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Organizing by types or categories. This type of organization happens when speakers take their main topic and decide what 3 or more main subtopics are the most important to discuss. So, if I wanted to arrange my Empire State Speech topically, I would probably talk about the history of the building, the types of business located in the building, and the tourists who visit the building.

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With the temporal pattern, your speech is organized chrono-logically into two, three, or four major parts—beginning with the past and working up to the present or the future, or beginning with the present or the future and working back to the past.

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Organizing your main points on the basis of space is useful when you wish to describe objects or places—progressing from top to bottom, from left to right, from inside to outside, or from east to west, for example.

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The problem–solution pattern is especially useful in persuasive speeches, in which you want to convince the audience that a problem exists and that your solution would solve or lessen the problem.

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The cause–effect pattern is useful in speeches when you want to show your audience the causal connection existing between two events or elements.

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The motivated sequence is especially appropriate for speeches designed to move listeners to action (to persuade the audience to do something). But you’ll find it useful for informative speeches as well.

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Your introduction should gain the attention of your audience and focus it on your speech topic. You can secure attention in numerous ways; here are just a few.

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Questions are effective because they’re a change from the more common declarative statements, and listeners automatically pay
attention to change. Rhetorical questions—questions to which you don’t  expect an answer—or polling

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Referring to a previous speech, a recent event, or a prominent person currently making news helps gain attention because the audience is familiar with this and will pay attention to see how you’re going to connect it to your speech topic.

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C) use an example, illustration, or narrative. 

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C) use an example, illustration, or narrative. 

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Much as we are drawn to soap operas, so we are drawn to illustrations and stories about people, especially if they are dramatic or even startling.

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Quotations are useful because audience members are likely to pay attention to the brief and clever remarks of someone they have heard of or read about.

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E) cite a little-known fact or statistic

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E) cite a little-known fact or statistic

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Headlines on unemployment statistics, crime in the schools, and political corruption sell newspapers because they gain attention.

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Humor is useful because it relaxes the audience and establishes a quick connection between speaker and listeners

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Function 2. Establish a Speaker–Audience–Topic Relationship

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Function 2. Establish a Speaker–Audience–Topic Relationship

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In addition to gaining attention, use your introduction to establish a connection among yourself as the speaker, the audience members, and your topic.

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A) Establish Your Credibility
B) Refer to Others Present
C) Express Your Pleasure or Interest in Speaking
D) Compliment the Audience
E) Express Similarities with the Audience

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The introduction should orient the audience in some way as to what is to follow in the body of the speech.

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Orientation can consist simply of a statement of your topic. For example, you might say, “Tonight I’m going to discuss atomic waste” or “I want to talk with you about the problems our society has created for the aged.”

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B) identify the main points you’ll cover

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B) identify the main points you’ll cover

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In your orientation you may want to identify very briefly the main points you’ll cover.

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You may wish to give a detailed preview of the main points of your speech.

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Clearly defining the goal is essential in a public speaking

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Your conclusion is especially important because it’s often the part of the speech that the audience remembers most clearly. Your conclusion may serve three major functions: to summarize, motivate, and provide closure.

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You can summarize your speech in a variety of ways.

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In the restatement type of summary, you recap the essential thrust of your speech by repeating your thesis or
perhaps the goals you hoped to achieve

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Another method for concluding is to tell the audience again why your topic or thesis is so important

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In this type of summary you restate your thesis and the main points you used to support it

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B) reiterate the importance of the issue

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B) reiterate the importance of the issue

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In a speech designed to strengthen attitudes, it may prove of value to restate the importance of the issue to the audience and to the community at large

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Another type of motivational conclusion is to spell out the action you wish the audience to take

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The third function of your conclusion is to provide closure. Often your summary will accomplish this, but in some instances it will prove insufficient. End your speech with a conclusion that is crisp and definite.

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You can achieve closure by looking ahead to events that will take place either that day or soon afterward.

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It’s sometimes useful to connect your conclusion with your introduction

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Especially in persuasive speeches, it’s often useful to repeat the essence of your thesis in a crisp wrap-up

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Transitions are words, phrases, or sentences that help your listeners follow the development of your thoughts and arguments and get an idea of where you are in your speech.

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Use connective transitions to connect the major parts of your speech. Use
transitions in at least the following places:
■ between the introduction and the body of the speech
■ between the body and the conclusion
■ between the main points in the body of the speech

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Preview transitions help the audience get a general idea of where you’re going. For example, you might want to signal the part of your speech you’re approaching and say something like, By way of introduction. . ., or In conclusion. . ., Now, let’s discuss why we are here today. . ., or So, what’s the solution? What should we do?

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It often helps to provide periodic reviews (sometimes called internal summaries), especially if your speech is long or complex

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Signpost transitions are individual words that tell listeners where you are in your speech and would include such terms as
First, . . .
A second argument . . .
Next, consider . . .