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This critical event marked the start of the Philippine Revolution against Spanish rule. Filipino revolutionaries, led by Andres Bonifacio, tore up their cedulas (residence certificates and tax receipts) as a symbol of their desire for freedom from Spanish oppression.

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Translation: The Cry of Pugadlawin (1896) In this place, Andres Bonifacio and around 1000 katipuneros gathered in the morning of August 23, 1896. They decided to rebel  against the Spanish government in the Philippines. As proof of their defiance, they tore their cedula which symbolized the enslavement of the Filipinos. This is the very first cry of the abused nation against the Spaniards, which they forwarded by taking up arms (weapons) and fighting.

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Cedula personal also known as Community Tax or Residence Tax, was a tax that all Filipinos above eighteen years of age were required to pay to the government. It served as an identification card that Filipinos had to carry at all times wherever they went. For people, it became a symbol of the Spaniards’ power over the Philippines. Tearing their cedulas became a sign of the katipuneros’ resistance from the colonizers and commitment to fight the Spaniards.

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August 30, 1896: Battle of San Juan del Monte

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August 30, 1896: Battle of San Juan del Monte

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This was the first significant battle of the Philippine Revolution, where Filipino forces under Andres Bonifacio attempted to capture the Spanish powder magazine. The fierce battle showed the determination of Filipinos to fight for their independence.

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September 1896: Beginning of Spanish retaliation

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September 1896: Beginning of Spanish retaliation

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Following the initial uprisings, the Spanish government declared martial law in several provinces and began a series of retaliations against the rebels, marking a severe phase of the revolution.

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December 1896: Trial and execution of Jose Rizal

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December 1896: Trial and execution of Jose Rizal

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Jose Rizal, a national hero, was executed by firing squad at Bagumbayan (now Luneta Park) for his alleged role in the revolution. His death inspired more Filipinos to join the fight for independence.

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The Tejeros Convention was the first election in Philippine history, held to establish a revolutionary government. This marked a significant political development within the revolution, showcasing the Filipinos' desire for a structured and legitimate leadership.

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This agreement led to a temporary halt of hostilities between the Spanish forces and the Filipino revolutionaries. Leaders of the revolution agreed to exile themselves in Hong Kong in exchange for financial compensation.

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1897: Return of Emilio Aguinaldo from exile

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1897: Return of Emilio Aguinaldo from exile

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Emilio Aguinaldo returned from his exile in Hong Kong, determined to continue the fight for independence. His return invigorated the revolution, leading to renewed efforts against Spanish rule.

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June 12, 1898: Declaration of Philippine Independence

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June 12, 1898: Declaration of Philippine Independence

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Although the revolution against Spain was still ongoing, Aguinaldo declared the Philippines' independence. This was a bold and significant step towards self-rule, and the day is celebrated as Independence Day in the Philippines.

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The Spanish-American War ended with the Treaty of Paris, where Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States. While it did not immediately grant full independence, it marked the end of Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines.

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1899: Start of the Philippine-American War

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1899: Start of the Philippine-American War

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The desire for true independence led to conflict with the new colonial power, the United States. This war was a significant chapter in the Philippines' long struggle for sovereignty.