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REG 1-7 i) Define Civil War & Proxy War ii) Explain how Korea became divided in 1945.

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REG 1-7 i) Define Civil War & Proxy War ii) Explain how Korea became divided in 1945.

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REG 8-15 Explain SYNGMAN RHEE's aims & actions

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REG 8-15 Explain SYNGMAN RHEE's aims & actions

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REG 16-23 Explain KIM IL SUNG's aims & actions 

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REG 16-23 Explain KIM IL SUNG's aims & actions 

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REG 24-30 Explain how & why the Soviet Union & China were involved in the Korean war

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REG 24-30 Explain how & why the Soviet Union & China were involved in the Korean war

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REG 31-36 Explain how & why the US were involved in the Korean war

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REG 31-36 Explain how & why the US were involved in the Korean war

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P1 Reading fr Textbook-Korean War Ch 2.1

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i)civil war: a war between citizens of the same country
proxy war: a war instigated by a major power which does not itself become involved.
ii) at Potsdam conference in 1945, the USA and Soviet Union agreed to free Korea from Japan occupation and to divide Korea at 38th parallel.
The people in korea has different ideologies and thus superpowers got involved and North Korea was controlled by Soviet Union and South was controlled by USA. Reunification was brought up however Soviet union was against it hence reunification did not happen.
ii) timeline: 1905, korea became Japan Protectorate
1910, Japan annexed Korea
1945, Potsdam conference held and Japan surrendered.
1947, Truman Doctrine announced and UN was calling for free elections in Korea.
1948, Both Republic of Korea in South and Democratic People's Republic of Korea in North was set up.
1950, North Korea crossed 38th parallel and invaded south korea. After USA persuaded UN to assist south korea, General McArthur led forces to push beyond 38th parallel. Chinese forces help north korea fight against America led UN forces.
1951,Soviet Union called for Armstice talks and armstice talk began.
1953, Ceasefire signed at Panmunjom. Demilitarised zone established along 38th parallel.

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Kim Il Sung wanted to conquer South Korea and gain total control over the Korean peninsula. He mounted an invasion and managed to capture most of South Korea until UN troops drove the North Korean army out.

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The Soviet Union occupied North Korea prior to withdrawing its troops in 1948. They also trained the North Korean Army. China were involved as the MacArthur along with the UN Troops are pushing too close to the Yalu River, the border between North Korea and China. China,  being communist, would not like the idea of having an anti-communist country right beside them. With Korea being communist, China can also use them as a buffer country to the capitalist countries.

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He wanted to unite both Koreas together. He did this by attacking South Korea on June 25th. He also requested support from other communist powers to help take over South Korea.

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A civil war is a war between two parties within the same country.

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The Soviet Union supported North Korea in its war efforts as being a fellow communist nation, they all had similar interests in expanding communism. China entered the war in part because of Soviet Union's promises of economical aid as well as to protect North Korea, the buffer state of their Manchurian border.

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Kim II Sung wanted to unify Korea under his communist rule. However, he was not confident in attacking South Korea without the help of the USSR as he felt his army was not strong enough to stage a rapid battle against the South Koreans to occupy them swiftly.

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A proxy war is a war instigated by a major power which does not itself become involved.

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Civil war: A war between domestic or internal political factions or regions within the same country in order to gain political control. It is usually localised.

proxy war: A war fought between smaller countries representing different ideologies on behalf of major powers.

ii) At the Potsdam conference of 1945, the western powers agreed to divide Korea into two occupation zones with the Soviet Union occupying the northern part of Korea along the 38th parallel while the USA occupied the south. Both powers had different ideologies and hence the division.

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Kim Il Sung wanted to attack and take over South Korea so as to unify Korea and turn the whole of Korea into a Communist State. Hence he implored for help from Stalin for military reinforcements as he was certain that he could get the job done.

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The Division of Korea began at the end of World War II in 1945. With the declaration of the Soviet–Japanese War, the Soviet Union occupied the north of Korea and the United States occupied the south, with the boundary between their zones being the 38th parallel.

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The Soviet Union trained and organised the North Korean's People's Army (NPKA) to become a strong military force. The Soviet Union also provided strong military support by giving the NPKA heavy Soviet artillery. China supported North Korea with more military support. They involved themselves in the Korean War as they wanted to create a unified Communist Korea and thus with these 3 strong countries. Communism would easily spread in Asia. A Communist Korea would also provide China with a buffer state

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rhee was willing to use force to unify korea and appealed to US for greater military aid , and also to prevent communism from spreading to the south -
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a civil war is a war between citizens of the same country

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The soviet union occupied the north of the 38th parallel and the US occupied the south in order to counter the soviet's influence in korea

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Rhee oversaw the outbreak of the Korean War (1950–1953), in which North Korea invaded South Korea. He refused to sign the armistice agreement that ended the war, wishing to have reunited the peninsula by force.

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Korea was divided into two spheres of influence along the 38th parallel

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The US were dragged in to the war when  N Korea invaded S Korea all the way up to Pusan.
The US were involved in the Korean War as they wanted to contain the spread of communism  by preventing the domino effect. That is if Korea was to fall in the hands of the communist, other countries ideology will fall to the communist too. Therefore, the main reason  that pulled the US into the war, was the ideological differences between the communist and capitalist countries.

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Kim Il-Sung wanted the North Korean government to have control over the whole Korea peninsula and wished to conquer South Korea by force. They sought help from the Soviet Union to aid them in their war efforts as Kim Il-Sung did not believe the North Korean Army was strong enough.

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Soviet Union and China had viewed North Korea as a buffer state between the communist China and the US-backed South Korea. If North Korea was to fall, this could mean the entire Korea would fall into the US sphere of influence, a thought that is unsettling to the Chinese and Soviet Union as they do not wish that an anti-communist country was next to them.

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They want to prevent the domino effect happening in the Asia Pacific,after N Korea came under communist rule. The US were carrying out the containment policy during that period so they wanted to do their best to contain the spread of communism by preventing Korea to be the first to fall into communism.

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Rhee wanted to unify North and South Korea, but as a diplomatic country, not under communist rule. As a resolute anti-communist, he did not hesitate to use brutal force to purge his opponents. He had appealed to the USA for help in unifying Korea since he was willing to use force if necessary. However, the USA thought that Rhee was rash and could involve them in an undesirable war. Hence, North Korea had military and strategic advantage over the South.

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The soviet union provided diplomatic support, strategic and grand tactical planning, including the planning of the invasion of South Korea, and essential logistical support. They supplied and trained the air forces of North Korea. China also sent soldiers to North Korea to help with their war.

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i) civil war : war between groups of  citizens of the same country with different ideologies.
proxy war: a war instigated by a major power where they do not get involved.
ii) korea fell victim to the cold war   It was divided into two spheres of influence along the 38th parallel.

The Americans controlled south of the line while the Russians installed a communist regime in the north.

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On June 24, 1950, the North Koreans invaded South Korea. A few days later, Truman ordered U.S. troops to the aid of South Korea and convinced the United Nations (UN) to send military aid as well, in what was referred to in diplomatic circles as a “police action.”

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Syngman Rhee wanted to unify the Korean peninsula under his rule and was not hesitant to use force. He tortured and killed suspected communists and spies and requested military equipment and troops to strengthen South Korea’s army. He also attempted to sabotage peace talks during the Korean War and opposed any ceasefire terms that did not remove Kim Il Sung

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The Korean War was only a civil war initially. In reality, due to the involvement of many international forces, the Korean War is an all out proxy war fought between the US and the Soviet Union. The United Nations forces fought to establish peace. They were mobilised by the US to condemn N Korean invasion of S Korea. The Americans who supported Rhee from S Korea were driven by desires to contain the spread of communism.

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Kim II Sung goal was to unify the North and South Korea under his communist rule and to do so, he had planned to invade South Korea with the help of the USSR.

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US had just lost China to communism and did not want South Korea to fall to the wrong hands too. The US supported Syngman Rhee by poroviding military aid and equipment to help push back the North Koreans that inavded South Korea.

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Truman was worried that if Korea fell, the next country to fall would be Japan, which was very important for American trade

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rhee wanted to unify Korea under his own rule

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Kim Il Sung wanted to unite Korea under his rule and was unwilling to make concessions to South Korea. To achieve this goal, he opted to unite Korea by force and started a civil war by invading South Korea.

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Rhee's government was characterised
by authoritarianism, corruption, limited economic development, strong anti-communism and by the late
1950s growing political instability and public
opposition. He imbued the country with a tradition of authoritarian rule that
lasted, with a few short breaks, until 1988.

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Template:Korean name

Template:Infobox Korean name Syngman Rhee or Yi Seungman (March 26, 1875 - July 19, 1965) was the first president of South Korea. His presidency, from August 1948 to April 1960, remains controversial, affected by Cold War tensions on the Korean peninsula and elsewhere. Rhee was regarded as an anti-Communist and a strongman, and led South Korea through the Korean War. His presidency ended in resignation following popular protests against a disputed election. He died in exile in Hawaii.

File:SyngmanRheeOath.jpg

Syngman Rhee was born in Hwanghae Province to Yi Gyeong-seon, a member of an aristocratic Yangban family. Rhee was descended from Prince Yangnyeong (name; Yi Je), the eldest son of King Taejong of Joseon. He attended Pai Chai Hak Dang but he soon became active in Korea's struggle against Japanese hegemony. He was arrested in 1897 for demonstrating against the Japanese monarchy, being subsequently released in 1904 and going to the United States. He obtained several degrees (including an B.A. from George Washington University and a Ph.D. from Princeton University) and became so Westernized that he began writing his name in the Western manner, with the personal name preceding the family name.

In 1910, he returned to Korea, which had by this time been annexed by Japan. His political activism attracted unwelcome attention from the occupying army. In 1919, all of the major pro-independence factions formed the Provisional Government in Shanghai. Rhee was elected the president, a post he held for six years, until 1925 when he was impeached by the Provisional Assembly for misuse of his authority.

After Japanese rule ended in Korea, Rhee returned to Seoul before the other independence leaders, since he was the only one well known to the Allies. In 1945, he was appointed head of the Korean government with strong backing by the United States. With the tacit consent of the occupation authorities, Rhee conducted a campaign to "remove Communism" that was actually a veiled drive to remove all potential opposition.

Rhee won a seat at the First Assembly of South Korea on 10 May 1948 by a parliamentary vote after left-wing parties boycotted the election. After being elected as the Speaker of the Constituent Assembly on May 31, Rhee was elected the first president of South Korea defeating Kim Koo, the last president of the Provisional Government by a count of 182-13 on 20 July 1948. It should be noted that Kim Koo was not aware of his nomination for presidency; the nomination was likely an attempt to discredit him as a nationalist. On 15 August 1948, he formally took over power from the US military and de jure sovereignty of Korean people from the Provisional Government.

As president, Rhee assumed dictatorial powers even before the Korean War broke out in 1950. He allowed the internal security force (headed by his right-hand man, Kim Chang-ryong) to detain and torture suspected Communists and North Korean agents. His government also oversaw several massacres, the most notable one being on the island of Jeju island in response to an uprising by leftist factions.

Rhee further damaged his reputation by encouraging the citizens of Seoul, the nation's capital, to remain in the city while he himself was already on his way to refuge as war broke out. His decision to cut the bridges on the Han River prevented thousands of citizens from escaping Communist rule. When UN and South Korean forces fought back and drove the North Koreans north towards the Yalu River (only to retreat to a line around the current DMZ because of Chinese counterattack), Rhee became unpopular with his allies for refusing to agree to a number of ceasefire proposals that would have left Korea divided. Hoping to become the leader of a united Korea, with U.N. assistance, he tried to veto any peace plan that failed to eliminate the northern government completely. He also argued for stronger methods to be used against China and often expressed annoyance at the reluctance of the U.S. to bomb it.

Following the Korean War and for the remainder of his rule, he kept imprisoned the Dowager Queen Yun Empress Sunjeong of the Korean Empire in Suin Hall, a cottage in Jeongneung, Seoul for fear of the respect the people held for her, and he attempted to claim he was related to the royal Yi family.

In 1960, Rhee assured his fourth term in office as President with a resounding 90% of the vote. The landslide victory came after the main opposition candidate, Cho Byeong-ok, died shortly before the March 15 elections.

Nevertheless Rhee was determined to see his protégé Lee Gibung elected as the independent Vice President - a separate office under Korean law at that time. But when Lee, who was running against Chang Myon, former ambassador to the United States during the Korean War, won the vote with an abnormally wide margin the opposition claimed the election was rigged. This triggered anger among segments of the Korean populace. When police shot demonstrators in Masan, the student-led April 19 Movement forced Rhee to resign on April 26.

On April 28, a DC-4 belonging to the United States Central Intelligence Agency - operated by Civil Air Transport - whisked Rhee out of South Korea as protestors converged on the Blue House.

It was later revealed by Kim Yong Kap, Deputy Minister of Finance, that Rhee had embezzled more than $20 million in government funds.

The former president, his Austrian-born wife, Franziska Donner, and adopted son then lived in exile in Honolulu, Hawaii.

On July 19 1965, Rhee died of a stroke. His body was returned to Seoul and buried in the National Cemetery on July 27 that same year.

Rhee's legacy has been in considerable dispute. In general, some conservative circles regard Rhee as the patriarch of the nation, while liberals tend to be critical of him.

Rhee's former residence in Seoul, Ihwajang, is currently used for the presidential memorial museum, and Woo-Nam Presidential Preservation Foundation has been set up to honour his legacy.

Template:Presidents of South Korea

ar:سنكمان ري

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Template:Korean name Template:Infobox Korean name Syngman Rhee or Yi Seungman (March 26, 1875 - July 19, 1965) was the first president of South Korea. His presidency, from August 1948 to April 1960, remains controversial, affected by Cold War tensions on the Korean peninsula and elsewhere.

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rhee wanted to reunite north and south korea under one government

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Furthermore, the civil war became more complex with the help of international superpowers. North Korea did not have the means to charge across the 38th Parallel without support from the Soviet Union and Rhee did not have adequate military strength to attack N Korea without the US support.

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Korean war was both a civil war and a proxy war as it was a battle between both sides of Korea with external party involvement. Both sides presidents wanted to unify the country and adopt their own ideology and decided to do it through force. In addition, when Syngman Rhee, president of South Korea, and Kim il Sung, president of North Korean, wanted to ask for military help from the US and USSR respectively. Both the US and USSR were initially very reluctant to send their troops to fight for the Korean War but they changed their minds later on. Thus, since there were external parties interfering with the battle between the South and North Korea, the Korean War bacame both a civil war and a proxy war.

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UN viewed the N Korean invasion as an unprovoked act of aggression & asked member states to give military aid & other supplies to S Korea.

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Show how Korea was divided into 2 Koreas. Who was responsible?

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Show how Korea was divided into 2 Koreas. Who was responsible?

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i)Explain why it was initially a civil war. Mention also why Stalin hesitated to support Kim's invasion plan ii) Was it truly a nationalist war? Mention why Stalin decide to support Kim's invasion plan in1950.

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i)Explain why it was initially a civil war. Mention also why Stalin hesitated to support Kim's invasion plan ii) Was it truly a nationalist war? Mention why Stalin decide to support Kim's invasion plan in1950.

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-atomic bomb, China as an ally & Dean Acheson's speech (Korea not in US Defensive Perimeter)

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Explain why it was initially a civil war

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Explain why it was initially a civil war

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What are some features of a civil war seen here?

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What are some features of a civil war seen here?

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Mention Rhee's contribution to local guerrilla warfare during 1948 & 1949.

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5

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Could you also show a time line from partition to armistice in 1953?

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Could you also show a time line from partition to armistice in 1953?

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Yes, started out with local skirmishes at the border. Could not make any headway. But when N Korea invaded the South on 25 Jun 1950, US & the UN took immediate action.

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Yes, started out with local skirmishes at the border. Could not make any headway. But when N Korea invaded the South on 25 Jun 1950, US & the UN took immediate action.

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Rhee wanted the unification of Korea under a capitalist system.