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1.	What is the definition of the Lymphatic System?

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1.	What is the definition of the Lymphatic System?

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The network of vessels through which lymph drains from the tissues into the blood.

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2.	What is the function of lymphatic vessels?

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2.	What is the function of lymphatic vessels?

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Lymphatic vessels pick up fluid and proteins leaked from the blood into the interstitial space.

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3.	Why do lymphatic capillaries and blood capillaries differ structurally from each other?

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3.	Why do lymphatic capillaries and blood capillaries differ structurally from each other?

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Lymphatic capillaries are blind-ended and not fed by arteries as blood capillaries are. They also have flaplike mini valves that make them more permeable than blood capillaries.

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4.	Lymph nodes vary in shape and size, but most are______________ shaped.

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4.	Lymph nodes vary in shape and size, but most are______________ shaped.

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kidney (bean).

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5.	In which three regions of the body are the lymph nodes most dense?

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5.	In which three regions of the body are the lymph nodes most dense?

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Particularly large collection of lymph nodes occur in the axillary, inguinal, and cervical regions.

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6.	What anatomical characteristic ensure that lymph flows through the lymph nodes slowly?

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6.	What anatomical characteristic ensure that lymph flows through the lymph nodes slowly?

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The number of afferent lymphatic vessels entering the node is greater than the number of efferent vessels leaving the node at the hilum. Therefore, lymph flow stagnates somewhat.

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7.	Which lymphoid organ gets rid of aged red blood cells?

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7.	Which lymphoid organ gets rid of aged red blood cells?

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The spleen destroys worn out RBCs.

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The lymphoid tissue associated with the mucosa- tonsils in the throat, and Peyer's patches in the intestinal walls- which acts to prevent pathogens from entering the body through the mucosa.

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9.	How do the innate and adaptive defenses differ?

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9.	How do the innate and adaptive defenses differ?

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Innate defenses are nonspecific and always ready to protect the body. They include intact membranes, inflammatory response, and several protective cells types and chemicals. Adaptive defenses must be programmed and specifically target particular pathogens or antigens.

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A lymphocyte able to bind to certain tumor cells and virus-infected cells without the stimulation of antigens, and kill them by the insertion of granules containing perforin.

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The series of events in the process of inflammation are: Vasodilation: leads to greater blood flow to the area of inflammation, resulting in redness and heat. Vascular permeability: endothelial cells become "leaky" from either direct endothelial cell injury or via chemical mediators.

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13.	What type of infectious microorganism causes the body’s level of interferons to rise?

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13.	What type of infectious microorganism causes the body’s level of interferons to rise?

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Viruses elicit interferon formation.

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The reaction of the cells and fluids of the body to the presence of a substance that is not recognized as a constituent of the body itself.

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15.	What is the difference between an antigen and a self-antigen?

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15.	What is the difference between an antigen and a self-antigen?

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An antigen is a foreign substance in the body. A self-antigen is a body protein, typically displayed in the plasma membrane, that is foreign to anyone but yourself.

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16.	What are the two types of lymphocytes involved in adaptive immune responses, and how do their functions in body protection differ?

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16.	What are the two types of lymphocytes involved in adaptive immune responses, and how do their functions in body protection differ?

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B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes.
B lymphocytes mount a humoral response by producing antibodies.
T lymphocytes mount the cellular response by activation B cells and cytotoxic T cells and stimulating the inflammatory response.

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17.	What is the essential role of macrophages and dendritic cells in adaptive immunity?

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17.	What is the essential role of macrophages and dendritic cells in adaptive immunity?

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They are antigen presenters to the T cells.

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18.	What are antibodies? What is their role?

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18.	What are antibodies? What is their role?

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When an intruder enters the body, the immune system springs into action. These invaders, which are called antigen, can be viruses, bacteria, or other chemicals. When an antigen is found in the body, the immune system will create antibodies to mark the antigen for the body to destroy.

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19.	What is the structure of antibodies?

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19.	What is the structure of antibodies?

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Y-shaped proteins

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20. What is the importance of the variable region of antibodies?

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20. What is the importance of the variable region of antibodies?

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This is the region that binds to the antigen.

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22.	Which class is found in saliva and tears?

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22.	Which class is found in saliva and tears?

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IgA, a dimer.

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23.	Regarding the action of antibodies, what is neutralization?

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23.	Regarding the action of antibodies, what is neutralization?

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Neutralization occurs when antibodies attach to viruses or bacterial toxins, thereby blocking the virus or toxin from injuring the body.

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IgA (immunoglobin A)

IgD (immunoglobin D)

IgE (immunoglobin E)

IgG (immunoglobin G)

IgM (immunoglobin M)

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24.	What is the role of regulatory T cells in the adaptive immune response?

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24.	What is the role of regulatory T cells in the adaptive immune response?

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To slow or stop the immune response once the enemy has been conquered.

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25.	Shiela is receiving a kidney transplant. The donor is her fraternal twin. What name is given to this type of graft?

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25.	Shiela is receiving a kidney transplant. The donor is her fraternal twin. What name is given to this type of graft?

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Allograft