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The Positivist Paradigm Megam Saldaña History of Positivism History The history of positivism dates back to the Enlightenment period of the 17th and 18th centuries, inspired by philosophers Descartes and Locke. Reflecting this history, the development of positivism is What is Pros

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Hello everyone, here is my work about Post-positivism.

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Hello everyone, here is my work about Post-positivism.

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Renata OgasMUN° 1698

thePost-Positivist paradigm

Characteristics

Origin

The post-positivist researcher

Positivism vs Post-positivism

Bibliography

Critical multiplism

The post positivist paradigm is an alternative to the existing social positivist paradigm.It is argued that it did emerged as a reaction to the recent dominance of constructivism research in education and social sciences. Researchers of social sciences and education came with the idea of a mixed paradigm combining positivism and interpretivism resulting in the new paradigm named post positivism.

Origin

Critiques to positivism

Feminism, critical psychology,Anthropology, developments in qualitative research, among othersImplicit in the knowledge of Eastern, AsianAnd indigenous socities

Promotes the triangulation (use of multiple methods or data sources) of qualitative and quantitative methods that explores the diversity of facts researchable through various kinds of investigations but respecting and valuing all findings as essential components for the development of knowledge.

The post-positivist paradigm...

Panhmar, A. (p 254)

Characteristics

The post-positivist researcher is allowed to use multiple methods to carry out the research according to the nature of the research questions.Makes sure that the subject is studied from more than one angle.It helps students and researchers to avoid the limitations that either the quantitative or qualitative approaches offer them.It gives new life to the outmoded scientific methods by amalgamating them with other disciplines and methods.It opens a way towards wealthier and more fruitful approaches.

Characteristics

Uses a hybrid design: a combination of both quantitative and qualitative approaches.Post-positivist values emphasise multiplicity and complexity as symbols of humanity ---> emphasis on meaning.Need of good principles: adequate for working with human participants; procedures, techniques and methods must always be subject to ethical scrutiny.

Critical multiplism as a methodology of post-positivism works as a form of methodology pluralism allowing both the qualitative and quantitative approaches along with others contextually required methods to be components in the research activities.The term critical refers to rational, experiential and ultimately social efforts to recognize the suppositions and prejudices inherent in the options of methods and theories picked up to explore a phenomenon.Post-positivist methods keep the objectivity obtained in a study open to be critiqued, challenged and evaluated by other researchers for further refinement.

Critical multiplism

Comparison chart

What a post-positivist researcher should have and do?

Investigate their own epistemologies and understand how they affect them as researchers

Should assume a learning role rather than a testing one

Must recognise the complexity of the web of life and experience.

Requires passion, especially passion for justice

The ability to subject one's own assumptions to scrutiny.

Panhwar, A., Ansari, S. and Shah, A. (n.d.) Post-positivism: an effective paradigm for social and educational research. Ryan, A. (n.d.) Post-positivist approaches to research.

Bibliography and webgraphy

The End

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Renata OgasMUN° 1698 thePost-Positivist paradigm Characteristics Origin The post-positivist researcher Positivism vs Post-positivism Bibliography Critical multiplism The post positivist paradigm is an alternative to the existing social positivist paradigm.It is argued that it did emerged as a reaction to the recent dominance of constructivism research in education and social sciences.

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Hello! Here it's the Transformative/Critical Paradigm 

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Hello! Here it's the Transformative/Critical Paradigm 

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Transformative Paradigm - Research Methodology

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https://docs.google.com/document/d/1mCp34rT-yRNyZUa79IghqWhD-Bm_io1rz0Vp2mEzhlw/edit?usp=drivesdk

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The post-positivist research paradigm can make use of both the qualitative and the quantitative methods. Some examples of research methods are:
- Survey (quantitative): it targets a specific population and it collects data from subjects who respond to a series of questions, often in the form of a questionnaire. This method allows the researcher to collect large amounts of data and facilitates its organisation.
- Interview (qualitative): one-on-one conversation between the researcher and the subject or subjects. Personal experiences are appreciated since they recognise the phenomena more abstractly and less objectively.
- Secondary Data Analysis: Content analysis: applying a systematic approach to record and value information gleaned from secondary data as it relates to the study at hand. This data helps to determine whether or not the researcher's hypothesis were correct or not and develop new interpretations.

Webgraphy
Research Methods. Introduction to Sociology. Retrieved from: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/sociology/chapter/research-methods/ Visited 25/04/22

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As I mentioned in the video, the interpretivist paradigm is mainly based on naturalistic approaches of data collection such as interviews and observations. These are purely qualitative approaches and, therefore, go against the Positivist paradigm which is mostly concerned with the quantitative approach.
Aek Phakiti, in his book Experimental Research Methods in Language Learning (2014:55), writes the following lines as regards the interpretive methodologies:

"At the methodological level, the constructivist paradigm adopts a non-experimental, non-manipulative set of research procedures. Such have been referred to as ethnographic, dialogic and hermeneutic."

Ethnographic studies make use of an extent of techniques associated with prolonged fieldwork, for instance, participant observations and in-depth interviews.
Dialogic approaches allow, as the word suggests, a dialog with participants in the research setting. In this sense, interpretivists claim that interaction between the researcher and the participants is key, for it encourages them to develop an understanding of what is being researched in their own terms.
Finally, Hermeneutics, also mentioned in the video, is a research method in which the researcher constructs or interprets data established on how near they can get to it using observation notes and interview recordings. Hence, this sets off a possible never-ending process of interpreting these constructions, as well as developing and enhancing new ones.

Reference

Phakiti, Aek. Experimental Research Methods in Language Learning. (2014) Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, London.

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The Positivism Paradigm depends on quantifiable observations that lead to statistical analyses. So we could say that:

Positivists prefer quantitative methods such as social surveys, structured questionnaires, non-participant observation and official statistics because these have good reliability and representativeness.

Experimental designs are favored in the positivist paradigm, including quasi-experimental designs.

The positivist tradition stresses the importance of doing quantitative research such as large scale surveys in order to get an overview of society as a whole and to uncover social trends, such as the relationship between educational achievement and social class.

In positivist research, sociologists tend to look for relationships, or ‘correlations’ between two or more variables. This is known as the comparative method.

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Mixed methods research is characterized by the integration of philosophical views related to qualitative and quantitative research. In this context, a paradigm is a certain philosophical stance that is used by researchers as a pattern to examine, analyze, and interpret phenomena and processes (Morgan, 2013). As a result, only the transformative paradigm and pragmatism can be discussed as addressing specifics of this research. According to Creswell (2013), the transformative worldview “holds that research inquiry needs to be intertwined with politics and a political change agenda to confront social oppression at whatever levels it occurs” (p. 9). Mertens (2014) notes that this paradigm allows for concentrating on the needs and opinions of oppressed groups to stimulate some social change in communities. From this perspective, the transformative worldview is also associated with representing “pluralistic interests, voices, and perspectives” (Greene, 2007, p. 129). Thus, this paradigm is based on the idea of social and political transformation as a result of research.

Research Methods

Classroom Observations.

Cluster Sampling.

Expert Sampling.

Judgment Sampling.

Markov Chain Monte Carlo Methods.

Quantitative Research Methods.

Simple Random Sampling.

Stratified Random Sampling.

Reference

"Pragmatism and Transformative Paradigm in Research." IvyPanda, 7 Aug. 2020, ivypanda.com/essays/pragmatism-and-transformative-paradigm-in-research/. Accessed 3 May 2022.