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Blumenthal, Karen. Steve Jobs: the Man Who Thought Different: a Biography. Square Fish, 2013.

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Joanne Schieble found out she was pregnant and moved to San Francisco. She was taken in by a doctor who specialized in taking care of unmarried mothers and helped arranged adoptions. The baby was born on, February 24, 1955. Soon, Clara and Paul Jobs adopted him and named the baby, Steven Paul. Few years later, the family adopted another daughter, Patty Jobs.

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Clara, Steve's mother, taught Steve how to read at a early age. This gave him an head start to school. But when entering school, he was unfortunately bored with being in class. To many teachers, he was known as a trouble maker, instead of a special kid. Until family money became a problem. Mrs. Hill, Steve's teacher, convinced that if Steve could finish his math workbook on his own, with an 80% accuracy, then he would get $5 dollars and a big lollipop. Eventually, Steve didn't need the incentive and did all the work. His school interest reignited. Steve then, skipped 1 grade level in middle school. But he was bullied in 7th grade since he was 1 year younger than all his classmates. Telling his parents this information, they moved to Los Altos and thus, leading to the shift of Steve's interest.

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Santa Clara Valley was packed with engineers and tinkerers. Eventually, Steve found interest in technology. His classmate, Bill Fernandez was a good friend of Steve, sharing the same interests. When Steve entered high school in 1968, Bill introduced Steve to Wozniak, who was obsessed with electronics and a good friend of Bill. Woz was 5 years older than Steve, but according to the biography: "Despite the age difference, the two hit it off from the start. Jobs admired that Wozniak knew more about electronics than he did, and felt like his maturity, and Woz's immaturity, just about matched." Wozniak appreciated that "Steve got it right away. And I liked him. He was kind of skinny and wiry and full of energy" (pg 37- Quote 1).

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Experience #3: New hobbies and friends (link)

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Experience #3: New hobbies and friends (link)

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Steve entering high school in 1968 -Assassination of MLK in 1968

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The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute

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At 6:05 P.M. on Thursday, 4 April 1968, Martin Luther King was shot dead while standing on a balcony outside his second-floor room at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee. News of King's assassination prompted major outbreaks of racial violence, resulting in more than 40 deaths nationwide and extensive property damage in over 100 American cities. James Earl Ray, a 40-year-old escaped fugitive, later confessed to the crime and was sentenced to a 99-year prison term. During King's funeral a tape recording was played in which King spoke of how he wanted to be remembered after his death: "I'd like somebody to mention that day that Martin Luther King, Jr., tried to give his life serving others " (King, " Drum Major Instinct, " 85).

King had arrived in Tennessee on Wednesday, 3 April, to prepare for a march the following Monday on behalf of striking Memphis sanitation workers. As he prepared to leave the Lorraine Motel for a dinner at the home of Memphis minister Samuel "Billy" Kyles, King stepped out onto the balcony of room 306 to speak with Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) colleagues standing in the parking area below. An assassin fired a single shot that caused severe wounds to the lower right side of his face. SCLC aides rushed to him, and Ralph Abernathy cradled King's head. Others on the balcony pointed across the street toward the rear of a boarding house on South Main Street where the shot seemed to have originated. An ambulance rushed King to St. Joseph's Hospital, where doctors pronounced him dead at 7:05 P.M.

President Lyndon B. Johnson called for a national day of mourning to be observed on 7 April. In the following days, public libraries, museums, schools, and businesses were closed, and the Academy Awards ceremony and numerous sporting events were postponed. On 8 April King's widow, Coretta Scott King, and other family members joined thousands of participants in a march in Memphis honoring King and supporting the sanitation workers. King's funeral service was held the following day in Atlanta at Ebenezer Baptist Church. It was attended by many of the nation's political and civil rights leaders, including Jacqueline Kennedy, Vice President Hubert Humphrey, and Ralph Bunche. Morehouse College President Benjamin Mays delivered the eulogy, predicting that King " would probably say that, if death had to come, I am sure there was no greater cause to die for than fighting to get a just wage for garbage collectors " (Mays, 9 April 1968). Over 100,000 mourners followed two mules pulling King's coffin through the streets of Atlanta. After another ceremony on the Morehouse campus, King's body was initially interred at South-View Cemetery. Eventually, it was moved to a crypt next to the Ebenezer Church at the King Center, an institution founded by King's widow.

Shortly after the assassination, a policeman discovered a bundle containing a 30.06 Remington rifle next door to the boarding house. The largest investigation in Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) history led its agents to an apartment in Atlanta. Fingerprints uncovered in the apartment matched those of James Earl Ray, a fugitive who had escaped from a Missouri prison in April 1967. FBI agents and police in Memphis produced further evidence that Ray had registered on 4 April at the South Main Street roominghouse and that he had taken a second-floor room near a common bathroom with a view of the Lorraine Motel.

The identification of Ray as a suspect led to an international manhunt. On 19 July 1968 Ray was extradited to the United States from Britain to stand trial. In a plea bargain, Tennessee prosecutors agreed in March 1969 to forgo seeking the death penalty when Ray pled guilty to murder charges. The circumstances leading to the plea later became a source of controversy, when Ray recanted his confession soon after being sentenced to a 99-year term in prison.

During the years following King's assassination, doubts about the adequacy of the case against Ray were fueled by revelations of the extensive surveillance of King by the FBI and other government agencies. Beginning in 1976 the House Select Committee on Assassinations, chaired by Representative Louis Stokes, re-examined the evidence concerning King's assassination, as well as that of President John F. Kennedy. The committee's final report suggested that Ray may have had co-conspirators. The report nonetheless concluded that there was no convincing evidence of government complicity in King's assassination.

After recanting his guilty plea, Ray continued to maintain his innocence, claiming to have been framed by a gun-smuggler he knew as " Raoul. " In 1993 Ray's lawyer, William F. Pepper, sought to build popular support to reopen Ray's case by staging a televised mock trial of Ray in which the " jury " found him not guilty. In 1997 members of King's family publicly supported Ray's appeal for a new trial, and King's son Dexter Scott King supported Ray's claims of innocence during a televised prison encounter. Despite this support Tennessee authorities refused to reopen the case, and Ray died in prison on 23 April 1998.

Even after Ray's death, conspiracy allegations continued to surface. In 1999, on behalf of King's widow and children, Pepper won a token civil verdict of wrongful death against Lloyd Jowers, owner of Jim's Grill, a restaurant across the street from the Lorraine Motel. Although the trial produced considerable testimony that contradicted the original case against Ray, the Justice Department announced in 2000 that its own internal investigation, launched in 1998 at the King family's request, had failed to find sufficient evidence to warrant a further investigation.

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Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.

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At 6:05 p.m. on Thursday, 4 April 1968, Martin Luther King was shot dead while standing on a balcony outside his second-floor room at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee. News of King's assassination prompted major outbreaks of racial violence, resulting in more than 40 deaths nationwide and extensive property damage in over 100 American cities.

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When Steve was old enough to go to college, he attended Reed college. This college was known for its free spiritual and creative knowledge. Since Steve's parents could only afford one semester of college. Steve shortly dropped out of college. Because he wasn't paying for a dorm, he slept on the floor of friends' room or found empty rooms. Among other things, he dropped into Calligraphy class and the dean allowed him to hang around and attend class. When the first year ended, Steve went back to his parents' house.

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During the time at his parents' house, Job saw a intriguing help wanted ad on the newspaper. Making the job quickly after, his work was to refine and improve games. The company founder, Nolan Bushnell gave Steve a special assignment to do. He wanted Steve to program a game called breakout. Steve asked his friend, Wozniak to help him out since he dropped out of college to make money. Steve allegedly agreed upon giving Woz half of the revenue, which was $350. But with the game doing so well, the company  gave him a $5,000 bonus in which he never gave or told Woz. Stated in the book, "Still, both Bushnell and Alcorn remember that a bonus was paid - and Woz is sure he received only $350. It was an ugly side of Steve Jobs, the charmer who sometimes only took care of himself"  (pg 65-Quote 2).

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Wozniak had an idea of creating a personal computer. In the early 1970s, in Silicon Valley, Intel Corporation developed a single chip that could be programmed to perform all kinds of new and distinct functions. This fueled the idea. Wozniak could design and build the parts, but he needed Job to get circuit boards and sell the products. They both needed each other to make this company work. Building their first computer, money was what they needed. They were rejected from many investors until they met A.C. "Mike" Markkula. Mike seeing the computer quoted, "It was what I had wanted since I left high school," (page 86-Quote 3).

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Experience #6: The creation of Apple (link)

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Experience #6: The creation of Apple (link)

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The world's first every Microprocessor developed in 1971

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In November of 1971, a company called Intel publicly introduced the world's first single-chip microprocessor, the Intel 4004 (U.S. Patent #3,821,715), invented by Intel engineers Federico Faggin, Ted Hoff, and Stanley Mazor. After the invention of integrated circuits revolutionized computer design, the only place to go was down -- in size that is. The Intel 4004 chip took the integrated circuit down one step further by placing all the parts that made a computer think (i.e. central processing unit, memory, input and output controls) on one small chip. Programming intelligence into inanimate objects had now become possible.

The History of Intel

In 1968, Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore were two unhappy engineers working for the Fairchild Semiconductor Company who decided to quit and create their own company at a time when many Fairchild employees were leaving to create start-ups. People like Noyce and Moore were nicknamed the "Fairchildren".

Robert Noyce typed himself a one-page idea of what he wanted to do with his new company, and that was enough to convince San Francisco venture capitalist Art Rock to back Noyce's and Moore's new venture. Rock raised $2.5 million dollars in less than 2 days.

Intel Trademark

The name "Moore Noyce" was already trademarked by a hotel chain, so the two founders decided upon the name "Intel" for their new company, a shortened version of "Integrated Electronics."

Intel's first money-making product was the 3101 Schottky bipolar 64-bit static random access memory (SRAM) chip.

One Chip Does the Work of Twelve

In late 1969, a potential client from Japan called Busicom, asked to have twelve custom chips designed. Separate chips for keyboard scanning, display control, printer control and other functions for a Busicom-manufactured calculator.

Intel did not have the manpower for the job but they did have the brainpower to come up with a solution. Intel engineer, Ted Hoff decided that Intel could build one chip to do the work of twelve. Intel and Busicom agreed and funded the new programmable, general-purpose logic chip.

Federico Faggin headed the design team along with Ted Hoff and Stanley Mazor, who wrote the software for the new chip. Nine months later, a revolution was born. At 1/8th inch wide by 1/6th inch long and consisting of 2,300 MOS (metal oxide semiconductor) transistors, the baby chip had as much power as the ENIAC, which had filled 3,000 cubic feet with 18,000 vacuum tubes.

Cleverly, Intel decided to buy back the design and marketing rights to the 4004 from Busicom for $60,000. The next year Busicom went bankrupt, they never produced a product using the 4004. Intel followed a clever marketing plan to encourage the development of applications for the 4004 chip, leading to its widespread use within months.

The Intel 4004 Microprocessor

The 4004 was the world's first universal microprocessor. In the late 1960s, many scientists had discussed the possibility of a computer on a chip, but nearly everyone felt that integrated circuit technology was not yet ready to support such a chip. Intel's Ted Hoff felt differently; he was the first person to recognize that the new silicon-gated MOS technology might make a single-chip CPU (central processing unit) possible.

Hoff and the Intel team developed such an architecture with just over 2,300 transistors in an area of only 3 by 4 millimeters. With its 4-bit CPU, command register, decoder, decoding control, control monitoring of machine commands and interim register, the 4004 was one heck of a little invention. Today's 64-bit microprocessors are still based on similar designs, and the microprocessor is still the most complex mass-produced product ever with more than 5.5 million transistors performing hundreds of millions of calculations each second - numbers that are sure to be outdated fast.

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Inventors of the First Single Chip Microprocessor

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In November of 1971, a company called Intel publicly introduced the world's first single-chip microprocessor, the Intel 4004 (U.S. Patent #3,821,715), invented by Intel engineers Federico Faggin, Ted Hoff, and Stanley Mazor. After the invention of integrated circuits revolutionized computer design, the only place to go was down -- in size that is.

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In January 1977, the Apple Computer Company was formally created, with Jobs, Wozniak, and Markkula. Markkula brought a former coworker named Mike Scott as president. In the spring of 1977, West Coast held its first computer fair. Apple took home 300 orders for its $1,298 computer. That's when Apple computer company grew.

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Apple Inc. - Apple Computer Company founded in January 1977

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Apple Inc. (formerly Apple Computer) is a large company headquartered in California, USA.

They mainly develop and sell Internet-related electrical appliances such as "iPhone", "iPad" and "Macbook".

Until January 8, 2007, the company was named Apple Computer, Inc., but on January 9, the following day, it was renamed to "Apple."

Originally, this company was a computer circle that developed homemade computers.

Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak have succeeded in creating an inexpensive computer infrastructure.

In 1976, the PC "Apple I" produced by the two became a big hit.

On January 3, 1977, they founded "Apple Computer" with investor Mike Markkula.

・References
- https://tama.wtf/jp/society/today/apple-computer
- Wikipedia: Apple Inc.

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Apple Computer Was Founded On January 3rd, 1977 - TAMA of the day

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Apple Inc. (formerly Apple Computer) is a large company headquartered in California, USA. They mainly develop and sell Internet-related electrical appliances such as "iPhone", "iPad" and "Macbook". Until January 8, 2007, the company was named Apple Computer, Inc., but on January 9, the following day, it was renamed to "Apple."

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Experience #8: The daughter of Steve Jobs, Lisa

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Experience #8: The daughter of Steve Jobs, Lisa

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Jobs' on and off girlfriend from high school, Breanne, got pregnant. Jobs refused to believe that it is his child even though DNA testing proved it. When the baby was born, the daughter was named Lisa. He was too busy on his other baby, Apple, to even take care of the baby. So Breanne took care of the child all by herself. But Jobs did dedicate one of his project to the child. Jobs was the leader of a project named Lisa. Unfortunately, the project failed, but the company grew with Woz's improved versions of the Apple II computers. Shortly, with the success of Apple, Woz left the company.

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Steve Jobs and his employees came up with a new computer called, Macintosh. With the Lisa project presented poorly, he wanted the computer to be perfect. After Mike Scott left the company, Jobs needed a new leader. Finding John Sculley, the leader of Pepsi-Cola. Leading with Sculley who had the same vision as Jobs, made things easier. When Macintosh came out, Apple brought advertisements at the Super Bowl that did very well. The Mac, in contrast, didn't sell well. Due to its lack of expansion slots and its minimal memory, the company couldn't afford to get a 3rd strike. Sculley made an executive decision to remove Jobs from the head of the Macintosh division, to becoming the "global visionary". In Jobs eyes, quoted by Steve Jobs, "He was thirty years old, a millionaire, and a failure at the company he co-founded. He didn't know what to do" (pg 142-Quote 4).

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Experience #10: The NeXT company and Pixar

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Experience #10: The NeXT company and Pixar

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Steve Jobs left Apple company in September 1985. Jobs still wanted to pursue his passion and vision, so he invested in 2 companies. The first one was a new computer company called, NeXT, and the second is a company called, Pixar. NeXT came out with a new computer in 1987. The software of the NeXT is remarkable, but the computer couldn't compare to their competitors. Pixar animations was soon gonna come out with an animation called, Toy Story. Could this animation save these 2 companies?

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During the time away from Apple, Steve spent time with family. Steve had many girlfriends, but only one, was married to him. Laurene Powell attended one of Jobs' speaking at the Stanford Business School. Talking for a while, Jobs took a liking to her. Jobs asked Powell to dinner and she soon became his girlfriend. Jobs eventually proposed to Powell and had a baby named Reed Paul Jobs. Jobs, Powell, Reed, and Lisa, who is the first child of Jobs lived together. Shortly after, Jobs's adoptive mother got lung cancer and passed away. Paul Jobs, Steve's father passed away in March 1933. When Jobs was asked what he wanted to pass on to his children after the death of his father, he commented, "Try to be as good a father to them as my father was to me. I think about that everyday of my life" (pg 173-Quote 5).

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2 years into working on the animation of Toy Story, the president of Walt Disney animation, hated the personality of Woody, the main character. Ordering to rewrite the script. Finally in 1995, Disney agreed to premiere the film during the holiday season. Jobs arranged to sell the shares of Toy Story after the movie opened. It would be very risky for the company to do so. But in the end, it played out well and the movie turned into a success. Profiting $29 million its first weekend. Jobs helped make and grow the company into what we know today.

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Toy Story - The trailer of Toy story (1995) by Pixar

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Apple was not doing so well in 1996. According to Jobs, "In 1996, Apple needed help. It had too many of some products and not enough of others - and worse, some of its new laptops occasionally burst into flames because of faulty batteries" (pg 190). Apple agreed to buy NeXT for financial aid and the software. Jobs was now the head executive of Apple and the "iCEO". He asked his frenemy, Bill Gates, to help and invest into Apple. With the help of Microsoft, Apple was preparing 4 new Apple products for its consumers.

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Experience #14: The Turnaround and Payday

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Experience #14: The Turnaround and Payday

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Apple came up with a new product called the iMac. In the first 6 weeks the product went on sale, it sold 300,000 iMacs. Apple's stock price rose, and tripled the original amount. During the process of making this machine, Jobs didn't make a single dollar. Ultimately, after 2 and half years of continuous work from Jobs, the Apple board granted him a jet and 20 million shares of stock.

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Since music was overtaking the industry, Jobs had an idea. Apple couldn't miss revolutionizing music. Introducing the iPod on October 23, 2001. The idea was impressive but the iMac was just better. Making a better change, Jobs recommended that selling individual songs for 99 cents instead of buying the full album would incite the buyers. Opening the iTunes software/iPod player/iTunes store trio captured the consumers eyes. Successful as: "By April 2004, it had sold one hundred million songs from the iTunes store - and less than two years later, it celebrated its billionth download" (pg 237-Quote 6).

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Jobs' prospect of death kept him focused on what was most important to him, making the most of each day. In the late 1990s, when Jobs was saving Apple and going back and forth on Pixar, he developed kidney stones. His doctor also found a tumor on his pancreas, expecting him to only live 3-6 months. But later that day, the doctors found out that he had a very rare kind of pancreatic cancer, one that could be treated with a surgery. He refused the surgery for 9 months. Eventually, he got the surgery done and got somewhat better. Through this experience, Jobs learned that: "Your time is limited, so don't waste living someone else's life... And the most important... have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. They somehow already know what you truly want to become" (pg 251-Quote 7).

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With everyone using a stylus to write on the screen, Jobs wanted more. The Apple team was already working on expanding touch screen and Jobs thought that he could make a phone out of it. He partnered with a company called Motorola, who produced popular phones called, Razr. Together, the companies came out with Motorola ROKR, which Jobs introduced in 2005. But the product was a flop, considering it was ugly and awkward to use.

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After the success of Toy Story, Jobs negotiated to split the profit between Pixar and Disney equally from Pixar's next several films. But Disney still owned the rights to the character. Jobs wanted a better deal. He threaten to take Pixar's business somewhere else. But in 2005, the successor, Robert Iger, had a different view. When Iger was at the Hong Kong Disney parade, he realized that all the characters were Pixar's, not Disney's. Ultimately, Disney agreed to buy Pixar for $7.6 billion in 2006. "A Toy Story 3 would be made, but they would tell the story themselves, the way they wanted it told" (pg 258-Quote 8).

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Experience #19: "The internet in your pocket"

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Experience #19: "The internet in your pocket"

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Jobs' main priority was still Apple. Trying to pull a product together called, iPhone, was tougher than expected. Jobs specifically went to look for a glass for the phone that was tough. With Jobs' nick pickiness, every little detail that was changed, had to be redone. At the January Macworld event, Jobs announce the product, combing the best iPod, a great cell phone, and "the internet in your pocket". In late June 2007, customers lined up to pay from $499 to $599 for an iPhone. "It is not that he invents technologies, he refines existing ones," wrote New York Times reporter John Markoff (pg 261-Quote 9). Changing their company name to Apple Inc.

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Experience #19: "The internet in your pocket"

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Experience #19: "The internet in your pocket"

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Jobs announces the first ever iPhone at the January Macworld event

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Introducing The First iPhone | Steve Jobs Best Keynote | Macworld 2007

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In 2008, Jobs' health began to deteriorate and decline. The cancer had relapse and has spread through his liver and throughout his body. His eating habits began to make him lose weight. In January 2009, Jobs was placed on the liver transplant waiting list in California and Tennessee. He got the liver transplant successfully transplanted in Tennessee. Although his liver got transplanted, cancer cells already reached other spots in the body. Jobs resigned as chief executive of Apple and gave the CEO position to Tim Cook. Jobs read a letter he composed for the directors of Apple: "I have always said if there ever came a day when I could no longer meet my duties and expectations as Apple's CEO, I would be the first to let you know. Unfortunately, the day has come" (pg 280-Quote 10). Jobs sadly passed away on October 5, 2011.

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Jobs, still in his prime years as a businessman, left so much unfinished. Jobs wasn't the creator of the personal computer, but he was the face and voice of the revolution. If he didn't love what he did or wasn't satisfied with the work, he redid it again and again. He had become phenomenally wealthy, worth about $7 billion, according to Forbes magazine. Stated in his Stanford speech: "He followed his heart. He didn't settle for okay" (pg 287-Quote 11).