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*https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Anatomy_and_Physiology/Book%3A_Anatomy_and_Physiology_(Boundless)/14%3A_Autonomic_Nervous_System/14.1%3A_Introduction_to_the_Autonomic_Nervous_System/14.1B%3A_Divisions_of_the_Autonomic_Nervous_System#:~:text=Sympathetic%20and%20parasympathetic%20divisions%20have,responsiveness%20(rest%20and%20digest).

*https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ap/chapter/structure-of-the-autonomic-nervous-system/#:~:text=The%20neurotransmitters%20used%20by%20postganglionic,use%20norepinephrine%20as%20their%20neurotransmitter.

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ap/chapter/functions-of-the-autonomic-nervous-system/

https://www.britannica.com/science/human-nervous-system/The-autonomic-nervous-system

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SNS:
Alpha-1: phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine®)
Alpha-2: prazosin (Minipress®)
Beta-1: dobutamine (Dobutrex®)
Beta-2: formoterol (Foradil®)
Beta-3: propranolol (Inderol®)

PSNS:
Muscarinic-1: bethanechol (Urecholine®)
Muscarinic-2: neostigmine (Prostigmin®)
Muscarinic-3: hyoscyamine (Symax®)
Muscarinic-4: pilocarpine (Pilocar®)
Nicotonic: varenicline (Chantix®)

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The drug classifications for parasympathetic nervous system

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The drug classifications for parasympathetic nervous system

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Muscarinic-1 (M1) – important to note is the only cholinoreceptor involved in an SNS process, located in sweat glands of the skin; effects mediated by IP3/DAG path, include glandular contraction and increased secretion

Muscarinic-2 (M2) – located in SA and AV nodes and myocardium; effects mediated by decreasing cAMP, include decreasing heart rate and myocardial conduction velocity

Muscarinic-3 (M3) – located in the smooth muscle of various organ systems; effects mediated by IP3/DAG path, include contraction of the ciliary muscle causing miosis, contraction of bronchioles, increased bronchiole secretions, increased GI motility, detrusor muscle contraction, and internal/external urethral sphincter relaxation

Muscarinic-4 (M4) and Muscarinic (M5) - located primarily in the CNS, e.g., forebrain and substania nigra, respectively

Nicotinic-N (NN) – located in postsynaptic dendrites of both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons; effects mediated by Na+/K+ depolarization, include increased neurotransmission

Nicotinic-M (NM) – located in neuromuscular endplates of skeletal muscle; effects mediated by Na+/K+ depolarization, include skeletal muscle contraction

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The drug classifications for sympathetic nervous system

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The drug classifications for sympathetic nervous system

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Alpha-1 (A1) – located mostly in postsynaptic effector cells found in smooth muscle; effects mediated by IP3/DAG path, include mydriasis due to contraction of radial muscles, constriction of arteries and veins, urinary retention due to internal/external urethral sphincter contraction, and a decrease in renin release from renal juxtaglomerular cells

Alpha-2 (A2) – located in presynaptic adrenergic terminals found in lipocytes and smooth muscle; effects mediated by decreasing cAMP, including a decrease in norepinephrine release, stimulates platelet aggregation and decreases insulin secretion

Beta-1 (B1) – located in postsynaptic effector cells in the SA node of the heart, lipocytes, brain, juxtaglomerular apparatus of renal tubules, and the ciliary body epithelium; effects mediated by increasing cAMP, including increased heart rate and the conduction velocity through the cardiac nodes, also increases renin release from renal juxtaglomerular cells

Beta-2 (B2) – located in postsynaptic effector cells in smooth muscle and cardiac myocytes; effects mediated by increasing cAMP, include vasodilation, bronchiole dilation, increased insulin secretion, and uterine relaxation

Beta-3 (B3) – located in postsynaptic effector cells in lipocytes and myocardium; similar effects to beta-1 receptors mediated by increasing cAMP

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The end organ responses that occur when each transmitter is stimulated. List the specific organ and state what response is generated in that organ when stimulated by parasympathetic system.

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The end organ responses that occur when each transmitter is stimulated. List the specific organ and state what response is generated in that organ when stimulated by parasympathetic system.

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Dilates blood vessels leading to the GI tract, increasing blood flow.

Constricts the bronchiolar diameter when the need for oxygen has diminished.

Causes constriction of the pupil and contraction of the ciliary muscle to the lens, allowing for closer vision.

Stimulates salivary gland secretion, and accelerates peristalsis.

Stimulates sexual arousal.

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The end organ responses that occur when each transmitter is stimulated. List the specific organ and state what response is generated in that organ when stimulated by sympathetic division.

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The end organ responses that occur when each transmitter is stimulated. List the specific organ and state what response is generated in that organ when stimulated by sympathetic division.

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Acceleration of heart and lung action.

Paling or flushing, or alternating between both.

Inhibition of stomach and upper-intestinal action to the point where digestion slows down or stops.

General effect on the sphincters of the body.

Constriction of blood vessels in many parts of the body.

Liberation of nutrients (particularly fat and glucose) for muscular action.

Dilation of blood vessels for muscles.

Inhibition of the lacrimal gland (responsible for tear production) and salivation.

Dilation of pupil (mydriasis).

Relaxation of bladder.

Inhibition of erection.

Auditory exclusion (loss of hearing).

Tunnel vision (loss of peripheral vision).

Disinhibition of spinal reflexes; and shaking.

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The Receptors of Each Division with Main Locations of Each Receptor

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The Receptors of Each Division with Main Locations of Each Receptor

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Cholinergic receptors (receptors binding acetylcholine) also are found in the sympathetic system (as well as the parasympathetic system). Nicotinic cholinergic receptors stimulate sympathetic postganglionic neurons, adrenal chromaffin cells, and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons to release their chemicals.

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Locations Where Each NT is Released in Each Division of the ANS

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Locations Where Each NT is Released in Each Division of the ANS

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The location where the neurotransmitters are released in the sympathetic division is smooth muscle, and glands. The location where neurotransmitters are released in the parasympathetic division is cardiac muscle.

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In the parasympathetic division, they are cholinergic and use acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter. In the sympathetic division, most are adrenergic, meaning they use norepinephrine as their neurotransmitter.

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The sympathetic division functions as the quick response (fight or flight) and the parasympathetic division regulates actions that do not require rapid responses (rest and digest).