# data[].attributes.body
CAUSES:

Prolonged diarrhea or vomiting

Polydipsia

Certain kidney issues (such as renal tubular acidosis)

Dialysis treatment

Prolonged IV fluids without K+

Cushing syndrome

Hyperaldosteronism

Thyrotoxicosis

Low levels of magnesium

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS:
-Muscle Twitching
-Constipation

TREATMENT:

ORAL POTASSIUM SUPPLEMENTS

DIET CHANGES :
Trying to increase potassium intake through the diet, some of the following foods are high in potassium:

Dried fruits

Nuts

Spinach

Potatoes

Bananas

Avocados

Bran cereals

# data[].attributes.body
The causes of Hypokalemia are aging, drugs specifically diuretics, corticosteroids, beta adrenergic agonist or antagonists, and digoxin. Other conditions can increase the chances of having Hypokalemia these conditions are Cushing’s. Syndrome, diarrhea, vomiting, wound drainage( GI), prolonged nasogastric suctioning, diaphoresis, kidney disease, and nothing by mouth.
Clinical Manifestations:
Skeletal Weakness
Pulse is thready and weak
Cardiovascular changes (dysrhythmia, low heart rate)
Altered mental status ( short term irritability, anxiety, followed by lethargy that progresses to acute confusion and comas as hypokalemia worsens
Decreased peristalsis, hypoactive bowel sounds
Nausea, Vomiting, Constipation
Low blood pressure ( Orthostatic Hypotension)
Shallow Respirations
Nursing Interventions:
Administer potassium supplements with food
Eat potassium rich foods ( potatoes, pork, oranges, avocados, strawberries, fish, mushrooms, bananas, carrots, raisins)
Severe Hypokalemia Potassium can be given intravenously however IV potassium needs to be diluted. Potassium can be a severe irritant causing potential necrosis of the skin. It is not given IM or through a subcutaneous injection

# data[].attributes.body
CAUSES:
High Potassium Intake

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS:
Elevated T wave

TREATMENT:

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Fluid & Electrolytes Nursing Students Hyperkalemia Made Easy NCLEX Review

# data[].attributes.body
CAUSES:
Dramatic changes in thirst

· Changes in urine concentration

· Dehydration

· Diarrhea

· Vomiting

· Poorly controlled diabetes

· Larger burn areas on the skin

· Kidney disease

· Diabetes insipidus

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS:
Confusion

· Excessive thirst

· Lethargy

· Low grade fever

· Flushed skin

· Restless

· Increased BP

· Edema

· Decreased urinary output

· Dry mouth

· Muscle twitching or spasms

· Seizures

· Coma

TREATMENT:
All treatment is focused on correcting the imbalance of fluid and sodium in the body

· All treatment focused correcting imbalance of fluid & NA+

· Mild cases – increase fluid volume intake

· More severe cases – IV fluids and blood work to monitor sodium levels

# data[].attributes.body
CAUSES:
Hypernatremia:

Causes:

·         Dramatic changes in thirst

·         Changes in urine concentration

·         Dehydration

·         Diarrhea

·         Vomiting

·         Poorly controlled diabetes

·         Larger burn areas on the skin

·         Kidney disease

·         Diabetes insipidus

Clinical Manifestations:

·         Confusion

·         Excessive thirst

·         Lethargy

·         Low grade fever

·         Flushed skin

·         Restless

·         Increased BP

·         Edema

·         Decreased urinary output

·         Dry mouth

·         Muscle twitching or spasms

·         Seizures

·         Coma

Treatment:

· All treatment is focused on correcting the imbalance of fluid and sodium in the body

· Mild cases – increase fluid volume intake

· More severe cases – IV fluids and blood work to monitor sodium levels

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Hypernatremia Fluid & Electrolytes Nursing Students Made so Easy NCLEX Review

# data[].attributes.body
CAUSES:
Cancer

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS:
Neuro Disturbances

TREATMENT:

# data[].attributes.body
CAUSES:

- Tuberculosis

- Kidney failure

- Hyperthyroidism

- Paget’s bone disease

- Hyperparathyroidism is the primary cause

- Cancer puts people at risk (Lung and Breast cancer can cause severe)

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS:
- Frequent urination and thirst

- Bone pain

- Fatigue

- Headache

- Nausea and vomiting

- Forgetfulness

- Depression

- Memory loss

- Irritability

- Muscle aches

- Weakness,

- Cramping

TREATMENT:
Less severe

- Drinking water

- Using a non- thiazide diuretic or BP med

- Don’t use calcium rich antacids

- Stop calcium supplements

Severe

- Surgical removal of the parathyroid if it is overactive