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Abnormal cardiac condition characterized by hypertrophy of the right ventricle of the heart as a result of hypertension of the pulmonary circulation.
~Vanessa Flores~
Cooper, Kim, Kelly Gosnell. Foundations and Adult Health Nursing, 7th Edition. Mosby, 082014. VitalBook file.

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Purified protein derivative (PPD) (Pg. 1639)

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Purified protein derivative (PPD) (Pg. 1639)

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Tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) is an extract of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacteria that cause tuberculosis in humans. It is used to test if a person has been exposed to tuberculin protein, either from a previous tuberculosis vaccination, or from environmental exposure to the bacteria.

~ Angela A. Ramos

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Intrinsic asthma is from internal causes, not fully understood but often triggered by respiratory tract infection.

(Cooper 2125)

Cooper, Kim, Kelly Gosnell. Foundations and Adult Health Nursing, 7th Edition. Mosby, 082014. VitalBook file.

- Stephanie Juarez

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An inadequate, reduced tension of cellular oxygen.

(Cooper 2124)

Cooper, Kim, Kelly Gosnell. Foundations and Adult Health Nursing, 7th Edition. Mosby, 082014. VitalBook file.

- Stephanie Juarez

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It is caused by the passage of a foreign substance (blood clot, fat, air, tumor tissue, or amniotic fluid) into the pulmonary artery or its branches, with resulting obstruction of the blood supply to lung tissue and subsequent collapse.

(Cooper 1653)

Cooper, Kim, Kelly Gosnell. Foundations and Adult Health Nursing, 7th Edition. Mosby, 082014. VitalBook file.

-Izela Salinas

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low-pitched, grating, or creaking lung sounds that occur when inflamed pleural surfaces rub together during respiration.
*Assess chest movement. Note whether the chest expands equally on both sides; chest expansion on one side only may indicate serious pulmonary complications, such as a collapsed lung. Look for retraction of the chest wall between the ribs
-Jacob Olvera

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posture assumed by the patient sitting up in bed at 90-degree angle, or sometimes resting in forward tilt while supported by pillow on overbed table

Reference: Cooper, K., Gosnell, K. (2015). Foundations and Adult Health Nursing, 7th Edition. [Pageburstl]. Retrieved from https://pageburstls.elsevier.com/#/books/9780323100014/

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Acute worsening of symptoms which may be triggered by respiratory infection or other stressors.

Reference:  Linda S. Williams, Paula D. Hopper. Understanding Medical Surgical Nursing. Philadelphia, Pa. :F.A. Davis, 2011. Print.

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Hypercapnia - greater than normal amounts of carbon dioxide in the blood

(Cooper 2123)

Cooper, Kim, Kelly Gosnell. Foundations and Adult Health Nursing, 7th Edition. Mosby, 082014. VitalBook file.

Hypoventilation - abnormal condition of the respiratory system that occurs when the volume of air is not adequate for the metabolic needs of the body.

(Cooper 2124)

Cooper, Kim, Kelly Gosnell. Foundations and Adult Health Nursing, 7th   Edition. Mosby, 082014. VitalBook file.

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Short, discrete, interrupted crackling or bubbling sounds that are most commonly heard during inspiration. - ----- Crackles sound like hairs being rolled between the fingers close to the ear. Occur when air is forced through respiratory passages narrowed by fluid, mucus, or pus --> associated with inflammation or infection of the small bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.

Crackles (rales)

Brief, not continuous; more common in inspiration; interrupted crackling or bubbling sounds, similar to those produced by hairs being rolled between the fingers close to the ear

Fine crackles

As described above; high-pitched, sibilant crackling at end of inspiration

Medium crackles

As described above; medium pitch, more sonorous, moisture sound during mid-inspiration

Coarse crackles

As described above; loud, bubbly sound in early inspiration

Reference:
Cooper, Kim, Kelly Gosnell. Foundations and Adult Health Nursing, 7th Edition.

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Like atelectasis, is a collapsed lung; but it is due to a collection of air or other gas in the pleural space, causing the lung to collapse. It can be secondary to a ruptured bleb on the lung surface (as in emphysema) or a severe coughing episode. It can be caused by a penetrating chest injury that punctures the pleural lining, fractured ribs, or injury to the pleura from insertion of a subclavian catheter. A spontaneous pneumothorax can also occur suddenly without any apparent cause.
-Jacob Olvera

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Acute Rhinitis (acute CORYZA) or “common cold”

-Acute inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose and accessory sinuses, usually accompanied by edema of the mucosa and nasal discharge.

(Cooper 1625)

Cooper, K., Gosnell, K. (2015).  Foundations and Adult Health Nursing, 7 th Edition. Mosby. 082014. VitalBook file.

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More commonly known as a nosebleed. The nose can bleed either from the anterior or posterior region. Anterior bleeds are much more common and originate from a group of vessels called the Kiesselbach plexus. Anterior bleeds are easier to locate and treat than posterior bleeds. The blood vessels of the posterior nose are larger, and bleeding can be severe and difficult to control.
Most common cause of epistaxis is dry, cracked mucous membranes. Trauma, forceful nose blowing, nose picking, and tumors are also factors.  Anything that reduces the blood's ability to clot, such as hemophilia or leukemia, regular aspirin use, anticoagulant therapy, or chemotherapy can predispose a patient to nosebleeds.

Reference:  Linda S. Williams, Paula D. Hopper. Understanding Medical Surgical Nursing. Philadelphia, Pa. :F.A. Davis, 2011. Print.

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It is an abnormal blue discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes cause by the increase in deoxygenated hemoglobin levels above 5g/dL. Cyanosis can be divided into central and peripheral.

Central:
It is caused by diseases in heart and lungs or abnormalities in the hemoglobin. It is mostly seen in the tongue and lips of the patient due to desaturation of central arterial blood from cardiac or respiratory disorders. Dyspnea, tachycardia and bluish discoloration of mucous membranes are associated features with central cyanosis.
Peripheral:
It is caused by a decrease local circulation in the extremities due to peripheral vasoconstriction causing  stasis of the blood in the area affected. Diseases that cause peripheral cyanosis include congestive heart failure, circulatory shock, as well as exposure to extreme cold temperatures. It is mostly manifested in nail beds.
Signs:

-Bluish discoloration of the mucous membranes, lips and tongue, as well as the extremities.
-Difficulty breathing/Rapid shallow breathing (tachypnea)
-Confusion
-Fast heart rate
-Wheezing breathing sounds
REFERENCE:
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003215.htm