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Past Perfect Tense, İngilizcede -miş’li geçmiş zamanı ifade etmekte ve geçmişte iki olay ya da durum aktarılırken, önce gerçekleşeni ifade etmektedir.

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-I played game after I had finished my homework.
-We opened the window after the rain had stopped.
-He went for a walk after he had had breakfast.

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-Mr.Brown had learned Turkish before he came to Turkey.
-He had never eaten sushi before he went to Japan.
-The bell rang before Umut had answered all the questions

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-They had just finished shopping when i saw them.
-When i arrived at the station the train had already left.
-When I arrived at the airport the plane had just left.

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-Anıl didn't stop dancing until he had been tired.
-Mr.Çelik hadn't ridden camel until he went to Egypt.
-He didn't sign the contract until he had read it carefully

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AFTER

We use after + past perfect to talk about an action that happened before something else.

-After the exams had finished, they had a party. (The exams finished, and then they had a party.)
-We had dinner after Mum had phoned. (Mum phoned, and then we had dinner.)

WHEN

We use when + past perfect to talk about an action that happened immediately before something else …

-When we'd done the washing-up, we watched TV. (We did the washing-up, and then we watched TV.)

… or we can use when + past simple to talk about an action that happened after something else.

-When I phoned the office, Emma had already left. (Emma left the office, and then I phoned.)

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BEFORE

We can use before with past simple OR past perfect to talk about an action that happened before something else.

-We arrived just before the plane doors closed.
-Luckily, we arrived before the plane doors had closed.

UNTIL

We can use past simple negative + until + past perfect to talk about an action that didn't happen before something else happened first.

-The party couldn't start until Kate had arrived. (Kate arrived, and then the party could start.)

We can also use the past perfect negative + until to talk about something which didn't happen before a particular time in the past.

-They hadn't had a foreign holiday until this summer.

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Comparative adjectives enable us to express the difference between two people or things. In order to say that someone or something has a superior quality, size, or characteristic, you need to use ‘more’. Instead, when you want to say that someone or something has an inferior quality, size, or characteristic, you must use ‘less’.

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My house is larger than hers.

This box is smaller than the one I lost.

Your dog runs faster than Jim's dog.

The rock flew higher than the roof.

Jim and Jack are both my friends, but I like Jack better. ("than Jim" is understood)

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We use superlatives to compare one person or thing to several others. For example,

Paris is the most beautiful city I’ve ever seen.

This means that I’ve seen several cities and I consider Paris as the number one in terms of being beautiful.

In a similar way to comparatives, there are two ways to use superlatives. When you want to say that one person or thing is superior to all others in that group, you need to use ‘the most’. When you want to say that one person or thing is inferior to all others in that group, you need to use ‘the least’.

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My house is the largest one in our neighborhood.

This is the smallest box I've ever seen.

Your dog ran the fastest of any dog in the race.

We all threw our rocks at the same time. My rock flew the highest. ("of all the rocks" is understood)

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Yakın geçmiş zaman, geçmişte meydana gelmiş olan, etkileri hala devam eden ve meydana geliş zamanı önemli olmayan bir durumu ya da olayı ifade etmek için kullanılan zaman dilimidir.

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I have been mother for almost ten years.

(Neredeyse 10 yıldır anneyim.)

10 yıl önce anne oldum ama annelik vasfım hala devam ediyor

I have done my homework.

(Ödevimi yaptım.)

Ödevimi önceden yaptın ama yapmış olmam hala geçerliliğini koruyor.

She has gone to Great Britain for holiday.

(Büyük Britanya’ya tatil için gitti.)

Büyük Britanya’ya tatil için gitti, ancak hala orada. Henüz dönmedi.

I have painted the walls.

(Duvarları boyadım.)

Önceden boyadım ve duvarlar hala boyalı.

I have broken my arm.

(Kolumu kırdım.)

Önceden kolumu kırdım ama iyileşmedi, hala kırık.