the Study of Intelligence.

Civil War Soldiers and Sailors System

A database maintained by the National Park Service containing information about the men who served in the Union and Confederate armies during the Civil War. Researchers can find information about black soldiers by searching regiments by race.

Desegregation of the Armed Forces

This collection from the Harry S. Truman Library & Museum focuses on President Truman's decision to desegregate the U.S. Armed Forces. There are links to a chronology, documents, photographs, oral histories, and lesson plans.

Documenting African Americans in the Records of Military Agencies

This article by Lisha Penn from the NARA publication Prologue, (Summer 1997, vol. 29, no. 2) reports on her progress in developing Reference Information Paper 105 (RIP 105), Records of Military Agencies Relating to African Americans from the Post World War I Period to the Korean War.

Exploring the Life and History of the "Buffalo Soldiers"

Walter Hill, author of this article in The Record and an archivist at NARA, writes about the black military presence during the Civil War period and after the war, when the members of the 10th Cavalry acquired the name "Buffalo Soldiers" during the 1871 campaign against the Comanche Indians.

Teaching With Documents: Photographs of the 369th Infantry and African Americans during World War I

Historical background and photographs of the 369th Army Regiment. A celebration of one of World War I's finest units.

Teaching With Documents: The Fight for Equal Rights: Black Soldiers in the Civil War

This is a NARA "Teaching with Documents" lesson plan on Colored Troops during the Civil War.

Photographs/Photographers

James VanDerZee

This online exhibit from the Metropolitan Museum of Art displays 69 of James VanDerZee's photographs. VanDerZee was one of the first African American photographers of the 20th century. Self-taught, he became known as the photographer of choice for some of Harlem's most illustrious residents.

Through the Lens of Time: Images of African Americans from the Cook Collection

This collection includes over 250 images of African Americans dating from the 19th and early 20th centuries, primarily in the Richmond and central Virginia area.

Van Vechten Collection

The Carl Van Vechten Photographs Collection at the Library of Congress consists mainly of portraits of celebrities, including many from the Harlem Renaissance.

Culture

African-American Sheet Music, 1850-1920

This collection from the Library of Congress consists of 1,305 pieces of African American sheet music dating from 1850 through 1920, including many songs from the heyday of antebellum black face minstrelsy in the 1850s and from the abolitionist movement of the same period.

Archives of African American Music and Culture

Established in 1991, the AAAMC is a repository of materials covering musical idioms and cultural expressions from the post-World War II era. Maintained by Indiana University.

Black Film Center/Archive

A repository of films and related materials by and about African Americans. Hosted by Indiana University.

The Black Renaissance in Washington, D.C., 1920-1930s

This D.C. Public Library site, funded by a Carnegie Corporation of New York grant, documents the influence of the Black Renaissance in the D.C. area.

Center for Black Music Research

This Columbia College Chicago collection documents, collects, preserves, and disseminates information about black music in all parts of the world.

The State Historical Society of Wisconsin has made available in digital format all 103 issues of the first African American owned and operated newspaper published in the United States (1827-1829).

Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture

This web site for the New York Public Library's Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture includes Digital Schomburg, a feature that offers online exhibitions, books, images, Africana Heritage Newsletters, and audio and video resources.

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Online Resources General Collection National Research NARA Resources Other Federal sites Non-Federal web sites nationwide State, Regional, and Local Research Military Photographs Culture Chronological Topics Slavery Abolition Reconstruction Segregation and Black Migration Civil Rights National Research Collection NARA Resources The American Image: Portrait of Black Chicago An exhibit of photographs taken by John White of Chicago during the 1970s.

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Discovering the poetry of Yusef Komunyakaa, Sonia Sanchez, and Langston Hughes

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Students will study Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech and discuss the rhetorical influences on King's speech, the oratorical devices that King used in delivering his speech and how a speech is similar to/different from other literary forms.

English, Social Studies, Government

Estimated Time

One 50-minute class period, plus extended activities

Grade Level

9-12

Background

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s most memorable speech from his life as an activist, "" was delivered on August 28, 1963, before more than 200,000 people in front of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. The speech was part of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. It not only helped to galvanize the already growing civil rights movement across the country at the time, but also became one of the most influential and inspirational pieces of rhetoric in American history.

Remarkably, midway through his delivery, King suspended his pre-scripted text and began to improvise; what resulted was the speech's most recognizable section, the passage in which the words "I have a dream" are passionately repeated. Indeed, King's background as a Baptist preacher in the South instilled in him a talent for improvisation as a speaker and the skill to frame the urgency of the moment.

What is also apparent in "I Have Dream" is King's deep commitment to scholarship (he earned a Ph.D. from Boston University). King was clearly well-versed in both American history and religious scripture, and he seamlessly weaves references to both into the fabric of his oration. Overall, "I Have a Dream" can be held up as a masterful creative work in itself; its dramatic structure coupled with its image-laden content render a remarkably moving piece of American literature that still strongly resonates today.
Procedure

1. Begin by supplying foundation material for the students through the NewsHour Extra article and the NewsHour's Martin Luther King, Jr. section, the background explanation above and the links provided.

2. Distribute the COMPLETE TEXT OF "I Have a Dream."

3. Review the LITERARY TERMS HANDOUT with the students.

4. Have the students carefully read the entire speech, either in small groups or individually - preferably aloud. After they have read the text, ask them to address the following activity questions:

1. What examples of figurative language can be found in the text? (For example, "seared in the flames of withering injustice"; "manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination"; "whirlwinds of revolt"; "oasis of freedom and justice"; "symphony of brotherhood."

2. How do these uses enhance the overall impact of the speech? What oratorical devices does King use to add vitality and force to his speech? (For example, use of refrains such as "I have a dream," "let freedom ring" and "we can never be satisfied"; multiple shifts in sentence lengths; dramatic shifts in tone, such as from enraged to cautionary to hopeful; use of questions as well as exclamations, such as "when will you be satisfied?" and "I have a dream today!")

3. In what specific ways does King call forth his experience as a preacher to lend persuasive power to the speech? (For example, he uses several images that call to mind both the plight of black Americans as well as the Old Testament Hebrews under the oppression of slavery - "the manacles of segregation" and the "chains of discrimination"; the final line of the speech invokes "the old Negro spiritual" and is steeped in Biblical influence - "Free at last, free at last; thank God Almighty, we are free at last!"

5. Discuss the responses as a class.

Extension Activity

1. For this first extension activity, have the students compare the structure and content of "I Have a Dream," Lincoln's "Gettysburg Address" and Kennedy's inaugural address .

1. This activity may be done with any number of other influential speeches as well. A primary goal here is to help the students see the common structural and figurative threads that tie together many famous oratorical works. After the students have carefully studied the three speeches, you may wish to begin with the following questions, being sure they defend their responses with supporting examples:

1. How are the speeches alike and/or different in their choices of language? In other words, do the speeches seem as if they were composed for the general public or rather for specific groups?

2. Of the three, which do you see as being the most direct? That is, which speech uses the least amount of figurative language and/or obscure references?

3. Which of the three is the most metaphorical in its content? In other words, which makes the most use of figurative language?

4. For each speech, explain how relevant its ideas would be in society if the speech were delivered today. Do the mentioned struggles still exist? Has the country evolved since the speeches were given? Has society responded to the specific appeals for change?

2. Based strictly on the texts themselves, which speech do you see as the most:

2. For this second extension activity, in the spirit of "I Have a Dream," have the students compose and deliver speeches that address a wrong or injustice they see in society. Suggested guidelines are:

1. 5-10 minutes in length

2. Clearly defined opening, body and conclusion

3. Clearly defined thesis (main point)

4. Use of supporting examples to support thesis

5. Use of figurative language

6. Use of oratorical devices such as refrain and hyperbole

7. Clearly expressed goals (legal reform; public awareness; etc.)

By Doug DuBrin, French International School, Bethesda, Maryland

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Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech as a work of literature - PBS NewsHour Classroom

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Students will study Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech and discuss the rhetorical influences on King's speech, the oratorical devices that King used in delivering his speech and how a speech is similar to/different from other literary forms. English, Social Studies, Government One 50-minute class period, plus extended activities 9-12 Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s most memorable speech from his life as an activist, "" was delivered on August 28, 1963, before more than 200,000 people in front of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C.

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A Mathematical Representation of the March on Washington – Lesson Plan

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A Mathematical Representation of the March on Washington – Lesson Plan

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This lesson uses math to help middle and high school students with intellectual disabilities to understand the significance of the March on Washington. Students will use dot stickers, paper clips, etc. to represent the number of people who attended the March. The lesson gives students the task of recreating an accurate account of attendees by using a map and views from different parts of the March.

Subjects

Math, social studies, English

Estimated Time

One 45-minute class

Grade Level

Middle or high school

Warm Up Activity

Representation and Percentages

1. As a class, count the total number of students in the room.

2. After you have a total, then count the number of girls and boys.

3. As a class use these two numbers to figure out what percentage of the room is female or male.

4. On the board draw a pie chart to help them visually understand the concept so they will be able to do it again with the total numbers of attendees of the March on Washington.

Main Activity

How many people were at the March on Washington in 1963?

Pass out the following materials to students:

March on Washington Math Lesson Directions sheet

Aerial views of the March on Washington sheet

Map of the March on Washington

30 sticker dots, paper clips, or other counting tools

1. Read the directions sheet with the students and help them to understand their task: to make a mathematical representation of the number of attendees at the March. Once they have figured out how many people equals one sticker dot, have students use the aerial views of the March to construct a representative population on the map.

2. Help students to understand the percentage of black and white people who attended the March by using the pie chart to fill in the sections that would make the representation true.

Follow up Questions

Why do you think so many people came out to the March?

Do you think they did a good job organizing the March?

By Katie Gould, Teacher Resource Producer for PBS NewsHour Extra

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A Mathematical Representation of the March on Washington - Lesson Plan - PBS NewsHour Classroom

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This lesson uses math to help middle and high school students with intellectual disabilities to understand the significance of the March on Washington. Students will use dot stickers, paper clips, etc. to represent the number of people who attended the March.

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Analyzing stop-and-frisk through personal narratives and infographics – Lesson Plan

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Analyzing stop-and-frisk through personal narratives and infographics – Lesson Plan

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This Common Core-aligned lesson helps students explore the New York City's "stop, question and frisk" program through videos, graphics and a news article. An engaging introduction creates a foundation to help students understand infographics and their utility as a cross-curricular tool. Featured in this lesson is an interactive infographic that encourages student-driven discovery and promotes higher level thinking skills. Video clips enrich the lesson by providing a balance between data analysis and the personal experiences of stop and frisk. Extension activities and related lesson plans are included, and offer educators context and depth to this important topic.

Subjects

Government and Civics, Social Issues, Math and English Language Arts

Estimated time

One 90 minute class period

Grade level

Middle and High School*

Warm up
Stop and Frisk, Infographics and Sharknados

1. Ask students what they know about the police procedure "Stop, Question and Frisk" or more commonly called "Stop and Frisk". Asking students for the answers to "Who, what, where, when, why and how" is a good place to start.

2. Watch Stop and Frisk: The High School Senior (4:17) which comes from Communities United for Police Reform, a community organization dedicated to empowering and educating the local community about police reform.
* For High School students pass out "Stop and Frisk: An in Depth Introduction" and allow students to read the article and answer the questions in pairs.

3. Tell students they are going to learn more about Stop and Frisk in a moment, but first you want to teach them about infographics so they can be comfortable using them later in an activity. Hand out "Interactive Infographic - All the Stops" worksheet and read the definition of infographics aloud to students. They will use the worksheet again later in the Main Activity step 4.

4. Show "Intro to Infographics" PowerPoint slides 1 and 2 on infographics to the students and pose to them the question "How do we make regular old data tell a story instead of just putting numbers on a page?"

5. Explain to them that they are going to use an infographic to learn about a very important topic...........Go to slide 3 - SHARKNADO! Click on image and watch to a short video clip that explains the theory of SHARKNADOS (click on the graphic and the hyper-linked video will pop up)

6. Move to slide 4 and read the description of the infographic on slide 5. Then go to slide 5 and look at the SHARKNADO infographic with students and point out its features and what it is telling you.

7. Explain that good infographics are able to show data but in a visually beautiful way that tells a story and makes the results of the data very clear.

Main Activity
Stop and Frisk Infographic

1. Explain to students that they are going to study Stop and Frisk in more depth using a powerful infographic, but first are going to get some more background on the police procedure.

2. Hand out the "Stop and Frisk: Introduction to the Numbers" Washington Post article to students and read aloud the text and the graphs.

3. Ask students which graph was the easiest to understand and which made the least sense and why? On the board rank the graphics and then have a short classroom discussion about why certain graphs and charts were easier to understand then others. Prompt them to keep the Washington Post article in the back of their mind so they can compare the two ways the data is presented later.

4. Tell students that they are going to follow the story of Stop and Frisk through the eyes of Brooklyn Community Arts & Media High School (BCAM) students and as well as through an interactive infographic called "All the Stops". Students will watch a video clip and then explore one section of the infographic at a time, watch the next video and so on. You may allow students to complete on their own if there are an adequate number of computers for either individuals or groups. If you do not have computers for the class simply look at the infographic and video clips together on the board. Here is the order:

1. Direct students to the infographic All the Stops and let them complete the questions about the Introduction

2. Play Clip 1 from the BCAM documentary about Stop and Frisk.

3. Direct students to section 2 of the infographic - The Suspected - and have them answer the questions for that section.

4. Play Clip 2from the BCAM documentary about Stop and Frisk.

5. Direct students to section 3 of the infographic - The Stops - and have them answer the questions for that section.

6. Play Clip 3 from the BCAM documentary about Stop and Frisk.

7. Direct students to section 4 of the infographic - The Outcome - and have them answer the questions for that section.

8. Play Clip 4 from the BCAM documentary about Stop and Frisk.

5. Once students have seen the last clip direct them to Part 2 - Writing the story and have them complete the following task (instructions are on their paper too):

1. Circle any answer you interpreted from the infographic that you felt really stood out and told a powerful fact about the data.

2. Write a thoughtful response explaining the story of the infographic - the most important facts you learned from it- and make sure to include answers to the questions below:

Look over all the questions that you circled- when you look at them together as facts in a story what do they tell you?

Is there a story here? Do you see injustice?

Do you see one group of people being singled out? What does the data tell you when you look at the most important facts together?

Was the infographic easier to understand than the Washington Post article?

6. As a class debrief around the following questions:

How can and infographic be helpful in telling the story of data?

What conclusions can you draw about the procedure "Stop and Frisk" and which pieces of data provide the evidence to back up your claims?

What should be done about "Stop and Frisk?"

Extension Activities and Related Lesson Plans

1. Lessons and activities created by teacher/artist Jessica Valoris of Brooklyn Community Arts & Media High School and selected for their depth and enrichment on the history and personal reflection of race.

2. Lesson plan on community organizer Van Jones from the Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights' education curriculum Speak Truth To Power
Special thanks to the students of Brooklyn Community Arts & Media High School and teacher Adam Mendola for allowing NewsHour Extra to use their video on Stop and Frisk. Additional thanks to Thai Da Silva for video editing on this project.

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Lesson Plan: Analyzing stop-and-frisk through personal narratives and infographics - PBS NewsHour Classroom

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By Katie Gould, NewsHour Teacher Resource Producer and Allison McCartney, Editor for NewsHour Classroom This Common Core-aligned lesson helps students explore the New York City's "stop, question and frisk" program through videos, graphics and a news article. An engaging introduction creates a foundation to help students understand infographics and their utility as a cross-curricular tool.

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Black History Month Resources - Library of Congress

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Black History Month Resources - Library of Congress

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February is Black History Month The Library of Congress, National Archives and Records Administration, National Endowment for the Humanities, National Gallery of Art, National Park Service, Smithsonian Institution and United States Holocaust Memorial Museum join in paying tribute to the generations of African Americans who struggled with adversity to achieve full citizenship in American society.
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February is Black History Month The Library of Congress, National Archives and Records Administration, National Endowment for the Humanities, National Gallery of Art, National Park Service, Smithsonian Institution and United States Holocaust Memorial Museum join in paying tribute to the generations of African Americans who struggled with adversity to achieve full citizenship in American society.