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The Prenatal Development Process of Life

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Group Members
1. Zarina Binti Jabeli (81563)
2. Kimberly Aslie anak Dicky (79784)

3. Muhammad Faizal Bin Mohd Nuri (81913)

4. Rahmat Bin Rosli (81018)

5. Renasheny R.Ganes  (81044)

1) Why does critical period in the prenatal development is important?

To begin, prenatal development is whereby it is a stage the baby’s body is form at particular moment for each of their body parts as this current time may be their most sensitive form as they can be affected by certain medications, alcohol consumptions or even to other harmful exposures (Mother To Baby, 2021).
According to Robson AL., (2002), development of the brain gradually forms for cognitive and neuron functions within the body through the pattern of connectivity in the neurons which will help in the development of the child whereby in the postnatal period, the infant’s brain with its functional properties through maturation making the brain experience brain plasticity (Cioni G., Sgandurra G., 2013).

2. Introduction Of Prenatal Development

prenatal development, also called antenatal development, in humans, the process encompassing the period from the formation of an embryo, through the development of a fetus, to birth.

The human body, like that of most animals, develops from a single cell produced by the union of a male and a female gamete (or sex cell). This union marks the beginning of the prenatal period, which in humans encompasses three distinct stages. the pre-embryonic stage, the first two weeks of development, which is a period of cell division and initial differentiation (cell maturation). the embryonic period, or period of organogenesis, which lasts from the third to the eighth week of development, and the fetal period, which is characterized by the maturation of tissues and organs and rapid growth of the body. The prenatal period ends with parturition and is followed by a long postnatal period. Only at about age, 25 years are the last progressive changes completed. (The development of the human brain is detailed in MIGUEL MARÍN-PADILLA, The Human Brain: Prenatal Development and Structure (2011); and RONAN O’RAHILLY and FABIOLA MÜLLER, The Embryonic Human Brain: An Atlas of Developmental Stages, 3rd ed. (2006). GRAHAM J. BURTON et al. (eds.), The Placenta and Human Developmental Programming (2010), offers information on the growth of the placenta and its role in prenatal development.

3. Aspects of Human Development

The aspects of development could be many but the most important development aspects are: -

Physical development – refers to changes in the bodily structures and functions of different body parts.

Cognitive development – refers to intellectual development; it deals with abilities, such as processing information that includes thinking, imagination, memorizing, learning, reasoning, decision making.

Language development – refers to changes in the use of speech

Social development – refers to changes in forming relationships/interactions with others.

Emotional development – refers to changes in feelings; causes, and expressions of emotions/ feelings.

Moral development – refers to changes in reasoning about “Right” or “Wrong”.

Gender development – refers to changes in understanding the roles played by males and females.

Psychosexual development- the process during which personality and sexual behavior mature through a series of stages.

Prenatal development- start with firtilization, in the germinal stage of embryonic development, and continues in fetal development

4. Critical events during prenatal event.

The First Eight Weeks:the embryo starts as one cell with

Before day fifteen: Cells are identical however on day fifteen, cells start to become more specialized.

After day fifteen: Cells transform into over four hundred different types that make up every part of the body.

Week three: the embryo is shaped like a flat disk. The flat disk folds together and creates a tube that later becomes the spinal cord. After the formation of the tube, a collection of muscle cells at the center of the embryo starts to assemble to form the heart. As emphasized in the documentary, the heart is smaller than a grain of sand, yet the fetus has a heartbeat.

Week five: The heart starts to pump blood continuously throughout the body

Six weeks: The body structure began to form.

5. What is the Role of Genes in Prenatal Development?

Prenatal development is highly influenced by the inheritance, expression, and regulation of genes.

Prenatal development is the process that occurs during the 40 weeks prior to the birth of a child, and is heavily influenced by genetics.

Every person is made up of cells containing chromosomes, which are the genetic material that determines many things about a person, such as aneye and hair color, biological sex, and personality traits.

Gene expression in organisms is carefully regulated to allow the organisms to adapt to differing conditions. Genes can either be dominant or recessive, meaning they can either be expressed or hidden.

Gene regulation is the process by which cells differentiate: while some cells develop into brain cells, others develop into liver cells, intestinal cells, or the sexual reproductive organs.

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Group members
1. Fara Najwa Binti Abdul Rahim (79388) 0127715308
2. Nurul Fazsikin binti Sabang (71187) 0145882038
3. Nurul Sabrina binti Bohari (80899) 0128756593
4. Hanna Kareena binti Badawi (79515) 0146999510
5. Nur Syakirah Binti Sazali (80714) 0109647588

The critical event during prenatal development

1. Holly, Jessica, Ellie, & Georgie are quadruplets, identical twins. According to the documentary, it is at odds to have quadruplets. These quadruplets naturally happen when one sperm and one egg are combined and continuously divided after day 5.

2. Embryo being conceived can affect how long an individual lives after birth. Indeed, the baby who was born in July and ends in November has a chance to live longer since the food of the mother consumes fewer chemicals. It can be determined after the child is 15 years old.

3. Melanie Gaydos is an international model who has a genetic disorder called ectodermal dysplasia. The documentary discusses the fetus's first fifteen days following fertilization. It concludes that Melanie's cells have a mutation gene that causes her condition.

4. Nell, is a girl with extra growth genes (two)from her father which causes her to grow faster rate in the womb than normal growth.

5. Randy Foye, a man with his heart on the right side and liver on the left side. It shows that a mutation in the embryo can affect individuals who are nineteen days after fertilization. According to these documentaries, the process of Randy Foye within nineteen days is abnormal.

6. Amelia, a fetus with a heartbeat at week five through an ultrasound. According to the documentary, this is a development between week three and week eight.

7. According to the documentary, Da Silva Family has six fingers. It is a genetic condition inherited from their parents. The parents do scanning only to find whether the baby has five or six fingers.

8. During early pregnancy, the gene in the body had functioned and started to give instructions. Baby Nuha's mother had eaten a lot of green vegetable during the early pregnancy. According to research, a mother who had eaten  early pregnancy, it will change the gene which will help to slower the overactive gene. This simultaneously will increase the baby's immunity towards fighting diseases.

9. 6 weeks, the emerging of hands and feet. At around 38 days, the tip of the limbs will slowly die away which revealing five fingers for each hand. However, this process did not happen normally in this one family at Brazil who 14 out of 26 family members had 6 fingers. It is happening because of the excessive sonic hedgehog in the people’s gene that made their 6th fingers to appear.

The aspects of human development that are impacted

1. The additional gene in the gene will speed up normal human growth, increasing the chance of acquiring cancer. During development and childhood, the excess growth hormone might induce faster growth.

2. The mutation in the embryo can have long-term consequences for the individual. The mutation causes the location of the internal organs to be determined by cilia did not spin at all.

3. As mentioned in the documentary, Mother diet during the conception period will affect their baby life span.

4. Baby that were concieve during the dry season or month have a high expectation to die as young adults compare to the baby that were concieve few months after.

5. It happened as a result of Melanie's TP63 gene, which possesses a mutation that makes her so rare. This condition has affected her skin as well as the growth of her teeth, hair, and nails. Melanie's cells differentiate into the specialised cells that comprise various areas of her body. In her case, the top layer of her cells that produces skin, hair, teeth, and nails did not develop normally.

6. Nell, a kid who inherited additional growth gene from her father. This hormone had increased her physical development faster. Nell is having good and healthy life by regularly appoinment to the doctor. Our mother's gene are designed to keep us small while our father's gene designed to make the largest baby they get.

7. Nell, a kid who inherited additional growth gene from her father. Nell had also produced additional growth hormone named IGF2. This hormone had increased her physical development faster which simultaneously caused risk for her to get cancer. However, Nell is having  good and healthy life by consistently having appoinment to the doctor.

8. 19 days after conception, Randy Foye's cilia will rotate clockwise causing the left stream of fluid to surround the cilia which had activated the gene at the left cell. When activated, the gene will show the location for the organ to develop. Instead, the right gene was activated causing the organs to develop across the body which is his heart on the right side and his liver on the left side.

9.Baby scanning on 20th weeks. This time scanned had bring a news for a couple that their baby’s aorta was too narrow that had blocked the blood to go through the whole body. While the baby was still in the mom’s womb, the bypass vessel helps to keep the blood flow. However, when the baby is born, she will not survive. Therefore, surgery is necessary for this baby and it eventually success.

10. 6 weeks, the emerging of hands and feet. At around 38 days, the tip of the limbs will slowly die away which revealing five fingers for each hand. However, this process did not happen normally in this one family at Brazil who 14 out of 26 family members had 6 fingers. It is happening because of the excessive sonic hedgehog in the people’s gene that made their 6th fingers to appear.

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Group Members :
1. Nurul Atiqah binti Mohd Zainuddin (80844)
2.  Nadzwani Anisa binti Ismail (80320)
3. Nur Qisthina Binti Zainal Abidin (80677)
4. Siti Zubaidah binti Hasim (81252)
5. Jeslina Nadia Anak Ammi (79663)

Critical events :
Each part of the baby's body develops at a different rate during pregnancy. During these times, the body can be extremely vulnerable to the effects of certain medications, alcohol, or other potentially harmful exposures.

Human Development :
The time in our life when we became who we are, discovered the thrilling story of life before birth, from the very first heartbeat to the new arrival on the planet. This is when everything about who we are hangs in the balance when our heart makes its first beat and the length of our lives could be decided. However, it is not an obstacle for the Special One to continue living. So, Be amazed every day - at home and on the go.

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1. Nur Arniza Afirah binti Jumat (81986)

2.Siti Nadiatul Athilah Binti Roslie (82293)

3. Daniella Ruslee (81709)

4. Nur HazmiralHaiqal bin Hamzah (80623)

5. Radiga A/P Parthiban (81014)

CRITICAL EVENTS DURING PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT

1.      Cells division (mitosis)

2.      Situs inversus  Gigantism

3.      DNA methylation (epigenetic modification)

4.      Gigantism

5.      Genetic disorder (ectodermal dysplasia/ED)

6.      Polydactyly/Sonic Hedgehog mutation

THE IMPACTS

1.      Making new body cells. For example, in the documentary video one fertilised egg  splits into four identical  embryos .

2.      Organs  in the chest and abdomen are positioned in a mirror image from their normal positions.  For example,   heart position in the right side.

3.      Can change how child genes will be interpreted

4.      Overproduction of growth hormone. For example, body size bigger than people at the same age.

5.      The skin, sweat glands, hair, nails, teeth and mucous membranes develop abnormally.

6.       A person will have more than 5 fingers per hand or 5 toes per foot.

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Group members
1. Jeslynda Khoo, 79664
2. Dayang Nur Ashikin Binti Abang Kusairi (81718)
3. Dayang Farah Aida binti Awang Sapri (81715)
4. Charls Law Yi Chao (79043)
5. Noor Mimi Asmidar Binti Kushairi (80403)

Critical events during prenatal development
1. The Germinal Stage (Fertilization to 2 Weeks)

- Germinal stage : Rapid cell division, growing complexity and differentiation, and implantation in the uterine wall.

- Mitosis : Process of rapid cell division and duplication.

- Blastocyst : A fluid-filled spherical that floats freely in the uterus for a day or two before implanting itself in the uterine wall.

- Implantation : The blastocyst's connection to the uterine wall, which happens around day 6.

- The embryonic disc is a swollen cell mass from which the embryo develops.

- Skin, nails, hair, teeth, sensory organs, and nervous system are all found in the ectoderm layer.

- Endoderm: The digestive system, liver, pancreas, salivary glands, and respiratory systems are all found in the endoderm layer.

- Mesoderm : The inner layer of the skin, muscles, skeleton, excretory, and circulatory systems.

- Amniotic sac : A fluid-filled membrane that encases and protects the developing foetus while also allowing it to move.

- Amnion and chorion are the amniotic sac's outer layers.

- Placenta : Through the umbilical cord, delivers oxygen and nutrients while also removing waste.

- The umbilical cord is the cord that connects the placenta to the embryo.

2. The Stage of Embryogenesis (2 to 8 Weeks)

- Embryonic stage : The second stage of pregnancy, during which the primary bodily systems and organs grow and develop rapidly.

- A three-month phase of pregnancy is known as a trimester.

- Organogenesis is the fast growth of organs and major body systems.

- Miscarriage is the natural discharge from the uterus of an embryo or foetus that cannot survive outside the womb.

- Stillborn means "dead at birth."

3. The Fetal Stage (8 Weeks to Birth)

- Fetal stage : The final stage of prenatal development, marked by greater body part differentiation and considerably enlarged body size.

- Ultrasound is a prenatal medical practise that uses high-frequency sound waves to identify the contour and movements of a foetus in order to evaluate whether a pregnancy is going appropriately.

The aspects of human development that are impact by these event
1.  Pregnancy mom's diet
2. Cell division
3. Exponential growth
4. Sonic Hedgehog Protein (SHH)
5. Moms lifestyle
6. Children conceive in the dry months are up 7 times to die as young adult
7. Pregnancy progression

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Group Members:
- Nur Hazleen binti Hamson (80622)
- Randolf Gary Peter Chin (82108)
- Edinwee Anak George (79253)
- Daniel Tiong Ying Wan (79159)
- Aunie Suefia binti Mohd Zul (78918)

Critical events during prenatal development:
First 8 weeks

- The meeting of 1 egg and 1 sperm, 2sex genetic combined to create unique genetic human being

15 days

-  Every cell started being identical and form every part of body.

21 days

-  The body began to be shaped and our heart started visible and pumping.

6 weeks

-  Our body perfectly start to look like human, shaped from head to toe and our fingers will start to form.

8 weeks

-  The formation of our inner ear and one single human has become human fetus.

Aspects of human development that are impacted by these events:
1. The main diet for the pregnancy mother is leafy green vegetables in other to produces a chemical that link to DNA and modify of our genes forever which can turn permanently influence on how our body are created.

-  We’re what our mother eats
2. Melanie is suffered from the genetic disorder called Ectodermal Dysplasia. We all started as free layers at the bottom, but Malanie’s top layer did not grow predicted. It is hereditary condition that affects the development or function of his teeth, hair and sweat glands.
3. Polydactyly refers the fact that Sliva family’s hands contains six digits instead of five. They were able to strum more intricate musical instruments, write quicker and grasp items securely than us.
4. Born as a prenatal baby which is have a heart pumping delayed before its due and cause a defect on heart.
5. Born with abnormality which is your heart points on wrong side instead of left side which called Dextrocardia.

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Group  Members
1. Jasmine Christine Jane Alexius (79626)
2. Cushalla Blankat anak Lampas (79142)
3. Zetty Adriena Binti Ahmad Razif (82292)
4. Puteri Liyana Afiqah Binti Muhammad Zaki (80990)
5. Nur Azarenna Binti Narudin @ Norudin (80567)

Critical events during Prenatal Development
1. Genetic disorder (change in gene)
2. Overproduced a growth hormones inherited from dad’s ( IGF2)
3. Extra genes
4. Situs inversus
5. Process of converting an egg to a fetus

Aspects Human Development
1. Top cell such as skin,teeth,hair and brain did not develop
2. The physical develop- just grew within a few hours bcs inherited extra genes
3. There are miscarriage and usually do not survive the first trimester
4. The orientation of the internal organs is completely flipped from right to left
5. From conception through birth, prenatal development refers to the process of a human embryo or foetus developing during pregnancy.

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Group Members
1.Ting Shu Enn (81398)
2. Milyna Anak Ngelai (80052)
3. Vivian Ting Yun Ru (81459)
4. Jesmary Murat Anak Janin (79665)
5.Evelyn anak Emang (79359)

Critical events during prenatal development in humans consist of three distinct stages. Firstly, the germinal stage is the first two weeks of development and is a period of cell division and initial differentiation (cell maturation). Before day fifteen, cells in a fetus are identical, but at day fifteen, cells start to become more specialized. Next, the embryonic period lasts from the third to the eighth week of development. Lastly, the time from the ninth week until birth is known as the fetal period. The fetal period is characterized by the maturation of tissues and organs and rapid growth of the body.
Aspects of human development that are impacted by these events are physical development. This includes an increase in weight, size and height.  While genetic disorders affect the development of the skin, teeth, and nails. There are three-layer cells such as top layer, middle and bottom layer. On the top layer are cells that become the skin, hairs, teeth, and brain. In the middle layer, cells become the muscles, kidneys, bones and blood. Cells that built the gut and liver are on the bottom layer. During the third month, the young fetus clearly resembles a human being, although the head is disproportionately large. At four months individual differences between the faces of fetuses become distinguishable. The face is broad but the eyes are now less widely separated. The umbilical cord attaches higher on the abdominal wall. At five months downy hairs cover the body, and some head hairs appear. The skin is less transparent. In this month, the mother could feel the fetal movements and also can determine the fetal’s gender through an ultrasound scan for accurate results. While during the middle sixteen weeks, the fetus's face is formed, skin colour, and fingerprints develop. Other than that, in the middle sixteen hormones mould the personality also built.  This is an important process for the fetus.  Around week 24 until 39 bones replace the cartilage that surrounds the skeleton and the fetus begins to see.

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Critical Events During Prenantal Development
1) The plancenta form during embryonic stage.the plantenca will  take oxygen, nutrients and water from blood to passes it to your baby.at the embryonic stage which is around 2 to 8 weeks, the nervous system will develop. The embryo will begin have the heart thts is like S shaped tube in front of embryo. However it does not beat  at first but it will start to beating and pumping an early form of blood. The baby facial features also begin to take a shape.

2) When the organism is about nine weeks old the fetus is about the size of a kidney bean and begins to take on the recognizable form of a human being. Between 9 and 12 weeks, reflexes begin to appear and the arm and legs start to move During this same time, the sex organs begin to differentiate. At about 16 weeks, fingers and toes are fully developed, and fingerprints are visible. By the time the fetus reaches 24 weeks of development, the hearing has developed, so the fetus can respond to sounds. The internal organs, including the lungs, heart, stomach, and intestines, have formed enough that a fetus born prematurely at this point has a chance to survive outside of the womb.

The Aspect of Human Development  that Are Impact by These Event ( Based on Documentary)

1) Mom's diet
2)Rapid Growth
3)Extra Sonic Hedgehog Protein (SHH)
4) Genetic Disorder ectodermal dysplasia

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1. Mohammad Firdaus (80108)

2. Siti Sarah Binti Rozhan (81241)

3. Jolynna Ngaos Sirau Anak John Wayne (79692)

4. Anastasia Ceria anak Edwin (78798)

5. Putri Khairiyanti (81591)

Critical Events During Prenatal Development

-Formation of fertilized egg

-Cell division.

-Folding of embryo into formation of body (Week 3)

-Formation of organs and limbs (Heart, hands, feet) –(Week 5,6,7)

Aspects of Human Development That Are Impacted by Those Events.

-Possible birth defects.

-Organs such as heart might get displaced.

-Formation of body may be affected due to gene inheritance.

-Exact numbers of limbs and organs in each humans.

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Group members:
1. Nurul Su'aidah Binti Mohamad Yusuf (80902)
2. Siti Zahirah binti Mistoh@Mastan (81250)
3. Cayley Cassandra Oswald (79019)
4. Fatin Farahin binti Zulhairie (79413)
5.Nurul Afida binti Affendi (80817)

Critical events during prenatal development

1. Prenatal stress affects the unborn child's brain development especially during the fetal stage.

2. Birth injuries from maternal infections.

3. Inadequate levels of this B vitamin during conception and the first few weeks of pregnancy.

4. Broken vital communication between cells

5. The mother’s diet.

The aspects of human development that are impact by these event

1. Cortisol, a stress hormone, is important for both body and fetal growth. A woman who is stressed out for a long period of time throughout her pregnancy will have high levels of cortisol, which can affect the brain development of her unborn kid. Prenatal stress has an impact on the unborn child's chances of depression, psychosis, and heart disease later in life. This will have an impact on the unborn child's cognitive and physical development later in life especially during middle childhood to young adulthood. Later in life, the child will be hypersensitive to stress and is more prone to develop mental disorders such as anxiety or depression, as well as health issues such as heart disease.

2. Certain types of maternal infections during pregnancy can be very harmful to the baby's health and development. If left untreated maternal infections can lead to brain damage and birth injuries like cerebral palsy. Other than that, untreated infections might harm a fetus and may increase the risk of miscarriage.

3. Because these body components are developed early in the first trimester, not getting enough of this B vitamin at the time of conception and in the first few weeks of pregnancy has been associated to brain and spine problems.

4. the broken communication between the cells, cause cells divided into two or more clumps of cells behave independently from each other. All of the cells build separate human beings which can be two, three or more identically.

5. The mother's diet has a significant influence on prenatal development. The healthier the mother is before and during pregnancy, the healthier the baby will be. Birth defects may occur if the mother is overweight or underweight. Overweight mothers put their fetus's health at danger. These fetuses can be bigger than normal, which might cause complications during birth. The mother can also teach the unborn baby dietary habits that they will carry with them for the rest of their lives.

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1. Asyura Maisurah binti Adi Azham, 78902
2.Nurmaidiana binti basari, 78452
3.Muhamad Shahrulnizan bin Salim, 80181
4.Nuur Syakira Binti Mohd Daud, 82083
5. Iylia Zalikha binti Ambran, 75082

Critical events and impacts we found based on the documentary

Critical events during prenatal development
1. Rapid Growth. A girl takes a different development because she inherited 2 of her father's powerful growth genes, making her grow taller and bigger than other normal girls. normally, a normal girl would only take one of each of their parent's genes, but in this case, the girl took 2 of her father's genes and 1 of her mother's genes.
2. Extra Sonic Hedgehog Protein(SHH) - A person who has extra SHH are intended to have 6 fingers because this protein is required to play a role in cell growth, cell specialization, and normal shaping (patterning) of the body. This protein is important for the development of the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system), eyes, limbs, and many other parts of the body.
3. Genetic disorder ectodermal dysplasia. Mutations in numerous genes cause them, the mutations may be inherited from a parent, or normal genes may get modified during egg or sperm development or after conception. The likelihood of a parent having an afflicted kid is determined by the inheritance pattern of the exact kind of ectodermal dysplasia with which the member in the family has been diagnosed. The genetic disorder affects the development of the skin, hair, teeth, and nails. In the average fetus, there are three layers of specialized cells. Cells that build the gut and liver are on the bottom layer, whereas the cells that become the muscles, kidneys, bones, and blood are on the middle layer. On the top layer are the cells that become the skin, hair, teeth, and brain.
4. DEXTROCARDIA. Dextrocardia is a rare heart condition in which your heart points toward the right side of your chest instead of the left side but it has no other defects. Dextrocardia is congenital, which means people are born with this abnormality. Less than 1 percent of the general population is born with dextrocardia. Dextrocardia can also occur in a condition called situs inversus. With it, many or all of your visceral organs are on the mirror-image side of your body. For example, in addition to your heart, your liver, spleen, or other organs may also be located on the opposite, or “wrong” side of your body.
5.the process of prenatal development occurs in three main stages.the first two weeks after conception are known as the Germinal stage the third through the eighth week is known as the embryonic period and the time from the ninth week until birth is known as the fetal period

Aspects of human development that are impacted by these critical events
1. Rapid growth. due to the fact that she grows rapidly, she will be more exposed to cancers, which means she will be at a greater risk of getting cancer. hence, she needs to constantly do a medical check up on her body to see if she gets cancer. other than that, she is taller than other kids, so she is more active in sports, and outshines the others.
2. Extra Sonic Hedgehog Protein(SHH) -  Getting extra SHH in human development make human get extra fingers that make their hand bigger and have better grip. It also causes a variety of genetic disorders at different stages.
3. Genetic disorder ectodermal dysplasia. Ectodermal dysplasias can cause a variety of symptoms, including tooth abnormalities, brittle, thin, or missing hair, aberrant fingernails, failure to perspire (hypohidrosis), numerous skin disorders, and others. Different forms of Ectodermal dysplasias are caused by gene mutations and can be inherited in a number of ways. There is presently no cure for the many kinds of ED, although there are several therapies available to address the unique symptoms.
4. have an increased risk of lung infections, sinus infections, or pneumonia. With isolated dextrocardia, the cilia in your lungs may not function normally. Cilia are very fine hairs that filter the air you breathe. When the cilia are unable to filter out all viruses and germs, you may get sick more often. Dextrocardia that affects your heart function can cause a variety of symptoms. These include breathing difficulties, blue lips and skin, and fatigue. Children with dextrocardia may not grow or develop correctly, and thus may need heart surgery to correct a defect. Lack of oxygen to your heart can make you tired and keep you from growing normally. Abnormalities that affect your liver can cause jaundice, which is a yellowing of your skin and eyes.
5.children conceive in the dry months are up 7 times to die as young adult

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Group members:
1. Nurhainna Akma Binti Aini  (80765)
2. Siti Roshaida Binti Roslan  (82166)
3. Nurain Hazirah binti Othman  (78433)
4. Ainaa Syaidatul Akma Binti Hadi  (77769)
5. Nur Izza Nabila Binti Ishak (80640)

Critical events
1. Conception
2. Cell division
- 3 layers of specialized cells (bottom: gut, liver) (middle: kidneys, muscle, bone, blood) (top: skin, hair, teeth, brain)
3. Gene inheritance
- some of mother's gene switch off, father's remained on
4. Assemble of body
5. Mutation of embryo

Impacts
1. Mother's diet during conception impact the development
2. Tug of war between genes cause babies to have extra gene (abnormal growth)
3. Organ located on the wrong side of the body (fatal)

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1. Aalisha Aliena Lee Morgan (78601)
2. Nur Nabila Binti Shamsuddin (80663)
3. Sharifah Nurul Syukrina Binti Wan Ali (81137)
4. Nur Yasrani binti Sazali Abdul Karim (80724)
5. Nur Madihah binti Sabrunnizam (82011)

Critical events during prenatal development

(the first 8 weeks)
1. the meeting of 1 egg and 1 sperm
- 2 sex of genetic construction, half from each parent combine

2) (15 days) until this point every cell has basically been identical and start to take on new identity
- cells begin to transform to over 400 different cell type that would make up every part of the body
- any error in this moment can cause serious consequences

3) after a few weeks, we should have thousands of cells and reach another new critical point
- this is when gene that promotes our growth should switch on

4) now organ need to assemble to the right place
- the layer of our internal organ is determine by tiny hairline structure called cilia

5) (21 days) body is beginning to take shape
- our heart will be visible and start pumping
- this hurt will keep on growing

6) (6weeks) we start to look distinctly human
- around 38 days, our 5 finger will start to form
- (7/8 weeks) the formation of our inner ear

Aspect of human development that are impacted by events

1) children conceives in the dry months are up to 7 times to die as young adults

2) mothers diet have a huge lifelong impact
- if the mother eats diet with green leafy vegie, it provides coctail of chemical which binds the strains of DNA . This can partially affect on how our body grows.

3) When the cells in the surface layer of a person's epidermis became specialised, their skin became highly sensitive, their teeth disintegrated, and their hair began to grow inwards.

4) What a mother eats around conception can dramatically alter the lifespan of her baby.

# data[].attributes.body
1) Iffaruddin Bin Aziz (79558)
2)Nurakmal Fizani Binti Julai (80739)
3)Dayang Nur Azwaziela Binti Abang Daud (79193)
4) Dominic Demang Anak Petrus (79236)
5) Magrina Anak Lenson (79942)

Prenatal Development

The process of prenatal development occurs in three main stages. The first two weeks after conception are known as the germinal stage, the third through the eighth week is known as the embryonic period, and the time from the ninth week until birth is known as the fetal period.

Critical Events During Prenatal Development

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1. Jacque Sebastian Ajai Anak Johhny (79607)

2. Josephine L Unding (79706)

3. Ellyca Anak Sintan (79288)

4. Nurul Amirah Atiqah binti Amirudin (82056)

5. Wong Sing Ee (81518)

Critical Events (Prenatal Development)

During early week:

Began with thousand of eggs in a mother ovaries. Therefore only one eggs that will be released to the fallopian tube soon to be fertilised.

Then continue to be in form of blastocyst and starting to take on new identities till being more significant in the embryonogenesis process of development.

Zygote continue to move on to the fallopian tube until it comes to uterus. In the same time, through this process will be growing larger as the cells keep dividing. It will also forming hundreds of interconnected celss that known as blastocyst.

Around week 3 to week 8:

Starting continue to form some new organ on the body. Week by week the body start have a heart that will be pumping then it will also showing some limbs. After that, the body of the embryonic will have the eyes, ear and teeth. Through this process will likely to start to look like a human.

In the week of almost to be born: (Week 9 and birth)
Through this process will show a development of baby having a brain and their fingers start to be more clearly to have five fingers and until then will be waiting for the moment to be born.

Aspect of human development that are impacted by these critical events

What  mother consumed during pregnancy also program the way their body will respond to different types of food in later life.  For example, the mother who consumed low fats, sugar, and calories will cause the child to suffer from Type 2 Diabetes because his diet in later life is the total opposite of what his mother consumed. In contrast, another one was able to cope with his consumption of high fats, calories, and sugar.

Mother’s emotional condition during pregnancy also have a great impact on you.   The more days the women spent without electricity, the higher the women’s stress levels were, which in turn lead to lower IQ and language development among the children born. All because of the stress hormone, cortisol released which then enter the babies’ blood stream through the placenta. It was found that cortisol has really greatly influenced the programming in the fetus including its growth, modifying the tissue development, and long-lasting effects on gene expression.

Genetic disorder ectodermal dysplasia.
Moving on to around 15 days post-conception, Melanie Gaydos, is an internationally renowned model. Melanie suffers from ectodermal dysplasia, which has caused some disfiguring features that have led many to facial, hair and skin abnormalities. Notwithstanding these difficulties, Melanie has forged a highly successful career that must surely encourage others who have overt disabilities and wish to plough their furrow. The mutation found in Melanie's TP63 gene explains the genetic cause of her condition, which begins to alter otherwise normal development at the 15-day stage.

Dextrocardia and complete situs inversus
Randy Foye is a champion basketball player who has dextrocardia, and complete situs inversus, in which the positions of all of his organs are reversed. This variation from normal occurs at about 19 days post-conception. Dextrocardia with Situs Inversus is a rare heart condition characterised by abnormal heart positioning. In this condition, the tip of the heart is positioned on the right side of the chest. Additionally, the position of the heart chambers and the visceral organs such as the liver and spleen are reversed. However, most affected individuals can live everyday life without associated symptoms or disability.