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Episodic Memory recalls events in the past. Under this form of memory, autobiographical memories recalls information that forms one's identity (Psychology Today, 2024). One's self-concept affects how they recall long-term memories made in the classroom, either positive or negative (Sousa, 2022).

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This part of memory stores all factual information such as the capital of Ukraine and how many cups are in a gallon (Psychology Today, 2024). The function of the semantic memory is vital within the classroom for remembering content and recalling for later use (Sousa, 2022).

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Procedural memory stores how we accomplish things such as riding a bike, driving a car, or tying our shoes (Psychology Today, 2024). Repetition of skills through practice is used here in the classroom such as math facts. Should be paired with physical movement to increase retention (Sousa, 2022).

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Our short term or working memory temporarily stores information that we are currently working with. Examples of this are phone numbers, the temperature outside, and numbers that you are working with in a word problem (Psychology Today, 2024). Vital when manipulating new information for long-term storage in the classroom (Sousa 2022).

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This memory processes sensory input in a variety of ways. Examples are:

iconic memory- just seen (short term)

echoic memory- just heard (short term)

visual-spatial memory-ex. walking to class

auditory memory- ex. how a song sounds

olfactory memory- ex. the smell of brownies cooking

haptic memory- ex. how sand paper feels

(Psychology Today, 2024)

Involving all sensory input will strengthen neural connections to long-term memory (Sousa, 2022).

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Prospective memory involves recalling an intention from the past to affect our future actions. Examples of this care calling someone back, remembering to get bread at the store, stopping by a friend's house, etc. (Psychology Today, 2024). This is used in multi-step directions with math equations or directions for assignments.

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Psychology Today (n.d.) Types of Memory. Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/memory/types-of-memory

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Forming a Memory

1) Stimulus fires a neuron-faster it fires, more activation

2)Dendrites become more sensitive

3) long-term-potentiation-synaptic awareness

4)engram-when neuron fires, they all fire

5)memories stored in pieces throughout brain

6)more connections=more understanding attached

(Sousa, 2022)

This process is vital for the storage of information learned in the classroom.

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Environment --> sensory and immediate memory --> working memory --> long term memory --> declarative (conscious memory) or nondeclarative (implicit memory)

(Sousa, 2022).

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Sousa, D.A. (2022) How the brain learns. (6th Ed.) Corwin. A Sage Publishing Co.

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Emotional Memory has a strong affect in how a student learns in the classroom. How they feel about themselves, how they perceive the teacher feels about them, and how they feel about the content affects their recall of long-term memory (Sousa, 2022).

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Past learning is manipulated and updated through the working memory (striatum and hippocampus) as new content is learned and applied to the long-term memory. It is then combined for future use (Sousa, 2022).

New current learning is a long-term memory created from the working memory and stored (Sousa, 2022).

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Retention of learning occurs when a long-term memory is recalled repeatedly and practiced through journaling, hands-on activities, social sharing, and shared teaching (Sousa, 2022).

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Positive transfer= past learning helps the learner learn new things i.e. a viola player learns the violin

Negative transfer= Past learning hinders learning new things i.e. a pianist learning the guitar

(Sousa, 2022)

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English Language Learners have trouble with transfer due to information having to be process through two languages. Videos and images help support transfer (Sousa, 2022).

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Increasing Transfer

activating prior knowledge

videos and auditory

use metaphors, simile to transfer abstract knowledge

journal writing

(Sousa, 2022)

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Lebow, H.I. (July 2, 2021) The science behind PTSD symptoms: how trauma changes the brain. PsychCentral. https://psychcentral.com/ptsd/the-science-behind-ptsd-symptoms-how-trauma-changes-the-brain

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When a person faces a dangerous situation:

1) nonessential systems shut down

2) sympathetic nervous system releases stress hormones

3) triggers fight, flight, fawn response

Trauma= recurring memories that release stress hormones when threat is imminent or perceived repeated over and over again

(Lebow, 2021).

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Amygdala:

1) Sends out stress hormones when remember traumatic events as if happening for first time

difficulty learning due to being in the lower brain

causes high levels of anxiety and stress all the time

always on edge

(Lebow, 2021)

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1) Smaller and less active when experienced trauma.

2) Can create issues around memory and problem-solving

3) hard to distinguish between past and present

4) hypervigilance

(Lebow, 2021)

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1) less active

2) slow down process of learning new information

3)has a harder time overriding flight/fight response

4) struggle with logical thinking

(Lebow, 2021)

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To encourage strong memory retention/transfer in the classroom with students who have trauma, try this:

1) build strong relationships

2) create safe environment

3) lower noise distraction

4) teach mindfulness practices

(Sousa, 2021)

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Primacy-Recency Effect= we remember best what comes first and last so...teach new material first then review material last.

Learning blocks should be shortened due to small attention spans (Sousa, 2021).

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DO:

rehearse understood information

use visual materials

learn by doing

have students teach others

use spiral learning

Do NOT:

use rote memorization

have long learning blocks

teach similar material back to back

use mastery- will not have long-term storage

(Sousa, 2021)

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Movement incorporated before and after learning increases blood flow to the brain and activates several areas of the brain to increase learning and memory (Sousa, 2021).