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Who was involved? (individually or groups)
250.000 people gathered in front of Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. March on Washington was supported by leaders of the “Big Six” civil rights organizations: James Farmer, Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), Martin Luther King Jr., .Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC); John Lewis, Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC); A. Philip Randolph, Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters; and NAACP

What happened? (sequence of events)
A Phillip Randolph decided to team with Martin Luther to march on Washington to push federal gov. to follow through with legislation passes in Brown v board of education.

Where and when did it occur?
In Front of Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. on August 28 1963.

What was the response from the
authorities? Who was punished?
After the march, King and other civil rights leaders met with President Kennedy and Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson at the White House, where they discussed the need for bipartisan support of civil rights legislation. Though they were passed after Kennedy’s death, the provisions of the Civil Rights act of 1964 and Voting Rights of 1965 reflect the demands of the march.

What was the response from the media and the people watching it at home?  How did it influence the
promotion of civil rights?
The march was successful in pressuring the administration of John F. Kennedy to initiate a strong federal civil rights bill in Congress. During this event, Martin Luther King delivered his memorable “I Have a Dream” speech.

Did the event/march/action lead to any civil rights legislation?
The march was successful in pressuring the administration of John F. Kennedy to initiate a strong federal civil rights bill in Congress.

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Who was involved? (individually or groups) What happened? (sequence of events) Where and when did it occur? authorities?
In 1963 Civil Rights leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference planned a children's march in Brigham Alabama. The group planned to try and pressure the leaders of the notoriously racist city to desegregate.   The demonstrations started in April 1963 as Dr. Martin Luther King Jr,, Reverend Ralph Abernathy, and local leader Reverend Fred Shutlesworth led thousands of African-American protesters in Birmingham. As the campaign continued that month, SCLC started to enact plans for a “Children’s Crusade” that he and other leaders believed might help turn the tide in Birmingham. Thousands of children were trained in the tactics of non-violence. On May 2nd, they left the 16th Street Baptist Church in groups, heading throughout the city to protest segregation peacefully.

Who was punished? What was the response from the authorities?
On the first day of the protest, hundreds of children were arrested. By the second day, Commissioner of Public Safety ordered police to spray the children with powerful water hoses, hit them with batons, and threaten them with police dogs.

What was the response from the media and the people watching it at home?
Footage and photographs of the violent crackdown in Birmingham circulated throughout the nation and the world, causing an outcry.

How did it influence the
promotion of civil rights?
City leaders agreed to desegregate business and to free all who had been jailed during the demonstrations. Weeks later, the Birmingham board of education announced that all students who had been involved in the Children’s Crusade would be expelled

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Freedom Summer & Murder of 3 Civil Rights Workers (1964) 

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Freedom Summer & Murder of 3 Civil Rights Workers (1964) 

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Who was involved? (individually or groups)
Robert Moses proposed the idea of Freedom Summer to SNCC and COFO leaders in the fall of 1963 and was chosen to direct it early in 1964. More than any other person, Moses could be said to have led Freedom Summer.
Fannie Lou Hamer

This person was an integral part of the Mississippi freedom Summer and Freedom Democratic Party.
James Chaney

One of three civil rights workers who was murdered during the Freedom Summer campaign by the KKK.

What happened? (sequence of events)
Where and when did it occur?
A campaign in Mississippi during the summer of 1964 to register as many African American voters as possible. Mississippi had previously outlawed African American voters almost entirely.

What was the response from the authorities? Who was punished?
The Ku Klux Klan, police and state and local authorities carried out a series of violent attacks against the activists, including arson, beatings, false arrest and the murder of at least three people.

What was the response from the media and the people watching it at home? How did it influence the
promotion of civil rights?
was important because it brought to the North what was going on in Mississippi

Did the event/march/action lead to any civil rights legislation? registered only twelve hundred African Americans. Another blow came in August when, with the acquiescence of party liberals and civil rights leaders.

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Who was involved?  (individually or groups)- Ku Klux Klan in 1886

What happened? (sequence of events)- They planted 15 sticks of dynamite under the front steps

Where and when did it occur?-  Birmingham Church 1886
What was the response from the authorities?  Who was punished?- On 17th May, 2000, the FBI announced that the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church bombing had been carried out by the Ku Klux Klan splinter group, the Cahaba Boys. It was claimed that four men, Robert Chambliss, Herman Cash, Thomas Blanton andBobby Cherry had been responsible for the crime.

What was the response from the media and the people watching it at home? How did it influence the promotion of civil rights? -  For a window into the public reaction to the 1963 bombing, below are some of the front pages of local newspapers from across the country the day after the attack. Virtually all of the articles themselves are the same Associated Press or United Press International wire stories. But the headlines, photos and placement of the stories hint at the varying degrees of shock, grief, fear and indifference with which different communities reacted to the crime.
Did the event/march/action lead to any civil rights legislation?- One of the things that really helped the civil rights movement to break through, was the fact that the United States was fighting a war against fascism around the globe and yet at the same time treating its black citizens as less than human

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Greensboro Sit-Ins, SNCC, & freedom riders (1960-61)

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Greensboro Sit-Ins, SNCC, & freedom riders (1960-61)

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Who was involved?  (individually or groups) -Four black students attempted to force the desegregation of a lunch counter in Woolworth's store. They staged a sit in which lasted several days
By the 4th day, 300 students had joined the sit-in.By the end of the week the store had closed rather than desegregated

What happened? (sequence of events)- Foundation of SNCC
Continuing media interest
Highlighted economic power of blacks: Woolworth's profits decreased by 1/3 during the protests.Showed widespread willingness of young black people to stand up for their rights
Eisenhower publicly expressed support for those campaigning for greater civil rights

Where and when did it occur?-  Woolworth's store

What was the response from the authorities?  Who was punished?- Woolworth's store desegregated in May 1960.By the beginning of 1962, 70,000 people, black and white, had taken part in some kind of protest against segregation
By the end of 1961, 810 towns in the southern states had desegregated public places

What was the response from the media and the people watching it at home? How did it influence the promotion of civil rights? - Demonstrated unity between civil rights organisations (CORE, SNCC and SCLC).Demonstrated JFKs reluctance to support direct action initially refusing to protect the protesters instead offering them grants to abandon their campaign
Did the event/march/action lead to any civil rights legislation?-Federal Government promised to enforce the desegregation of interstate buses and bus facilities.By sep 1961, all signs of enforcing segregation had been removed from interstate transport

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Who was involved?  (individually or groups) -A group of nine African American students that enrolled at a formally all-white central high school in Little Rock, Arkansas

What happened? (sequence of events) - September 1927

Little Rock Senior (renamed Central in 1953) High School opens its doors for the first time. The school cost more than $1.5 million to construct.

September 1929

Paul Laurence Dunbar High School, the high school for African American students, opens. The school cost $400,000 of which the Rosenwald Foundation donated $67,500 and $30,000 came from the Rockefeller General Education Fund.

May 17, 1954

The United States Supreme Court rules racial segregation in public schools is unconstitutional in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. Five days later, the Little Rock School Board issues a policy statement saying it will comply with the Supreme Court’s decision. In May 1955, The Supreme Court further defines the standard of implementation for integration as being “with all deliberate speed,” in Brown II and charges the federal courts with establishing guidelines for compliance.

Where and when did it occur?- formally all-white central high school in Little Rock, Arkansas. September 4, 1957

What was the response from the authorities?  Who was punished?- Many white citizens of Little Rock were angry about the black students integrating into a formally all-white school. On the first day of school, Governor Orval Faubus called in the state National guard to bar the student's entry into the school. However, Eisenhower eventually sent federal troops to help escort the Little a Rock Nine into the school.

What was the response from the media and the people watching it at home? How did it influence the promotion of civil rights?  Did the event/march/action lead to any civil rights legislation?LBJ passed this in 1964. Prohibited discrimination of African Americans in employment, voting, or public accommodation. Also said there could be no discrimination against race, color, sex, religion, or national origin.

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Who was involved? (individually or groups)
Prisoners riot and seize control of the maximum-security Attica Correctional Facility near Buffalo, New York.
What happened? (sequence of events)
Later that day, state police retook most of the prison, but 1,281 convicts occupied an exercise field called D Yard, where they held 39 prison guards and employees hostage for four days.
Where and when did it occur?
After negotiations stalled, state police and prison officers launched a disastrous raid on September 13
What was the response from the
authorities? Who was punished?
10 hostages and 29 inmates were killed in an indiscriminate hail of gunfire. Eighty-nine others were seriously injured.
What was the response from the media and the people watching it at home?  How did it influence the
promotion of civil rights?
In the 1990's, not the Rodney King verdict, not the most recent Los
Angeles riots, nor the O.J. Simpson trial can lead us to an in-depth
understanding of race, poverty and abuses of state power that
culminated in Attica and that Attica represented.
Did the event/march/action lead to any civil rights legislation?
The hostages who survived likewise lost their right to sue by cashing their paychecks. Both groups attest that no state officials apprised them of their legal rights, and they were denied compensation that New York should have paid to them.

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-Who was involved?  (individually or groups)- Emmitt Till, Roy Bryant, Mose Wright, JW Milam, Mamie Bradle, Carolyn Bryant

-What happened? (sequence of events)- Roy Bryant, the proprietor of the store and the woman’s husband, returned from a business trip a few days later and heard how Emmett had allegedly spoken to his wife. Enraged, he went to the home of Till’s great uncle, Mose Wright, with his brother-in-law J.W. Milam in the early morning hours of August 28. The pair demanded to see the boy. Despite pleas from Wright, they forced Emmett into their car. After driving around in the Memphis night, and perhaps beating Till in a toolhouse behind Milam’s residence, they drove him down to the Tallahatchie River.
Three days later, his corpse was recovered but was so disfigured that Mose Wright could only identify it by an initialed ring. Authorities wanted to bury the body quickly, but Till’s mother, Mamie Bradley, requested it be sent back to Chicago.

-Where and when did it occur?On August 24, 1955, 14-year-old Emmett Till reportedly flirted with a white cashier in Money, Mississippi Four days later, two white men tortured and murdered Till. His murder galvanized the emerging Civil Rights Movement.

-What was the response from the authorities?  The authorities tried the woman who accused Till of harassment and she admitted that he did nothing of the sort.
-Who was punished? The men that killed Till were tied and were not convicted of the murder.

-What was the response from the media and the people watching it at home? How did it influence the promotion of civil rights? Sixty years later, at a time when race relations are once more at the front of the American mind, Till’s name is still invoked as a reminder of the worst consequences of ignoring the problem. Not coincidentally, his story has inspired a resurgence of interest from historians and scholars as well as from TV and movie producers.
- Did the event/march/action lead to any civil rights legislation? Till grew up in a working-class neighborhood on the south side of Chicago, and though he had attended a segregated elementary school, he was not prepared for the level of segregation he encountered in Mississippi. His mother warned him to take care because of his race, but Emmett enjoyed pulling pranks.

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Who was involved? (individually or groups)
The Black Panthers, also known as the Black Panther Party, was a political organization founded in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale to challenge police brutality against the African American community.
What happened? (sequence of events)
Dressed in black berets and black leather jackets, the Black Panthers organized armed citizen patrols of Oakland and other U.S. cities.
Where and when did it occur?
At its peak in 1968, the Black Panther Party had roughly 2,000 members.
What was the response from the
authorities? Who was punished?
The organization later declined as a result of internal tensions, deadly shootouts and FBI counterintelligence activities aimed at weakening the organization.
What was the response from the media and the people watching it at home?  How did it influence the
promotion of civil rights?
“The media, like most of white America, was deeply frightened by their aggressive and assertive style of protest,” Professor Rhodes said. “And they were offended by it.”
Did the event/march/action lead to any civil rights legislation?
The Black Panthers did, however, start a number of popular community social programs, including free breakfast programs for school children and free health clinics in 13 African American communities across the United States.

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Who was involved? (individually or groups)
It was organized by Martin Luther King JR and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), and carried out under the leadership of Ralph Abernathy in the wake of Kings association.
What happened? (sequence of events)
The campaign demanded economic and human rights for poor Americans of diverse backgrounds.
Where and when did it occur?
After presenting an organized set of demands to Congress and executive agencies
What was the response from the
authorities? Who was punished?
Participants set up a 3,000-person protest camp on the Washington Mall, where they stayed for six weeks in the spring of 1968.
What was the response from the media and the people watching it at home?  How did it influence the
promotion of civil rights?
with the freedom explosion taking place all over the world. He argued that social transformation was not inevitable, arising solely out of the historic conditions, but rather needed the commitment, consciousness, capacity and connectedness of the “new and unsettling force” to build a credible and powerful campaign.
Did the event/march/action lead to any civil rights legislation?
King and the other leaders of the Poor People’s Campaign asked fundamental questions about the contradictions of their day. Today, many of the groups interested in re-igniting the Poor People’s Campaign are asking similar questions about the problems of inequality, power and class

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Who was involved?  (individually or groups)The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a civil-rights protest during which African Americans refused to ride city buses in Montgomery, Alabama, to protest segregated seating. The boycott took place from December 5, 1955, to December 20, 1956, and is regarded as the first large-scale U.S. demonstration against segregation. Four days before the boycott began, Rosa Parks, an African-American woman, was arrested and fined for refusing to yield her bus seat to a white man. The U.S. Supreme Court ultimately ordered Montgomery to integrate its bus system, and one of the leaders of the boycott, a young pastor named Martin Luther King, Jr., emerged as a prominent leader of the American civil rights movement.

What happened? (sequence of events)Upon her arrest, Parks called E.D. Nixon, a prominent black leader, who bailed her out of jail and determined she would be an upstanding and sympathetic plaintiff in a legal challenge of the segregation ordinance. African-American leaders decided to attack the ordinance using other tactics as well.

Where and when did it occur?Upon her arrest, Parks called E.D. Nixon, a prominent black leader, who bailed her out of jail and determined she would be an upstanding and sympathetic plaintiff in a legal challenge of the segregation ordinance.

What was the response from the authorities?  The Women’s Political Council (WPC), a group of black women working for civil rights, began circulating flyers calling for a boycott of the bus system on December 5, the day Parks would be tried in municipal court.

Who was punished?When the bus filled up and no seats remained, the driver ordered four African Americans, including Parks, to clear their seats so that a white man could sit down. All but Parks acquiesced.

What was the response from the media and the people watching it at home?On Dec. 1, 1955, 42-year-old Parks boarded a bus in Montgomery, Ala., in routine fashion, but her ride home from work changed the course of history. Parks had taken a seat near the middle of the bus, just behind the “whites only” section. When the bus filled up and no seats remained, the driver ordered four African Americans, including Parks, to clear their seats so that a white man could sit down. All but Parks acquiesced.
How did it influence the promotion of civil rights?  Parks was arrested for her act of civil disobedience and convicted of violating the Jim Crow laws that enforced racial segregation in the South until 1965. Her arrest and subsequent appeal helped spark a 381-day-long boycott of public buses led by Martin Luther King Jr. and a court case that took Alabama’s discriminatory laws all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court.
Did the event/march/action lead to any civil rights legislation?A symbol of dignity and strength in the face of discrimination, Parks came to be known as “the mother of the civil rights movement.” She famously declared, “I would like to be known as a person who is concerned about freedom and equality and justice and prosperity – for all people.”

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Who was involved?  (individually or groups)The case went before the U.S. District Court in Kansas, which agreed that public school segregation had a “detrimental effect upon the colored children” and contributed to “a sense of inferiority,” but still upheld the “separate but equal” doctrine.

What happened? (sequence of events)The ruling constitutionally sanctioned laws barring African Americans from sharing the same buses, schools and other public facilities as whites—known as “Jim Crow” laws—and established the “separate but equal” doctrine that would stand for the next six decades.

Where and when did it occur? Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka was a landmark 1954 Supreme Court case in which the justices ruled unanimously that racial segregation of children in public schools was unconstitutional. Brown v. Board of Education was one of the cornerstones of the civil rights movement, and helped establish the precedent that “separate-but-equal” education and other services were not, in fact, equal at all.

What was the response from the authorities?  When Brown’s case and four other cases related to school segregation first came before the Supreme Court in 1952, the Court combined them into a single case under the name Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka.
Who was punished?Displaying considerable political skill and determination, the new chief justice succeeded in engineering a unanimous verdict against school segregation the following year.

What was the response from the media and the people watching it at home? In the decision, issued on May 17, 1954, Warren wrote that “in the field of public education the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place,” as segregated schools are “inherently unequal.” As a result, the Court ruled that the plaintiffs were being “deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the 14th Amendment.”

How did it influence the promotion of civil rights?  In May 1955, the Court issued a second opinion in the case (known as Brown v. Board of Education II), which remanded future desegregation cases to lower federal courts and directed district courts and school boards to proceed with desegregation “with all deliberate speed.”

Did the event/march/action lead to any civil rights legislation?Though well intentioned, the Court’s actions effectively opened the door to local judicial and political evasion of desegregation. While Kansas and some other states acted in accordance with the verdict, many school and local officials in the South defied it.

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Who was involved? (individually or groups)
Martin Luther King Jr. and the SCLC planned a massive protest march from Selma to the state capitol of Montgomery, 54 miles away. A group of 600 people, including activists John Lewis and Hosea Williams, set out from Selma on Sunday, March 7. On March 9, King led more than 2,000 marchers, black and white, across the Edmund Pettus Bridge but found Highway 80 blocked again by state troopers.

What happened? (sequence of events)
Where and when did it occur?
The Selma to Montgomery march was part of a series of civil-rights protests that occurred in 1965 in Alabama, a Southern state with deeply entrenched racist policies. In March of that year, in an  effort to register black voters in the South, protesters marching the 54-mile route from Selma to the state capital of Montgomery were confronted with deadly violence from local authorities and white vigilante groups

What was the response from the authorities? Who was punished?
The marchers didn’t get far before Alabama state troopers wielding whips, nightsticks and tear gas rushed the group at the Edmund Pettis Bridge and beat them back to Selma.

What was the response from the media and the people watching it at home? How did it influence the
promotion of civil rights?
The brutal scene was captured on television, enraging many Americans and drawing civil rights and religious leaders of all faiths to Selma in protest. Hundreds of ministers, priests, rabbis and social activists soon headed to Selma to join the voting rights march.

Did the event/march/action lead to any civil rights legislation?
President Lyndon Johnson addressed a joint session of Congress, calling for federal voting rights legislation to protect African Americans from barriers that prevented them from voting.