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After Germany invaded France, 330,000 Allied troops were rescued across the English Channel in “Operation Dynamo.”

Huge morale boost for Britain despite the loss of France.

Region: Europe

Key Figures: Winston Churchill (British PM), Admiral Bertram Ramsay (evacuation planning)

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First major air campaign fought entirely in the skies.

The Royal Air Force successfully defended Britain from the German Luftwaffe.

Prevented Hitler’s planned invasion of Britain.

Region: Europe

Key Figures: Air Chief Marshal Hugh Dowding (RAF), Hermann Göring (German Luftwaffe)

Notable Unit: RAF “The Few” fighter pilots, including Polish and Canadian squadrons

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October–November 1942 – Second Battle of El Alamein

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October–November 1942 – Second Battle of El Alamein

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British General Montgomery’s forces stopped Rommel’s Afrika Korps in North Africa.

Turning point that ended Axis hopes of controlling Egypt and the Suez Canal.

Region: North Africa

Key Figures: Bernard Montgomery (UK), Erwin Rommel (Germany)

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October–November 1942 – Second Battle of El Alamein

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First large Allied offensive: U.S. and British forces landed in North Africa.

Began pushing Axis powers out of Africa and opened a path into Southern Europe.

Region: North Africa

Key Figures: Dwight D. Eisenhower (overall commander), George S. Patton (U.S.), Charles de Gaulle (Free French)

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Allies invaded Sicily, leading to the collapse of Mussolini’s government.

Italy switched sides, though German forces continued to fight there.

Region: Europe (Mediterranean)

Key Figures: Dwight D. Eisenhower, George S. Patton, Bernard Montgomery

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January–February 1943 – Battle of Stalingrad (concludes)

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January–February 1943 – Battle of Stalingrad (concludes)

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Soviets surrounded and defeated the German 6th Army.

One of the bloodiest battles in history and a key turning point in the East.

Region: Europe (Eastern Front)

Key Figures: General Friedrich Paulus (Germany), Georgy Zhukov (USSR)

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January–February 1943 – Battle of Stalingrad (concludes)

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Largest tank battle in history between Germany and the Soviet Union.

Soviets gained the upper hand and went on the offensive.

Region: Europe (Eastern Front)

Key Figures: Georgy Zhukov (USSR), Erich von Manstein (Germany)

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December 1944 – January 1945 – Battle of the Bulge

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December 1944 – January 1945 – Battle of the Bulge

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Hitler’s last major offensive on the Western Front in Belgium and Luxembourg.

Allies pushed back the surprise attack; Germany lost irreplaceable troops and equipment.

Region: Europe (Western Front)

Key Figures: Dwight D. Eisenhower, George S. Patton, Omar Bradley (U.S.); Gerd von Rundstedt (Germany)

Notable Units: 101st Airborne Division (U.S.), Tuskegee Airmen provided air support in the theater

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December 1944 – January 1945 – Battle of the Bulge