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Nature vs Nurture
This debate is based around the way how people behave or act with certain characteristics that may natural (biological) or nurtured (sociological).

Nature is how people act or behave from genetic inheritance and other biological factors. On the other hand, Nurture is where people gain their behaviors or actions by the influence of society.

Nurture studies:
- Saavedra and Silverman - Button Phobia: the study was not genetic.
- Bandura et al - Aggression: argues that aggression is learnt and imitated. It is not genetic.

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INDIVIDUAL VS SITUATIONAL EXPLANATIONS:
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- Individual Explanations - explains behaviour according to features or characteristics of the person (e.g. personality)
Strengths -
- Free will: gives people the responsibility to change themselves
- Holistic: takes into account any individual difference
Weaknesses -
- Limited usefulness: if personality is the reason why people behave as they do, this is unlikely to change
- Reductionist: misses out situational factors
- Socially sensitive - implications of findings could suggest a persons race, age, gender or disability, cause behaviors

Situational Explanations - environment causes behavior (e.g. upbringing, poverty)
Strengths -
- suggests behavior is predictable and so cause and effect can be found
- useful: can alter behavior by altering situation that creates it.
Weaknesses -
- reductionist: misses out individual factors
- socially sensitive: could be used as an excuse to explain bad behavior - not their fault?
- tends to rely on observations

STUDIES LINKED TO THE DEBATE:
- MILGRAM:
_ Individual: 35% were able to walk away and resist power of situation
_ Situational: clear they did not want to but 65% still continued right up to 450V

- BARON-COHEN:
_ Individual: suggested autism caused adults to experience difficulties reading mental states in eyes task - average score of 16.3/25 compared to 20.3 ('normal' condition) and 20.4 (Tourette syndrome condition) autistic behavior is the result of individual characteristics (autism)

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Application of psychological research to every day life:
- This is where we evaluate research into seeing how people behave, how they learn etc.
- Evidence of this -> 1) Bandura et al: applications in real life is that parents should not fight infront of kids as it is evident that observed aggression is imitated. 2) Laney et al: applications of real life is that it may aid people with bad diets, picky eaters etc.

Individual vs Situational:
- The individual side argues that behavior is dispositional meaning we act like this due to our personality.
- Examples of this: 1) Schachter and Singer: people initiated a conversation in the stooge because they may be more extroverted. 2) Pilivan et al: people may had helped others due to their level of empathy. 3) Baron Cohen et al: AS/HFA participants found it hard to do the eye task due to their diagnosis.
- The situational side states that the way we behave is due to the environment that we are in.
Examples of this: 1) Andrade: all participants were bored but the doodling condition got to doodle to aid memory and concentration and they recalled more due to their environment. 2) Bandura et al: Participants imitated verbal and physical aggression and this was a result of their environment.

Nature vs Nurture:
- Nature states that our behavior is based on our genetics and the way we are wired.
- Examples of this: 1) Baron Cohen et al: Group 1 participants were born this way which is why the eyes test is a quasi experiment. 2) Canli: born with different abilities in regards of memory (people have better memory than others).
- Nurture states that our behavior is due to our upbringing & environment.
- Examples of this: 1) Pepperberg: Alex isn’t the same as other parrots due to his upbringing.

Using animals in research:
- Pepperberg -> using Alex in the study may be unethical due to the following - broke - informed consent, psychological harm, housing, replacement.

Using children in research:
- Bandura -> using children in the study may be unethical due to the following - broke - informed consent, deception, psychological harm.

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Nature vs Nurture

This debate is centralised around whether the way individuals act/ the way they behave is learnt, or whether it is genetic.

It is linked to determinism - the idea that individuals have no free will.

Nature is the idea that our behaviour is genetic and hereditary e.g eye colour
Nurture is the idea that our behaviour is learnt e.g primary socialisation.

Nurture:
- Saaveedra and Silverman, Button Phobia: his phobia was learnt, not genetic.
- Bandura, Aggression: argued that aggression is learnt an imitated not genetic.

Nature:
- Baron-Cohen, Eyes test: Autism and Asperger’s is mainly genetic and not learnt.

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Maha- Applying Psychology to Everyday Life

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Maha- Applying Psychology to Everyday Life

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How the results of a study conducted would be useful to people or animals in everyday life outside of the environment in the study.

An example could be Andrade (doodling): the results of the study show that doodling improves concentration, participants in the control condition guessed less places and names (7.1) than those in the doodling condition (7.8).

These results can be used my people in the real world.

Employers, for example, could allow their employees to doodle during work or important meeting to ensure concentration and reduce day dreaming.

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Nature refers to things that biologically impact out behavior such as genes and our brain and nervous system. These are innate and deemed uncontrollable similar to that of a reflex.
Nurture however refers to things such as the environment around us and that it impacts our behavior. An example of this can include the people around us and the culture we are in.

This is an issue and debate as some will argue that it is our nature that influences behavior and others that it is nature. Whilst some will argue it is both.

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Individual and situational explanations
Individual factors -> behaviour is explained by something within the person.
Situational factors -> behaviour is explained by environmental factors in that moment.

Biological

• Canli et al -> We tend to cry at sad films suggesting situational factors affect out emotions. However, individual factors not everyone cry’s at the same movie.
• Schachter & Singer -> Some situational factors matter in the expression of our emotions however individual are present too. For example, to the extent in which the participants where effected by the stooge.

Cognitive
• Andrade -> Doodling affects recall shows situational factors effect on info recall. However people don’t doodle in the same way showing individual factors.
• Baron and Cohen -> individual levels of IQ. Females considered to have a better theory of mind (individual). Behaviour may have got worse due to fatigue (situational).

Learning
• Bandura ->

Social

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Using children in psychological research - Fay 

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Using children in psychological research - Fay 

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Using children in psychological research could harm them in the long run. Since they are still at that phase of primary socialization, what is taught to them sticks with them for a long run. For example in the button phobia study, the boy had this phobia from buttons since kindergarten since the buttons fell on him, creating this scene. This phobia stuck with him for a long time as he always assimilated buttons with this scene.