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With help of the United States , Jacobo Arbenz was overthrown in 1954. The country was then ruled by a series of dictators and eventually guerrilla forces began to oppose the government. The government responded with military force and economic reforms. El Salvador death squads started killing anyone they believed that belonged to the opposition resulting in 200,000 people killed.

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Colombia had a democratic political system but was dominated by a conservative elite. Coffee was an important crop in Colombia and made up half of the country's legal exports. After World War II , Marxist guerrilla groups were starting to organize Colombian peasant, the governments responded with violence. Those who lived in poverty turned to a new cash crop: coca leaves , used to make cocaine. As the trade grew, two cartels were formed and they used bribes and violence to force the government to cooperate with the market. Colombia became the major cocaine supplier and violence increased. The Colombian economy stayed weak however.

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For years, it had been ruled by a powerful oligarchy. In 1943, a group of army officers overthrew the oligarchy but they didn't know how to deal with the classes. Juan Peron sought to win over the working class and in 1946 he was elected president. The Perons brought many social reforms and they followed a policy of industrialization. His rule was authoritarian and he made Fascist gangs to scare the opposition. He was overthrown and put in exile in 1955 but returned when the military leaders couldn't handle it. When he died a year later the miltary took over again but they accept no opposition. When President Alfonsin was elected, democracy was restored.

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Allende tried to create an socialist society with constitutional means. His policies were not so popular with everyone but he did gain the support of the Chilean congress. General Pinochet want to overthrow the government, military forces killed Allende and a dictatorship was formed. It was one of the most brutal dictatorship in Chile history, thousands were imprisoned, tortured, or murdered. They eliminated all other parties and anyone who opposed them. He lost thought to free presidential elections in 1989.

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The Somoza family controlled the government and their regime had the support of the United
States. The Somozas used murder and torture to silence opposition and enriched themselves at the expense of the Nicaraguan people. When guerrilla forces known as the Sandinista National Liberation Front gained control of the government. A group soon opposed their policies and began to try to overthrow the new government. The United States took the side of the opposing group, the Sandinistas agreed to free elections in 1990.

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After WWll , the wealthy and the military controlled the government. The army refused to accept the results of the free elections. The country was rocked by a bitter civil war and certain people were targeted. The United States began to provide weapons and training but the killing continued until a peace settlement ended the war.

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El Salvador - Civil war: Shortly after General Romero's ouster, the country was plunged into a civil war that would last for the next 12 years. There were other significant consequences to be noted. Most obvious was the military's loss of the monopoly it had held on the direct exercise of governmental authority for nearly 50 years.

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After American troops left Haiti, the people of Haiti made efforts to move toward democracy. President Duvalier created a private militia and used dictatorial rule to terrorize the country and kill ten of thousands of people. After his death, his son ruled but his regime collapsed and five years later democracy returned.

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In the 1950's, an opposition war broke out, its aim was to overthrow the government of dictator Fulgencio Batista. The leader was Fidel Castro, he and his brother joined a small group of revolutionaries and with more support, Batista's regime fell. The   United States and Cuba's relationship soon disappear when Cuba started getting aid from the Soviet Union. All diplomatic relations with Cuba ended when the United States put a trade embargo on Cuba. When the Bay of Pigs and the Cuban Missile failed, Castro's regime continued. The Cuban people did secure some social gains, such as free medical services for all citizens and illiteracy

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The Mexican Revolution created a political order that stayed stable for years. Steady economic growth led to real gains in wages in Mexico. In the late 1960's , the protests made by students resulted in change and two presidents made political reforms and new parties emerged. When new oil reserves were found, Mexico became more dependent on foreign oil sales, but when the oil prices dropped, Mexico adopted privatization. President Gortari used privatization to relieve the debt crisis.

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U.S  and Soviet Union Role In Latin America

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U.S  and Soviet Union Role In Latin America

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The U.S played a large role in Latin America. As the Cold War developed, the policy makers feared the possibility of communist regimes resulting in them returning their policy to take action if Soviet Union tried to set up governments hostile to U.S interests. In 1960's, President Kennedy encouraged social reform and economic reforms but it failed. When Cuba started attacking other countries, U.S sent military aid.

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Latin America depended on industrialized nations like Soviet Union and the U.S. Their economic failures led to political instability. The regimes  encouraged multinational corporations to come to Latin America, it resulted in Latin America to depend on industrialized nations even more. The loans from other countries grew and many economies crashed.

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Modern influence from the West impacted the cities. Outside the major cities however traditional methods to live their lives. they farm, hunt and raise livestock. Women's roles changed after independence. They were allowed to vote and run for political office. The tension between traditional and western methods affected African culture.  People tried to balance between using Western methods but also including traditional methods. Attached is a Video Clip that explains the book " Things Fall Apart" and how it represents culture in Africa.

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If One Finger Brought Oil - Things Fall Apart Part 1: Crash Course Literature 208

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Pan-Africanism is the unity of all black Africans, regardless of national boundaries. The Organization of African Unity was established by 32 African states and this organization gave support to African groups fighting against colonialism. They presented a united front against the influence of the United States and Soviet Union during the Cold War. The OAU represented the Pan-Africanism in Africa and Pan-Africanism also brought nationalism.

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The states wished for stable governments and economic prosperity. Most of the leaders of countries came from the middle-class and they believed in using a Western democratic model. In Kenya, they believed in Western-style capitalism and in Angola and Mozambique followed Soviet-style communism, others followed an "African-style socialism. Some also supported Pan-Africanism. When it came to economic success most relied on the export of one crop or resource, but when prices dropped their economies struggled. Africa depended on foreign investment and their financial aid to develop their countries. Other countries spent their resources on the wrong things and that resulted in corruption. Poverty , Droughts and rapid population growth were also a challenge. Diseases such as HIV/AIDS were a worldwide epidemic but it hit Africa the hardest. The continent faced many political challenges when their democratic governments failed.

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Nelson Mandela played a huge role in South Africa's independence. He was the leader of the African National Congress that was formed in 1912. He was imprisoned for 26 years but never stopped fighting for freedom. Desmond Tutu worked to free Nelson and end apartheid in South Africa.

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Nelson Mandela: Civil Rights Activist & President Of South Africa | Biography

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The political system in South Africa was dominated by Whites, Blacks fought against white rule and formed the African National Congress. South African whites strengthened the laws separating whites and blacks. They had a system of racial segregation called apartheid. Blacks demonstrated against these laws and the ANC leader Nelson Mandela was arrested, members called for armed resistance against the government.

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Countries that gained Independance in 1950's and 1960's

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Countries that gained Independance in 1950's and 1960's

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- Ghana
-The Democratic Republic of The Congo
- Nigeria
-Uganda
- Kenya
- Botswana
-Monzambique
- Angola
- Morocco
- Tunisia
- Algeria

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This videos explains Pan Arabism and how it played a role in Arab states.

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The Iran- Iraq War : Iran and Iraq have always had an uneasy relationship, the main fuel for their disputes were religious differences and they also fought over territory. In 1980, Saddam launched a brutal attack on Iran using dangerous gases as weapons, they signed a cease-fire without resolving the war's basic issue.
The Persian Gulf War : In August 1990, Saddam sent his troops across the border to seize Kuwait, this began the Gulf War. International forces hoped an internal revolt would overthrow Saddam, but it failed.
Afghanistan and The Taliban : The king of Afghanistan was in need of economic support resulting in them getting close with the Soviet Union. When the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan and the United States-supported forces e defeated the Soviets. The Islamic groups then fought to control Afghanistan, by 1998 they controlled more than 2/3 of Afghanistan.

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This video clip shows how Saddam Hussein expanded his territory during the Persian Gulf War

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The leadership of Reza Shah and revenue of oil led to Iran to being a rich country. Many looked at the new Iran society with disapproval , they saw it as greed and materialism. In the late 1970's , Iranians were responding to Khomeini's words and in 1979 the shah's government collapsed and a new Islamic republic was made. When Khomeini passed, the government allowed some civil liberties but some were not satisfied with the economic performance.

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On June 5, 1967 Israel launched air attacks on Egypt and nearby Arab states. The Israelis army then broke the blockade and gained the Sinai Peninsula. Israeli multiple the size of their territory by three in only six days. Arabs state demanded the return of their stolen land for years. On October 6, 1973 Egypt and Syria launched a coordinate surprise attack on Israel , however Israel forces still went offensive and went into Egypt. In 1977, President Carter pressed for a peace compromise and an agreement was signed that ended the state of war between the three nations.

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Pushed to a democratic government. The country struggled with chronic economic and social problems.

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Pakistan was a completely new nation when it attained independence. East and West Pakistan separated in 1971 and East Pakistan later became Bangladesh. Both countries had trouble establishing governments and military officials often seized the civilian government.

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This drawing represents the young people who pressed for more freedoms in Iran during the Iranian Revolution.

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Jawaharlal Nehru : He led the Congress Party in India with a goal of a parliamentary government led by a prime minister and moderate socialist economy
Rajiv Gandhi :  was prime minister from 1984-1989 and moved the government in new directions. His reforms led to a noticeable growth in the middle class
Sukarno : He tried to rule with " guided democracy " and he nationalized foreign-owned enterprises and seek economic aid from China and Soviet Union.
Aung San Suu Kyi : She led the Burma Independence Army and fought for democracy in Myanmar. When she won her election she was put on house-arrest and she also won a Noble Peace Prize.
Ferdinand Marcos : Fraud and Corruption was widespread during his leadership. He was accused of involvement in the killing of Benigno Aquino
Corazon Aquino : She was the wife of Benigno Aquino and she struggle to resolve the country's problem.

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It was more difficult for Netherlands to separate with Indonesia but with pressure from the U.S they eventually gave in. The new leaders set up a parliamentary system and Sukarno was elected the first president. He was later overthrown by military officers and a military government was created by General Suharto. In Myanmar the military had been in control and people fought for democracy, leading the fight Aung San Suu Kyi.

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British India was divided already into: India (Hindu) and Pakistan (Muslim). On August 15, 1947, India and Pakistan gained independence. Under Nehru's leadership, they took ownership of major industries and the country foreign policy was guided according to the principle of nonalignment. India did however face many challenges such as the widespread poverty under Indira's leadership. There was also growing ethnic and religious strife, the conflict with the Sikhs resulted in 450 deaths and ultimately Indira's assassination.