# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Mikä hiilipilotti?

Carbon Action -hiilipilotin tavoitteena on edistää ilmastoystävällisten viljelykäytäntöjen yleistymistä Suomessa sekä auttaa viljelijöitä löytämään omille tiloilleen sopivia, hiiltä maahan varastoivia viljelytoimia. Mukaan hiilipilottiin pääsee sata vapaaehtoista tilaa, jotka haluavat olla edistämässä hiilen varastoitumiseen liittyvää tutkimusta, sekä jalkauttamassa siihen liittyviä viljelykäytäntöjä Suomeen.

Miten hiilipilotti toimii?

Hiilipilotti on viljelijälähtöinen hanke, ja se muotoutuu jatkuvasti vuorovaikutuksessa viljelijöiden kanssa. On käynyt selväksi, että viljelijät toivovat saavansa uutta faktatietoa hiilen varastoimiseen ja pellon kasvukuntoon liittyvistä asioista, ja sitä hankkeessa tullaan tarjoamaan. Tiedon lisäksi hanke tarjoaa laajan kirjon erilaisia tapoja olla edistämässä hiiltä varastoivien viljelytapojen kehittämistä sekä tietoisuuden lisäämistä niistä. Hiilipilotti tarjoaa mukana oleville tiloille mahdollisuuden verkostoitua, luoda omia paikallisia pienryhmiä sekä tilaisuuden jakaa kokemuksia koko Suomen kattavan hiilitilaverkoston kanssa. Jokainen hiiliviljelijä saa osallistua hiilipilottiin oman kiinnostuksensa ja mukaan - vähän tai paljon, mutta joitain asioita jokaiselta osallistuvalta tilalta edellytetään.

Mitä hiilitiloilla tehdään?

Hiilitilat pääsevät toteuttamaan ja kokeilemaan pelloillaan omaan tarpeeseensa sopivia viljelytoimenpiteitä, jotka tähtäävät hiilen varastoimiseen ja maan kasvukunnon parantamiseen. Sadan hiilitilan joukosta valitaan tarkemman tarkastelun kohteeksi kymmenen tilaa, joilla tutkitaan syvällisemmin keinoja nopeuttaa hiilen varastoitumista maaperään. Mukana on myös Qvidjan tila, jolla tutkitaan monia asioita samanaikaisesti. Tavoitteena on kuitenkin saada kaikilta tiloilta tutkimuskäyttöön soveltuvaa aineistoa, joten jokainen tila on osaltaan mukana viemässä tutkimusta eteenpäin, sekä kehittämässä toimenpiteitä, joilla peltomaat saadaan maksimaalisesti hiiltä varastoiviksi.
Jotta hiilipilotin tavoitteet tutkimuksen ja viljelytoimenpiteiden kehittämisen osalta toteutuisivat, tiloilta edellytetään:

Yhden, noin kolmen hehtaarin kokoisen lohkon valinta testilohkoksi, jossa on koeosio ja verrokkiosio

Maanäytteiden otto hankkeen alussa testilohkoilta, sekä tarkat muistiinpanot toimenpiteistä ja niiden kustannuksista

Multavuudenhoitosuunnitelman tekeminen testilohkolle ja sen noudattaminen

Sitoutuminen hankkeen koulutuksiin (yksi lähialoituskoulutus, muissa etämahdollisuus)

Vastaaminen kyselyihin ja/tai haastatteluihin (max. 2 vuodessa)

Toivomme myös osallistumista suljettuun keskusteluryhmään

Tarkemmat tiedot saa hiilitilaksi hakeutumisen jälkeen

Esimerkkejä pelloilla tehtävistä toimenpiteistä:

Yhteyttämisen lisääminen kasvipeitteisyyttä lisäämällä, kasvuaikaa pidentämällä sekä satotasoja kasvattavilla lajike- ja lajivalinnoilla

Maan rakenteen ja kasvukunnon parantaminen

Muokkauksen keventäminen

Multavuuden lisääminen lannalla, kierrätyslannoitteilla ja maanparannusaineilla

Viljelykasvivalikoiman ja viljelykierron monipuolistaminen

Hankkeeseen osallistuvat hiiliviljelijät saavat:

Starttipaketin

llmaista koulutusta hiilen varastoimiseen ja maan kasvukuntoon liittyen sekä mahdollisuuden vaikuttaa koulutusten sisältöihin, vierailukohteisiin ja paikallistoimintaan

Keinoja saavuttaa paremmin voiva maaperä ja hyvä kasvukunto, joiden myötä voidaan saada

paremmat satotasot ja omavaraisuusasteen lisääntyminen

parempi pellon puskurikyky vaihtelevissa olosuhteissa

Hiiliviljelijöiden verkoston ja vertaistukea muilta viljelijöitä

Pääsyn uusimpaan ja parhaaseen globaaliin tietoon hiiliviljelystä

Mahdollisuuden toimia aktiivisena edelläkävijänä, globaalien ja paikallisten haasteiden - kuten ilmastonmuutoksen ja Itämeren ongelmien - ratkaisijana sekä hiiltä varastoivien viljelymenetelmien kehittäjänä ja niiden tutkimuksen edistäjänä

SATA TILAA ON NYT VALITTU!
Kysy lisää!

Viljelijäyhteyshenkilö, BSAG
Sanna Söderlund
sanna.soderlund@bsag.fi
puh. 040 777 5515

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Mikä hiilipilotti? Carbon Action -hiilipilotin tavoitteena on edistää ilmastoystävällisten viljelykäytäntöjen yleistymistä Suomessa sekä auttaa viljelijöitä löytämään omille tiloilleen sopivia, hiiltä maahan varastoivia viljelytoimia. Mukaan hiilipilottiin pääsee sata vapaaehtoista tilaa, jotka haluavat olla edistämässä hiilen varastoitumiseen liittyvää tutkimusta, sekä jalkauttamassa siihen liittyviä viljelykäytäntöjä Suomeen. Miten hiilipilotti toimii?

# data[].attributes.body
Links about possible setbacks

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Suomen luonnonsuojeluliitto myy nopeaa ja tehokasta mahdollisuutta keventää hiilijalanjälkeään osallistumalla suon ennallistamiseen (HS Kotimaa 26.9.).

Tämä sisältö kuuluu HS Digi -tilaukseen

Vaihda HS Mini -tilauksesi helposti HS Digiin

Haluatko lukea koko artikkelin?

HS Digi -tilauksella pääset lukemaan rajoituksetta tämän ja muita kiinnostavia artikkeleita

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Mielipide: Karut ja huonosti metsää kasvavat ojitusalueet on järkevintä jättää rauhaan

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Suomen luonnonsuojeluliitto myy nopeaa ja tehokasta mahdollisuutta keventää hiilijalanjälkeään osallistumalla suon ennallistamiseen (HS Kotimaa 26.9.). Tämä sisältö kuuluu HS Digi -tilaukseen Vaihda HS Mini -tilauksesi helposti HS Digiin Haluatko lukea koko artikkelin? HS Digi -tilauksella pääset lukemaan rajoituksetta tämän ja muita kiinnostavia artikkeleita

# data[].attributes.headline
"Neocarbonisation suggest there is a continued need to carbon as a fundamental building block and energy carrier also in the future for fuels, chemicals and materials."

# data[].attributes.subject
"Neocarbonisation suggest there is a continued need to carbon as a fundamental building block and energy carrier also in the future for fuels, chemicals and materials."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Towards 100 % renewable energy system

Neo-Carbon Energy is about creating a new emission-free and reliable energy system. In 2050 an emission-free energy system has to be in place. This system will be based mainly on solar and wind, which will be the cheapest sources on energy by that time. Our solution has four main pillars:

[/vc_column]

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Towards 100 % renewable energy system Neo-Carbon Energy is about creating a new emission-free and reliable energy system. In 2050 an emission-free energy system has to be in place. This system will be based mainly on solar and wind, which will be the cheapest sources on energy by that time.

# data[].attributes.body
Example from Uusimaa

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Kilpiän tilalle vieviä kiemuraisia teitä Uudenmaan Pusulassa täytyy ajaa varovasti, jottei osu roudan rapauttamiin kuoppiin. Tilalle ei välttämättä löydä ilman ohjeita, mutta onneksi reitti on tuttu. Keväällä Kilpiän tilaa pitävät Tuomas ja Iiris Mattila vastaanottivat Vuoden ympäristöystävällisin tila -palkinnon. Pariskunnalla on paljon kunnianhimoisia suunnitelmia kestävästä viljelystä.

Pilvinen päivä ennakoi sateita vehreälle pihamaalle, jossa Tuomas Mattila huoltaa traktoria. Vanhassa navetassa kiekuu kukko. Kuinka sopivaa. Tuomas kutsuu sisään juomaan kupin teetä.

Rohkeutta tehdä toisin

Iiris Mattila on herännyt aamuseitsemältä äestämään nurmea, jotta olisi valmis ennen haastattelua. Lapset ovat koulussa ja hoidossa. Tuomas esittelee talon saviseiniä, ekologisia, kotimaisia ja hengittäviä. Uudesta ja vanhasta kerrostuva talo on hänen lapsuudenkotinsa, jossa Mattilat ovat nyt asuneet perheenä noin kymmenen vuotta.

Mattiloissa on kiinnostavaa heidän rohkeutensa tehdä asioita toisin kuin muut. Kilpiän tilan tuotanto on luomussa, mutta pelkästään siitä ei ole kysymys. Tuomas Mattila on pitkään tuonut maanviljelyyn liittyvään keskusteluun uutta maanläheisyyttä, kirjaimellisesti. Viljelyn lisäksi hän on tutkija, luennoitsija ja neuvoja.

"Ennen kuin alettiin pitää tilaa, olin sitä mieltä, että nykyiset viljelysysteemit eivät ole hyviä. Pienenä näin Avara Luonto -ohjelmassa, mitä hyönteisiä ja muita eliöitä viljelyksiltä voisi löytää. Kävin katsomassa meidän peltoja ja tonkimassa maata, mutta en löytänyt mitään. Silloin jo ymmärsin, että jotain tässä hommassa on pielessä."

Pellot hiilivarastona

Kilpiällä viljelyn tärkeimmät lähtökohdat ovat pellon hiilensidonta ja maan kasvukunnosta huolehtiminen. Hiilensidonnan tavoitteena on luoda olosuhteet, joissa hiiltä sitoutuu pysyvästi ilmakehästä maaperään. Yhteyttäessään kasvit tuottavat hiiltä sisältäviä yhdisteitä, joita ne käyttävät kasvuunsa. Osa yhdisteistä kulkeutuu juurien kautta maaperään ja varastoituu mikrobien ja sienien avulla. Jotta hiili varastoituu pysyvästi, maaperän kuntoa ja sen eliöstöä täytyy vaalia.

Tavallisessa keinolannoitteisiin ja torjunta-aineisiin nojaavassa viljelyssä maan toimintaan ei ole perinteisesti kiinnitetty kovinkaan paljon huomiota. Päinvastoin, vielä yli kymmenen vuotta sitten maan multavuuden vähenemisen tutkimusta ei kuulemma katsottu kovin hyvällä.

"Siihen aikaan ei ollut sopivaa tuoda esille, että peltomaiden multavuus hupenee jatkuvasti vihreästä vallankumouksesta huolimatta", Tuomas muistelee.

Nykyisin tilanne on täysin toinen. Tuomas Mattilaa kutsutaan jatkuvasti keskustelemaan viljelijöiden kanssa maan kasvukunnon parantamisesta. Peltojen hiilensidonta taas on yhä useammin esillä mullistavana ilmastonmuutoksen torjunnan keinona. Baltic Sea Action Groupin Carbion Action -hanke tutkii parhaillaan hiilen varastoitumisen mekanismeja. Hankkeessa on mukana yli sata suomalaista hiilensidonnasta kiinnostunutta viljelijää.

"Tällä hetkellä vain pienellä osalla Suomen peltopinta-alasta toteutetaan hiilensidontaa edistäviä toimia. Ranskan aloite hiilen vuosittaisesta lisäämisestä olisi Suomessa silti täysin mahdollista toteuttaa, Mattila sanoo."

Vuoden 2015 ilmastokokouksessa Ranska teki aloitteen maaperän hiilen määrän kasvattamisesta 0,4 prosentilla joka vuosi. Vaikka neljä promillea kuulostaa vähäiseltä, vaikutus olisi merkittävä. Maailmanlaajuisesti toteutuessaan sillä pystyttäisiin kompensoimaan ihmiskunnan vuosittaiset hiilidioksidipäästöt. Tavoitteen kannalta tärkeää olisi kehittää menetelmä, jolla viljelijä voisi itse seurata hiilen määrän muutosta maaperässä. Hiilen sitoutuminen maaperään on hidasta ja vaatii viljelyltä pitkäjänteisyyttä. Jos hiilensidontaa pystyttäisiin tiloilla mittaamaan, siitä voitaisiin myös maksaa. Tulonlähde olisi viljelijöille hyödyllinen ainakin Suomessa, jossa maatalous on yleisesti huonosti kannattavaa. Yksi Carbon Action -hankkeen tavoitteista onkin kehittää käytännöllisiä hiilen sitoutumisen mittausmenetelmiä maatiloille.

Hyvä mullantuoksuinen maa

Kilpiässä tehokkaaseen hiilensidontaan pyritään neljällä keinolla: peltojen minimuokkauksella, viljelykierrolla, mahdollisimman suurella kasvipeitteisyydellä ja kerääjäkasveilla. Kevyen muokkauksen tarkoituksena on olla häiritsemättä maaperän eliöstöä. Ruskeaa paljasta maata vältetään niin paljon kuin voidaan.

Tuomaksen mukaan maaperän ekosysteemiä alkaa arvostaa sitä enemmän, mitä enemmän ymmärtää sen toiminnasta.

"Seuraan jatkuvasti maaperän kuntoa: kaivan maata, katselen, haistelen ja tunnustelen. Sitä kautta opin mikä toimii ja näen valintojeni seuraukset. Aina kasvusto ei ole hyvää, mutta siinä tapauksessa kysyn miksi niin on ja koetan korjata asian."

Tuomas lähtee näyttämään peltoja ja ottaa lapion mukaan. Hyvin toimiva, biologisesti aktiivinen maa tuoksuu kuulemma multaiselta, eloton ja toimimaton lähes hajuttomalta, ruosteiselta tai betoniselta.

Neljä metsäkaurista juoksee jonossa alapellon poikki, kun ollaan omenatarhan kohdalla. Kauriit kulkevat usein lohkoja erottavaa puukujannetta pitkin. Ennen tilan mailla asusti myös mäyriä, jotka jossain vaiheessa katosivat. Viime vuosina ne ovat taas tulleet takaisin kaivamaan kuoppia peltoon syötävää etsiessään.

Puukujat ja kukkakujanteet

Puukujanne on peltometsäviljelyä, jonka käyttöä Mattiloiden on tarkoitus lisätä. Kuten Pusulassa yleisemminkin, Kilpiän pellot ovat melko kaltevia ja herkkiä eroosiolle. Paju- ja tervaleppäkujanne hidastaa mäen laelta pyyhkivää tuulta ja antaa suojaa tärkeille hyönteisille. Kujanteen antaman tuulensuojan tuntee selvästi, vaikka puut eivät ole vielä täysimittaisia.

Kilpiän maat ovat hiekkaisia. Niiden vedenpidätyskyky ei ole paras mahdollinen, mutta maassa on hyvä rakenne ja kasvien juuret yltävät syvälle. Maasta löytyy lieroja ja päiväunillaan ollut kärsäkäs. Kilpiän tilalla on hiljattain pantu kuntoon salaojitus, jotta pellon vesitalous toimii ja pitää yllä maan kasvukuntoa. Viime kesä tosin oli vähän liian rutikuiva Kilpiässäkin ja jyväkoko jäi melko pieneksi.

Tuomas johdattaa vieraat peltoa alaspäin monilajiselle kukkakujanteelle, jolla riittää kuhinaa. Perhosia, kimalaisia, mehiläisiä ja loispistiäisiä lentelee edestakaisin. Tattari, hunajakukka ja virna tarjoavat hyönteisille ravintoa. Pölyttäjiä tarvitaan hedelmätarhassa, joka perustettiin kaikkein kaltevimmalle peltolohkolle.

Irti fossiilienergiasta

Tuomas alkaa valmistella traktoria kultivointia varten. Konehallin edessä kasvaa ihanasti tuoksuvaa oreganoa. Traktori on vanha kunnon saksalainen Deutz Fahr. Korjaaminen on helppoa eikä sähkövian takia tarvitse keskeyttää työntekoa.

"Aion käyttää traktorin loppuun, mikä tällä menolla tarkoittaa sitä, että olen silloin yli 90-vuotias."

Joskus naapurit patistelevat ostamaan uusia koneita, mutta Tuomas panee "mieluummin rahat peltoon kuin koneiden uusimiseen".

Traktorista pöllähtää mustaa savua, kun Tuomas lähtee liikkeelle. Tilan koneet toimivat nykyisin Nesteen tuottamalla uusiutuvalla biodieselillä. Yksi tilan viiden vuoden tavoitteista on ollut uusiutuvan energian käyttö kaikissa tilan koneissa. Tavoite on melkein saavutettu: vain kuivurissa käytetään vielä perinteistä dieseliä.

Traktori keinahtelee ja kultivaattori heittelee maata mennessään. Pelto tuntuu jalkojen alla joustavalta. Äestyksen ja kultivoinnin tarkoituksena on rikkoa nurmen pinta ja tehdä tilaa uudelle kylvölle. Maata sekoitetaan kevyesti, jotta vanha kasvimassa ja rikkakasvit alkavat hajota. Kahden kultivointikerran ja noin viikon odottelun jälkeen maahan kylvetään ruis.

Tilan viljelykierto on kolmivuotinen: kauraa, nurmea ja ruista. Oleellista on se, että kierrot ovat osittain päällekkäisiä. Kun viljakasvi on puitu, alla kasvaa jo apilaa seuraavaa vuotta varten. Maa ei ole paljaana kuin kaksi viikkoa, kun nurmi rikotaan seuraavaa kylvöä varten. Kasvit yhteyttävät pitkälle syksyyn ja heti aikaisin keväällä. Ilman yhteytystä hiiltä ei näet sitoudu vaan hiilidioksidia päinvastoin vapautuu ilmakehään kasvimassan hajotessa. Keväisin Kilpiän pellot erottuvat ilmakuvissa naapurustoa vihreämpinä.

Naapurin esimerkki vaikuttaa

Tutkimusten perusteella tiedetään, että naapurien mielipiteillä on paljon merkitystä viljelypäätösten tekemiseen. Jos ympäröivä yhteisö ei jaa samoja näkemyksiä hyvästä viljelystä, viljelijä tarvitsee paljon sisäistä motivaatiota valintojensa tueksi. Erityisesti pystyvyyden kokemisen ja omiin kykyihin luottamisen on arveltu olevan tärkeitä uusien ratkaisujen toteuttamiselle.

Iiris Mattilan mukaan onnistumisen kokemukset tuovat työhön paljon sisältöä.

"Jos on jokin ongelma, sen voi ottaa omakseen ja ratkoa sen kiinnostavasti, ei vain myrkyttää rikkoja tai hyönteisiä vaan koittaa keksiä jonkin muun keinon. Kun onnistuu, siitä saa paljon iloa, että hei keksinpäs ja osasinpas."

Tuomaksella on insinöörinä kokemusta jopa patentoinnista.

"Olen keksijä, joka nauttii uusista ideoista, etenkin jos ne toimivat. Meillä on Juuso Joonan kanssa vähän niin kuin kilpailu, että jos toinen keksii jotain niin tekee itse mieli vetää paremmaksi. Joka puolella maailmaa on sellaisia viljelijäporukoita, jotka innostaa ja inspiroi toisiaan. Ja sellaiseen porukkaan ja sen tekemisiin kun tutustuu, niin se on tosi kiinnostavaa."

Pannaan tämäkin nimi mieleen: Juuso Joona on samanhenkinen viljelijä Joutsenossa, Tyynelän tilalla.

Yhteisö voi olla tärkeä kannustin, eikä sen nykypäivänä tarvitse perustua ainoastaan fyysiseen sijaintiin. Toisaalta, jos tarpeeksi johdonmukaisesti toteuttaa valintojaan ja saa teoillaan tulosta ja kiitosta, ne alkavat todennäköisesti kiinnostaa naapureitakin. Kun kokee olevansa osa ratkaisua, eikä ongelmaa, ei kuulemma myöskään ahdista mitä mediassa puhutaan maanviljelystä.

Arkista aherrusta

Peltokierroksen jälkeen viljelijäpari näyttää hedelmätarhaa ja kuivuria. Iiris kertoo, että olkipaalien päällä kuivuu siemenlisäyksessä ollutta uhanalaista pellavalajiketta, Marttaa. Myös pihan pari kanaa ja kukko ovat kannansäilytysohjelmaan kuuluvia maatiaisia. Sillä mitäpä Kilpiässä ei olisi.

Alkaa sataa ja lapset kaipaavat jo päivällistä. Muutkin työt odottavat, kuten seuraavan päivän luomutarkastukseen valmistautuminen. Aherrus on arkista myös Kilpiän tilalla, mutta tärkeää on se, miltä oma työ tuntuu. Rohkeus ja kokeileminen luovat tulevaisuutta. Täällä pellot tekevät työtä ilmaston hyväksi.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Suomen pitää parantaa hiilivarastoja - Kilpiän tilan pellot osoittavat, että se on mahdollista, #muutos-verkkolehti

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Kilpiän tilalle vieviä kiemuraisia teitä Uudenmaan Pusulassa täytyy ajaa varovasti, jottei osu roudan rapauttamiin kuoppiin. Tilalle ei välttämättä löydä ilman ohjeita, mutta onneksi reitti on tuttu. Keväällä Kilpiän tilaa pitävät Tuomas ja Iiris Mattila vastaanottivat Vuoden ympäristöystävällisin tila -palkinnon. Pariskunnalla on paljon kunnianhimoisia suunnitelmia kestävästä viljelystä.

# data[].attributes.headline
Energy and Nutrient self-sufficient farm

# data[].attributes.subject
Energy and Nutrient self-sufficient farm

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Knehtilä Farm is at the center of a cooperative food production system based on energy and nutrient self-sufficiency. This multi-enterprise network, located in Hyvinkää, is the first of its kind in Finland. It aims to produce local, organic food using bioenergy and recycled nutrients. This cooperative will serve as a model for organic food production and processing which is truly energy and nutrient self-sufficient.

This diagram illustrates the nutrient and energy flows in the Palopuro agroecological symbiosis pilot project.

Knehtilä Farm, the winner of the 2015 environmentally friendly farm competition, has developed a network of several organic producers and processors. In the integrated system, the grain from the fields would be milled in Knehtilä, and baked to bread by Samsara, an organic bakery which has established its operations on the farm. The losses from milling and baking have the potential to be used as feed for the hens in the neighboring henhouse. They can also be utilized as energy source for the biogas production. Biomass from green manuring leys in Knehtilä's organic crop rotation combined with the hens' manure and manure from local horse stables would be processed by anaerobic digestion. The result would be biogas, used for grain drying, the bakery's ovens, running the farm machinery, and local sale for passenger cars. The nutrient-rich digestion residue from biogas production, will be used as organic fertilizer and soil conditioner in the farm fields. With this system, the biomass loops are closed and the cooperative is able to operate in a sustainable manner. The aim is that this model will be reproduced by other farms around Finland. Cooperation in this manner could be the answer to a sustainable and vibrant organic sector in Finland.

The idea driving this co-operative is to locally recycle the nutrient flows generated in the production, and fully utilize the bioenergy potential in the biomass flows. This system of producing organic food considers all aspects of production and strives for maximum sustainability at every step of the production and process. By recycling the organic materials, minus the energy used for farming operations and for food processing, there is an inherent increase in soil productivity and health. This system also conserves natural resources and reduces nutrient loading to the Baltic Sea which will help to take the stress off the ecosystem.

In addition to the biophysical aspects of the system, AES creates a space for raising the social capital in the village. This village no longer has a school or a railway station, it is in a perfect position to lose its unique character, but this is not happening. The arrangement of the farms in the AES model creates a physical and mental space for the (re)connection of producers and consumers. Knehtilä Farm has opened itself as a venue for the local community to come together. The farm serves as a meeting point, an artistic and performance space, as well as retail point for locally produced, organic products. This allows for continued vitality and community connection in this small village.
The idea:

1. Create an energy and nutrient self-sufficient food production system that is both locally based and transparent to the community and the consumers of the products.

2. Increase economic profitability through the integration of different, but connected operations in production and processing. This integration will minimize the need to purchase inputs of energy, feeds, and fertilizers. In addition the cooperative will be making additional income by selling excess bioenergy through establish routes.

3. Increase energy self-sufficiency by reducing the greenhouse gas emissions per unit of product. In addition there will be a concerted effort to increase the nutrient cycling in organic materials and processes while reducing nutrient loss to the environment.

4. Strengthen the local community by reconnecting the consumers with the source of their food. This project puts consumers and producers into close proximity and allows for a transparent and understandable production process.

Location: Palopuro village, approximately 6 km south of the small rural city of Hyvinkää which is located 60 km north of Helsinki.
Palopuro Agroecological Symbiosis Pilot Project 2015-2016
This model of production and processing of local organic food is being developed through a project called "Palopuro Agroecological Symbiosis", which is funded by the Ministry of Environment's RAKI programme. The project partners include the participating producers and processors together with University of Helsinki (as the responsible partner) and LUKE Natural Resources Institute Finland.

After this discreet project (2016) the project will be carried forward by local businesses and research from a biophysical and social perspective will continue from the University of Helsinki.
More information Koppelmäki, K. et al (2016) 'Palopuro Agroecological Symbiosis' A pilot case study on local sustainable food and farming (Finland). In: P. Rytkönen & U. Hård (eds.) Challenges for the New Rurality in a Changing World. 7th Int. Conf. Localized Agri-Food Systems, 8-10 May 2016 Stockholm, Sweden.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Palopuro Agroecological Symbiosis Knehtilä Farm is at the center of a cooperative food production system based on energy and nutrient self-sufficiency. This multi-enterprise network, located in Hyvinkää, is the first of its kind in Finland. It aims to produce local, ... Continue reading →

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Can Portland cement be replaced by low-carbon alternative materials? A study on the thermal properties and carbon emissions of innovative cements

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
One approach to decarbonising the cement and construction industry is to replace Portland cement systems with lower carbon alternatives that have suit...

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Scientists unveil new geo-polymer binding agent, Blue Crete

There has been a host of attempts in geo-polymer research to find a suitable alternative to one of the dirtiest manufacturing processes in the world today, the production of Portland Cement. For every ton of Portland cement that is manufactured approximately 1.25 tons of carbon dioxide is released into our atmosphere with many hundreds of pounds of heavy metals eventually entering into our water systems air and ocean. Each of the prior research attempts at finding an alternative process to manufacture a cementitous alternative to the Portland Process has had their difficulties. Two part systems, expensive hardeners and plasticizers and caustic chemicals all trying to use fly ash and other pozzolan materials, have been utilized in these research models worldwide with little success. Several companies have succeeded in marketing expensive "niche" products but no one up to now has been able to find a sustainable product or process which could really meet the economic challenges of commercial cement production, until now.

The jury is now in on Blue Crete, a truly Green Alternative to Portland Cement. This high performance cement has its genesis in marine life and proves to be a "natural" alternative to the Portland industry. It has twice the compression strength of Portland and three times the tensile strength and has all of the desirable characteristics of geo-polymers without the price tag.

Researchers at Blue World Crete in Pompano Beach, Florida announced their incredible findings over a year ago and now have had their product tested by some of the leaders in the worldwide cement industry. Some of these respected and visionary giants are now negotiating with Blue World Crete, Inc. for the rights to use the new "Green" Technology for the production of this superior, economically feasible, "Green" cement called "Blue Crete". These major players now recognize that they truly have a real competitive process to the old technology of manufacturing Portland cement. This is truly a new day with a new technology.

"The two hundred year old Portland model of baking limestone is a large, expensive, and pollution filled process that, in time, will be as extinct as the dodo bird", says Mr. Art Galietti, COO of Blue World Crete Inc. According to Mr. Galietti, cement can be manufactured in portable plants simply by mixing a natural, "green" marine based, fully sustainable, catalytic material, (their "secret" powder) with natural aggregates and a little water, no heating or large kilns required. This new technology will be a boon to the cement industry in remote areas of the world as these portable plants can be set up to manufacture the cement without the costly investment now required by the Portland Process. This new process not only is an advantage for those already in the cement business, but can be a real advantage to large consumers of cement who wish to manufacture their own cement.

Blue Crete looks like regular powdered Portland Cement and can be distributed in the same way. Its set time is uniquely adjustable without the use of ANY additives. From 15 minutes to 24 hours and anywhere in-between. Fantastic for pre-cast work as you can de-mold in just a few hours. There is NO large learning curve in using the technology as it was designed to look, feel, and work just like Portland. Most importantly, it is economically competitive and in many cases, less expensive than Portland cement. Blue Crete meets and exceeds ASTM standards. "Check out our web site for the 3rd party ASTM tests and take a look at some amazing videos of what our technology can do" said Mr. Galietti

For licensing the technology and other information on Blue Crete call Mr. Art Galietti at Blue World Crete Inc. 561-929-8384 or contact him at blueworldcrete@gmail.com, or see the web site at www.blueworldcrete.com.

About the Author

Art Galietti is the COO of Blue World Crete, Inc.

Related Articles
More Masonry Headlines

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
mason contractors association of america

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
standard practice for bracing masonry walls

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
There has been a host of attempts in geo-polymer research to find a suitable alternative to one of the dirtiest manufacturing processes in the world today, the production of Portland Cement. For every ton of Portland cement that is manufactured approximately 1.25 tons of carbon dioxide is released into our atmosphere with many hundreds of pounds of heavy metals eventually entering into our water systems air and ocean.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Carbon Upcycling UCLA | NRG Cosia Carbon X Prize Semifinalists

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Paris Convention held in November 2015 has shifted the global perspective on the fight against climate change. As the world unites to reach a common goal of reducing carbon dioxide in order to keep warming below 1.5 °C, it is necessary to target the major worldwide emitters of carbon.

# data[].attributes.headline
Using biomass only in products with high added value. 

# data[].attributes.subject
Using biomass only in products with high added value. 

# data[].attributes.body
1 m3 of wood stores ~200-250 kg of carbon.

# data[].attributes.headline
CCS works! To be compulsory for industry?

# data[].attributes.subject
CCS works! To be compulsory for industry?

# data[].attributes.body
Worlds first CCS-system in cement plant, Norway

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The Global CCS Institute in collaboration with Gassnova is hosting the second webinar of its series on Norway's CCS ambition and its full-scale CCS project.

The second webinar of this series will present Norcem's CCS project at their cement production facility in Brevik, in the South-Eastern part of Norway. This is one of the two industrial CO ₂ sources in the Norwegian full-scale project, along with the Fortum Oslo Varme project (waste-to-energy plant).

Norcem is part of the worldwide group HeidelbergCement. The company has started to test different capture technologies at their Brevik plant since 2013. The current CCS project has the capacity to capture 400,000 tons of CO ₂ per annum, which equals to 50% of the plant's CO ₂ emissions. The CO ₂ captured from the cement plant will be transported by ship to an onshore facility for intermediate storage and then piped out for storage in a geological formation under the seabed in the North Sea. The carbon capture plant will be integrated with the cement factory and will be the world's first cement plant with full-scale carbon capture. The facility could be operational as of 2024.

The Norwegian Government has allocated funding to the project for the FEED study, the last stage before final investment decision.
Ahead of the webinar, you can find further information about the Norcem CCS project here. If you are unable to attend this Webinar but would like to watch the recording, it will be available in the week following the webinar event. If you would like to receive a notification once the recording has been made available, please register for the event using the link below and you will be included on the mailing list.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PRESENTERS Jamie Burrows, Client Engagement Manager, Global CCS Institute

Jamie is the Institute's Client Engagement Manager based at our Central London office. Jamie works in close partnership with Institute Members and wider industry to help accelerate the deployment and commercial viability of CCS. In conjunction with the Institute's Global Experts on CCS policy, economics and engineering, Jamie facilitates the delivery of high value strategic initiatives. Jamie is a Chartered Engineer and Manager with 18 years' experience. He has broad technical and commercial experience gained from roles in the Combustion Industry and Upstream Oil and Gas sector. In recent years Jamie has completed an MBA, giving him broad understanding of project financing and the broader economic considerations for CCS projects.
Per Brevik, Director Alternative Fuels and Sustainability, HeidelbergCement Norway AS

Per Brevik holds a master's degree of Business Administration from NHH - Norwegian School of Economics. Work experience: from NHH, Ministry of Local Government and Bank of Norway before he joined the Aker Group in 1989. He has been responsible for alternative fuels in Norcem from 1993 and climate change and sustainability in HeidelbergCement Northern Europe since 2007. He is currently responsible for the CCS project at Norcem Brevik. Per Brevik is involved in the Federation of Norwegian Industries (Norsk Industri) and works within this area as chairman of the Climate change group and he was leading the group that developed "The Norwegian process industry's roadmap. Combining growth and zero emissions by 2050".

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Telling the Norwegian CCS Story | PART II: CCS: the path to a sustainable and emission-free cement industry

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Global CCS Institute in collaboration with Gassnova is hosting the second webinar of its series on Norway's CCS ambition and its full-scale CCS project. The second webinar of this series will present Norcem's CCS project at their cement production facility in Brevik, in the South-Eastern part of Norway.

# data[].attributes.body
Original picture https://arvometsa.fi/

# data[].attributes.body
Banning of Portland Cement and using more climate friendly cements such as

# data[].attributes.body
Carbon levels in soil - France

# data[].attributes.headline
Natural Carbon sequestration - Forests & Wood

# data[].attributes.subject
Natural Carbon sequestration - Forests & Wood

# data[].attributes.body
Comparative study of the carbon sequestration cycles in forest life and in wood products of Douglas species

# data[].attributes.headline
Forest carbon calculators - North America 

# data[].attributes.subject
Forest carbon calculators - North America 

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.ademe.fr/sites/default/files/assets/documents/diagnostique_carbone_foret.pdf

# data[].attributes.body
Alternative pathways are explored that include lifestyle change, additional reduction of non-CO2 greenhouse gases and more rapid electrification of energy demand based on renewable energy. Although these alternatives also face specific difficulties, they are found to significantly reduce the need for CDR, but not fully eliminate it. The alternatives offer a means to diversify transition pathways to meet the Paris Agreement targets, while simultaneously benefiting other sustainability goals.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Ground lease subsidy

You can apply for a ground lease subsidy if your ground rent will be increased at the end of the current time period. This applies for owner-occupants, for people who own a building and rent it out, and for people who own a building and use it but do not live in it, such as shop owners that pay ground rent.

You will not get a subsidy if the increase is due to changes in the intended use of the building, expansion of the property, or periodic adjustment of the ground rent every five or ten years to index for inflation.

The key conditions are:

The joint taxable income of the homeowner and other registered occupants is not more than €53.152 (2017 limit).

The equity capital of the homeowner and other registered occupants is not more than €36.578 (2017 limit).

For people who own a building and rent it out, or own a building and use it for non-residential purposes, it must be likely that selling the building would not cover the costs of the mortgage.

Do you have any questions?

Call the City of Amsterdam's information line
14 020
Monday to Friday from 08.00 to 18.00

or email: erfpachtsubsidie@amsterdam.nl

Compensation for relocation and residential modifications

If you are disabled or suffer from poor health, you will sometimes have to pay for extra costs for your home.

Do you need to relocate for health reasons? Then you are able to get compensation for the costs of relocation and furnishing.

Does your home need changes made so that you can keep on living there? Then you can apply to have these changes arranged, or receive compensation for the changes.

For more information, see Care and support.

Relocating to a smaller home: priority and compensation

If you rent a home from a housing corporation, you will get priority if you relocate to a smaller residence. The home you leave must be at least 70m2 and have 5 rooms; the new residence must be smaller than 60m2. You will not pay more net rent in that case, unless you are planning to rent a newly built home.

Learn more about the 'From big to better' scheme (' van groot naar beter') (in Dutch).

Compensation for costs of relocation and furnishing

If you are able to use the 'From big to better' scheme, then you can apply to the City for compensation for the costs of relocation and furnishing. The amount of compensation (€4,500 - €6,000) depends on the number of rooms in the home you are leaving.

You can apply for the compensation with the application form ' From big to better' (PDF, in Dutch).

The assessment of your application will take approximately three weeks and you will be notified in writing.

Subsidy for green roofs and green façades

Private individuals and organisations can apply for a subsidy for a green rooftop or green façade. The most important requirements are:

The building or houseboat (or building section which is attached to the roof or façade) is at least five years old.

You apply for the subsidy before the construction activities start.

The green roof or green façade will remain unchanged for at least five years.

Your green roof or green façade must be installed within one year of receiving the subsidy.

The green roof or green façade covers a surface area of at least 30m2. You are free to combine multiple roofs in one application, for example applying together with your neighbours.

The water retention capacity of a green roof is at least 20 litres per square meter.

A green façade is clearly visible from the public space.

For all conditions, calculations and applications, see Subsidy for green rooftops and façades (in Dutch).

If you have any questions, call

the City of Amsterdam's information line
14 020
Monday to Friday from 08.00 to 18.00

or email: subsidies@amsterdam.nl.

Energy loan

Owner-occupants, small-scale tenants and homeowners' associations in Amsterdam can take out a loan at very low interest rates to make energy-efficient improvements. This includes investments like double glazing and home insulation, but also solar panels, a heat pump, heat exchangers, or a greywater reuse system.

The loan is provided for a period of 10 years, at a fixed interest of 1.95 % (2017 interest rate). You can borrow between € 2.500 and € 15.000 for each property. The main requirements are that the property is already built and is in permanent use as a residence.

For all the terms and conditions and application forms (in Dutch), visit energielening.

For free advice from the City about possible energy efficiency improvements (without obligations) see Sustainable living.

Do you have any questions? Call

the City of Amsterdam's information line
14 020
Monday to Friday from 08.00 to 18.00

or email: energielening@amsterdam.nl.

Loan from the Sustainability Fund

For sustainability projects on a larger scale (from €10,000 to more than €500,000), low-interest loans (1.5% to 2% interest) are available from the Sustainability Fund. The loan is provided for a maximum period of 15 years.

Businesses, civic institutions, energy corporations, homeowners' associations or residents' groups can apply for this type of loan. This option is not available to individual residents.

The most important requirements are:

The project must achieve at least 350 grams of CO2 reduction annually for every euro of the loan.

The financial returns and/or savings from your project must be sufficient to pay the interest and loan payments.

The purpose of the project must not be (primarily) commercial.

More information and contact

For all the terms and conditions and application forms, see Lening Duurzaamheidsfonds (in Dutch).

Use this contact form to request more information from the Sustainability Fund.

Municipal support for the cost of living (Woonkostentoeslag)

If your income is suddenly much lower and you are unable to pay your rent or mortgage, the City might be able to help you for a short time. The conditions are:

You are not able to receive a rent allowance from the national tax authorities.

You are looking for a cheaper home.

For more information and the application form, call
020 252 6000.

Provisions by the national government

Various national subsidies are available, for example for a multi-year maintenance plan for homeowners' associations or for energy efficiency improvements. In addition, the national government provides rent allowance in some cases, as well as compensation for relocation costs in urban renewal projects.

For more information, visit government.nl

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Subsidies and arrangements for tenants and owners

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
You can apply for a ground lease subsidy if your ground rent will be increased at the end of the current time period. This applies for owner-occupants, for people who own a building and rent it out, and for people who own a building and use it but do not live in it, such as shop owners that pay ground rent.

# data[].attributes.headline
HEL UUS ROADMAP 2035- EMISSION COMPENSATION

# data[].attributes.subject
HEL UUS ROADMAP 2035- EMISSION COMPENSATION

# data[].attributes.body
Goal of Helsinki 2035 Roadmap is to increase forestry or produce excess renewable energy to compensate for emission developing countries

# data[].attributes.headline
Synthetic kerosene production out of CO2 capture.

# data[].attributes.subject
Synthetic kerosene production out of CO2 capture.

# data[].attributes.body
project proposal for in the Netherlands

# data[].attributes.headline
CO2 as a resource: CO2 capture from industry being used for synth gas and for example kerosene production. 

# data[].attributes.subject
CO2 as a resource: CO2 capture from industry being used for synth gas and for example kerosene production. 

# data[].attributes.body
Roadmap Circular Economy by 2050 in Netherlands

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Jennifer Wilcox: A new way to remove CO2 from the atmosphere

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Our planet has a carbon problem -- if we don't start removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, we'll grow hotter, faster. Chemical engineer Jennifer Wilcox previews some amazing technology to scrub carbon from the air, using chemical reactions that capture and reuse CO2 in much the same way trees do ...

# data[].attributes.body
Better for forrests carbon sinks than clear cutting.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Metsien hiilensidonta ja siihen vaikuttavat tekijät näyttävät olevan niin vaikeita asioita ymmärtää (oikein), että hiilitaseen muodostumisen perinpohjainen selostaminen on paikallaan. Selostuksesta selviää, että avohakkuu lisää aina metsätalouden hiilipä

# data[].attributes.body
Carbon capture (1Mt/yr)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
How to suck carbon dioxide from the sky for fuels and more

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Someday, the gasoline you buy might come from carbon dioxide pulled out of the sky rather than from oil pumped out of the ground. By removing emitted carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and turning it into fresh fuels, engineers at a Canadian firm have demonstrated a scalable and cost-effective way to make deep cuts in the carbon footprint of transportation with minimal disruption to existing vehicles.

# data[].attributes.headline
(Celine) Integrating carbon dioxide removal into EU climate policy: Prospects for a paradigm shift

# data[].attributes.subject
(Celine) Integrating carbon dioxide removal into EU climate policy: Prospects for a paradigm shift

# data[].attributes.body
Overall, the haerd won and solidified EU climate policy paradigm should be expected to struggle to adapt to the near- to mid-term scientific imperative for CDR development. Short of exogenous event forcing a paradigm shift, the integration of CDR, especially into active rather than assumed EU climate policy, will most likely prove a pragmatically tortous, incremental and graduall process. This invites increased scrutiny of the practicality and pertinence of the policy timelines suggested in modeled scenarios (Geelo, Berkhout, & van Vuuren, 2016), in... (text missing)
...climate policy leader like the EU is reluctant to deliver into share of global CDR in the near term, then it would seem sensible to develop a more realistic assessment of the timelines and scales for CDR deployment currently assumed worldwide.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Enter your email address below. If your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. If you don't receive an email, you should register as a new user

# data[].attributes.body
The 12bn-ton target reflects the EU’s ambition for CO2 storage by 2050.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Storing billions of tonnes of CO2 underground would be a "safe and effective" way to help limit the effects of climate change, a new study says.

The research suggests that large amounts of CO2 could be stored under the ground or sea with only a small risk of surface leakage in the following 10,000 years. However, if CO2 storage is poorly managed, higher amounts of leakage can be expected.

The findings help dispel common "misconceptions" about the dangers associated with CO2 storage, a scientist not involved in the study tells Carbon Brief.

Digging a hole

Carbon capture and storage ( CCS) is a process whereby CO2 is " captured " from the air and then transported to a storage site - which could be, for example, a depleted oil or gas field or a deep rock reservoir beneath the sea.

Though the technology is currently restricted to a few small pilot projects, many view its large-scale development as an essential step to limiting the effects of future climate change.

In its most recent assessment report, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC) concluded that avoiding dangerous climate change would cost twice as much without CCS.

One barrier to the development of CCS is the costs associated with directly capturing CO2 from the atmosphere. Another barrier is the fear that, once underground, stored CO2 could leak out into the atmosphere.

It is this second barrier that is addressed by the new research, which is published in Nature Communications.

To address the question of leakage, the researchers developed a new model - known as the Storage Security Calculator - which looks at what would happen if 12bn tonnes of CO2 were injected under the ground and left for 10,000 years. The 12bn-tonne target reflects the EU's ambition for CO2 storage by 2050.

The findings suggest that - providing a suitable storage site is chosen - the risk of CO2 leakage would be minimal, says lead author Dr Juan Alcalde, a geologist at the University of Aberdeen. In a video filmed at the sidelines of this year's European Geosciences Union ( EGU) General Assembly, he explains the study's main findings to Carbon Brief.

Leaky sponge

To understand what would happen to CO2 stored underground, the researchers considered all the ways it could escape back into the atmosphere ("leakage inputs") and all the ways of permanently trapping it underground ("immobilisation inputs"). A schematic summary of these inputs is shown in the diagram below.

The first way that stored CO2 could leak is through the wells used for CO2 injection (2a on the diagram), Alcalde says:

"Anything can go wrong; accidents happen and they're usually fixable but a little portion of CO2 will leak back to the surface, so we account for that."

To calculate the total risk of leakage from injection wells, the researchers considered how many wells would be needed and looked at the available data from CCS projects to see how often such leaks occur.

The second leakage risk comes from abandoned wells that were once used for oil and gas production (2b). In areas that have experienced large amounts of oil and gas extraction, abandoned wells pose the highest risk to CO2 storage, Alcalde says:

"In the US, in Texas and Pennsylvania, there's loads of wells drilled - it's almost like a sponge. Perhaps the leak through abandoned wells is very small and very minimal, but if you've got thousands of them in your area, that can create a bigger effect."

To assess the risk posed by abandoned wells, the researchers assessed available data on the global distribution of abandoned wells, as well as rates of leakage recorded in previous studies of the hydrocarbon industry.

The third way CO2 could escape into the atmosphere is through natural faults in the land (2c). However, it is likely that developers would check for such land features before depositing CO2, Alcalde says, making the risk minimal.

The three ways that CO2 could become permanently trapped underground include residual trapping, when CO2 gets trapped in the small gaps between rocks; solubility trapping, which occurs when CO2 dissolves in water; and mineral trapping, the conversion of CO2 into solid mineral.

These methods are controlled by natural physical processes and can take hundreds or even thousands of years to trap CO2, Alcalde says:

"Mineralisation is the ultimate aim because the CO2 becomes pretty much a rock - it's never going to come back to the surface."

Future forecast

The researchers then looked at how much leakage could occur in three scenarios, including where CO2 is stored in an offshore site (analogous to a potential site beneath the North Sea), a "well-regulated" onshore site (which the authors say is analogous to a potential site in Texas) and a "poorly-regulated" onshore site.

The poorly-regulated scenario represents the "highly unlikely" event of CO2 being stored in regions with poorly regulated oil and gas industries, the researchers say.

Each scenario assumes that CO2 storage begins in 2020 and ends by 2050, although the model runs 10,000 years into the future. The charts below show the expected leakage from each baseline scenario in model simulations.

On the charts, the black lines show the total CO2 injected, the grey lines show the when the injection ceases, the red shading shows the proportion of CO2 that is leaked, the blue lines show the proportion of CO2 that is permanently trapped, and the green dashed lines show the total proportion of CO2 that is retained underground.

The results show that the offshore baseline scenario is expected to experience the smallest amount of leakage (0.53% of total stored CO2), while a poorly-regulated onshore scenario is expected to have the largest (11.3%).

The charts below show the spread of the results from 10,000 different simulations in the model. Each simulation made slightly different assumptions about the model parameters, including the fraction of CO2 injection wells that would leak, the number of abandoned wells that whose whereabouts are unknown and the leakage rate from natural pathways.

Grey bars show the number of model runs reaching different proportions of CO2 leakage, while the red line corresponds to the baseline scenario (as above).

For the offshore scenario, the charts show 95% of the model runs project CO2 leakage of less than 6% by the end of the study period. In contrast, for the well-regulated onshore scenario, 95% of the runs project leakage of less than 26% in the next 10,000 years.

The expected CO2 leakage is highest in the poorly-regulated onshore scenario, with 95% of the model runs projecting CO2 leakage of up to 33%.

The amount of leakage remains relatively low under poor regulation as a proportion of CO2 becomes trapped due to physical processes, such as mineralisation, the researchers say.

'Important' study

The findings show that "CO2 storage is safe", says Alcalde:

"The technology is there, we know it works, we now know it's safe and therefore it's the time to go ahead and do it."

However, other researchers are less confident about the potential of CCS. For example, a previous research paper published in 2010 modelling CO2 storage over 100,000 years found the technology could lead to "delayed warming in the atmosphere as well as oxygen depletion, acidification and elevated CO2 concentrations in the ocean". Study author Prof Gary Shaffer, from the University of Copenhagen, writes:

"Geological storage may be more effective in delaying the return to the conditions of a business-as-usual projection, especially for storage in offshore sediments.

"However, leakage of 1% or less per thousand years from an underground stored reservoir, or continuous resequestration far into the future, would be required to maintain conditions close to those of a low-emission projection with no sequestration."

The new study "puts to rest fears about CO2 storage", says Prof Martin Blunt, chair in petroleum engineering at Imperial College London, who was not involved in the research. He tells Carbon Brief:

"It's an important study because it helps deal with common misconceptions regulators, the public and scientists not working in the field have with CO2 storage.

"CO2 storage is not like nuclear waste, which will corrode and eventually leak out of anything it's stored in. Unlike nuclear waste, CO2 becomes safer and more secure the longer it stays in the ground due to a range of physical processes, such as mineralisation."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
World can 'safely' store billions of tonnes of CO2 underground

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Storing billions of tonnes of CO2 underground would be a "safe and effective" way to help limit the effects of climate change, a new study says.