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Q1–3 – Tiny Engineers (Ages 4–5)

Caller: father asking about holiday engineering workshops.

Daughter: Lydia, age 4 → Tiny Engineers.

Activities:

Design egg-protection cover → drop from height.

Build tallest tower.

Make balloon-powered car.

Focus: hands-on, fun, creativity, teamwork.

Q4–10 – Junior Engineers (Ages 6–8)

Carly, age 7 → Junior Engineers.

Activities:

Make vehicles (cars, trucks) + animals.

Basic coding → models move.

Build longest bridge (recycled materials).

Create & film 5-min animation.

Build + decorate robot (moving arms/legs).

Skills: creativity, teamwork, coding, design.

Learning via peer interaction + guided help.

Cost: £50 / five weeks (slightly more than Tiny Engineers).

Time: Wednesdays, 10:00–11:00 AM (changed from Monday).

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Q11–14 – Company & Internship Notes

Company Background

Julia Simmons = Managing Director (since early this year).

Stevenson’s = major metal goods manufacturer.

Founded 1926 by Ronald Stevenson (planned 1924).

Original products: machine tool + vehicle parts.

First 5 years: produced items for hospitals/healthcare.

Expanded on same site (no relocation).

Site layout now outdated → 5-year refurbishment plan.

Internship

Morning presentations by managers.

Interns observe staff, can talk but don’t interrupt work.

No teacher visits this year.

Q15–20 – Site Map / Locations

Coffee Room

Go left along corridor → at end, facing you.

Views: main road + trees.

Factory & Warehouse

Factory: large room, far side of site.

Warehouse: next to factory; lorries use turning area.

To reach: cross courtyard, door on right.

Staff Canteen

Next to reception.

Good food; poor views (corridor/courtyard + access road).

Meeting Room

Corridor left of courtyard → walk to end.

Last room on right.

No natural daylight.

HR Department

Front of building.

From reception: go left, second room on left.

Faces main road.

Boardroom

Sometimes used for meetings.

Nice view of trees.

Go past courtyard → turn right → boardroom on left, next to factory.

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Q21–24 – Project Process (Jess & Tom)

Used handouts (books + websites) for research.

Visited Bird Park + Natural History Museum.

Missed one session (illness).

Brainstormed with Dr. Fletcher.

Drafted proposal + set timeline.

Evaluated notes → selected what to include.

Tom forgot rationale after video diary.

Jess: don’t be too specific about final outcomes yet.

Q25–30 – Artworks (Tom & Jess)

Tom

Falcon / Landseer → bird looks at viewer → danger.

Portrait of William Wells → man with shot bird → human ambiguity in exploiting nature.

Giovanni de Medici portrait → boy gently holding bird → care/restraint.

Jess

Audubon’s fish hawk → swooping, big wings → motion.

van Gogh kingfisher → memory of her grandfather → emotional link.

Gauguin’s Vairumati → white bird eating lizard → cycle of life.

Extra Workshop Info (from father’s call)

Junior Engineers: £50 / 5 weeks.

Wednesdays 10:00–11:00 (moved from Monday).

Location: Building 10A, Fradstone Industrial Estate, Grasford, near station.

Parking available.

Sarah asks for father’s full name to enrol Lydia + Carly.

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Q31–34 – Stoicism

Ancient philosophy used practically through history.

Stoicism founded by Zeno of Citium (3rd century BC).

Practised by Epictetus, Cato, Seneca, Marcus Aurelius.

Writings

Not meant for publication:

Marcus Aurelius: Meditations = personal notes.

Seneca: letters.

Epictetus: ideas recorded by student.

Core Idea

Virtue → stable happiness.

Control destructive emotions (anger, jealousy).

Quote: “External events I cannot control; my choices I can.”

Taleb’s definition of a Stoic

Fear → caution

Pain → transformation

Mistakes → initiation

Desire → undertaking

Influence on leaders, writers, artists, entrepreneurs.

Q35–40 – Influential Figures

George Washington

Inspired at 17; staged Cato to motivate troops.

Thomas Jefferson

Kept Seneca by his bedside.

Eugène Delacroix

French artist; called Stoicism his “consoling religion.”

Adam Smith

Stoic ideas shaped economic theory; studied Marcus Aurelius at school.

Bill Clinton

Rereads Meditations every year.

Barack Obama

Leadership style compared to Cato.

Wen Jiabao

Read Meditations 100+ times, travels with it.

Albert Ellis

Used Stoicism to create CBT (treats depression by challenging irrational beliefs).

Business

Stoicism → resilience, turning obstacles into opportunities.

Today

Still offers insights on living well.

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Q1–3

A woman calls to ask about converting old family photos to digital format.

Accepted photo sizes range from 4 cm to 30 cm.

Photos must be removed from frames and albums.

The cost is €195 for about 300–400 photos.

Extra discs cost £5 each.

Payment is made after the scanning is completed.

Q4–10

Photos can be organized into folders with custom names.

Standard service includes color and contrast enhancement.

Fragile photos are handled manually to prevent damage.

Optional edits include removing objects or changing backgrounds.

Blurry or out-of-focus photos cannot be corrected.

Processing time is approximately 10 days.

A strong cardboard box is recommended for packaging.

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1. School Buildings History

Buildings range from 1970s to newly built ones.

Darfield House is 100+ years old, first built for Neville Richards.

After he died, it was sold to the council, used as offices, then a tourist centre (later closed).

2. Redevelopment Plans

The school has grown with the rising local population.

Approval has been given to redevelop both main and lower school sites.

Lower school will move to new buildings on the main site.

Houses will be built on the old lower school site.

Construction should start within a few months.

3. Food Hall & Canteen Changes

Current canteen is overcrowded with only one serving point.

New Food Hall opens next week with several serving areas.

Parents should discuss food choices, encourage healthy eating, and keep using the payment card.

Old canteen stays open for seating; pupils can eat Food Hall meals or packed lunches.

Part of it may become storage depending on numbers.

4. Food Hall Features

Each serving point provides mains, sides, desserts, and drinks.

“World Adventures” will serve different international dishes (e.g., Chinese, Lebanese).

Menus will be planned weekly

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Their next psychology assignment focuses on sleep and dreams.

Luke read an article claiming forgetting dreams may be helpful.

Susie says people often remember dreams when real-life events trigger the memory.

Luke suggests this could simply be a coincidence.

Susie once tried to shape her dreams by thinking about food before sleeping.

She also mentions a study on pre-school children and naps, but the findings were inconclusive.

Final task required them to explain and justify their results, and both faced different difficulties.

Assignment Plan

Research question: Link between sleep duration and number of dreams.

Participants: About 12 people.

Ethical checks: Must be completed before starting.

Experiment design: Ensure participants experience no stress.

Data analysis:

Calculate correlation (e.g., sleep time vs. number of dreams).

Present findings in a graph.

Evaluation: Reflect on and assess the research at the end.

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General Benefits of Dancing

Universal activity; natural response to music.

Mental health: dopamine ↑ → relaxation, happiness; reduces stress/anxiety.

Social: group dancing → happier than solo.

Studies: group dancers happier; uni students who danced → more creative.

Dr. Lovatt: dance may treat depression/mental health; recommends as therapy.

Benefits for Age Groups

Adolescents: encourages exercise (esp. teenage girls).

Older adults:

Suitable for all fitness levels.

Gentle dance → good for heart.

Improves balance → fewer falls/injuries.

Needs concentration → cognitive benefits.

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Junior Cycle Camp Details

Runs every weekday morning in summer.

For both boys and girls.

8 levels, starting from age 3.

Charlie (almost 6) → Level 2 but needs more training first.

Training Approach

Start in safe areas (no traffic).

Later progress to riding on the road.

Staff & Supervision

Different shirt colours:

Supervisors: stay with groups all day, support/fill in.

Instructors: blue shirts; assigned to each class.

Instructors must provide a reference from previous child-related work.

Class Size & Atmosphere

Max 10 children per class.

Quiet time + games to keep things relaxed/informal.

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Industry Focus

Jobs in agriculture & horticulture (fresh food production, garden/park maintenance).

Suitable for people wanting:

40-hour week.

Flexibility for childcare/other duties.

Outdoor work / non-screen jobs.

Job Environment

Rural areas → limited transport, but arrangements possible.

Outdoor work: fresh air + physical activity, but cold/windy weather.

Some physical fitness needed; modern equipment helps.

Health & safety much improved.

Roles often in remote areas → not ideal for those preferring city life.

Housing issues common but usually solved.

Current Job Highlight

Fresh Food Commercial Manager.

Large fresh-food producer → supplies major supermarkets.

Fast-paced; low profit margins.

Hard-working but sociable workplace culture.

Best for someone outgoing.

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Experiments & Observations

Rosie: tested if people can tell sugar vs. artificial sweetener drinks.

Adam: many people don’t know what they’re drinking, esp. organic drinks.

Food Labelling Issues

Many labels hide fat content → hard for consumers.

Manufacturers use confusing / misleading labels.

Obesity & Public Health

Restaurant Menus

Put low-calorie dishes at the start → encourages healthier choices.

Exercise Guidelines

Gov’t in England has official activity recommendations.

Actual activity levels are much lower.

Encouraging Activity

Environmental design: make stairs more visible (e.g., at stations) → increases walking.

Final Task

Adam & Rosie will prepare a presentation based on these findings.

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Historical Background

Knitting is ancient and found worldwide.

Traditionally linked with older people (esp. grandmothers).

Declined in industrial nations due to mass-produced clothing.

Now becoming popular again → more people joining classes.

Reasons for Renewed Interest

Economic:

Helpful in financial difficulties.

Saves money on warm clothing.

Needs only basic skills + low cost.

Well-being:

Break from technology/fast pace.

Craft activities reduce stress.

Gives relaxation + sense of achievement.

Archaeological Insights

Exact origins unknown.

Early knitting often produced round items.

Archaeological finds provide clues about ancient garment making.

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Granary Cottage

Tom wants 2 weeks in May.

Week starting May 14 = booked.

Available: May 7–13 (7 nights).

Price: £550/week (high season).

Tom’s budget: £500, so he asks for alternatives.

Cherry Cottage

Smaller converted building.

Available for £460 for that week.

Rural location, fields/farmland.

Easy parking, plenty of space.

Trees planted nearby.

Features & Facilities

1 double bedroom – fits up to 3 people.

Large living room with French doors.

2 deckchairs included.

Patio planned (no date yet).

Kitchen

Fridge-freezer.

Electric cooker.

Bathroom

Small bath.

Shower (popular with guests).

Living Room

TV + DVD player.

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Traffic & Highways

Survey last month → roads generally satisfactory.

Minor pothole complaints → will be fixed.

Major issue: heavy vehicles using local roads to avoid traffic.

Few complaints about reduced train services.

Cycle Path

Riverside path popular.

Surface improved last year.

Overtaking difficult → plan to widen.

Long-term idea: extend through town.

Pedestrian Crossing (Post Office)

Budgeted for this year.

Rumours of relocation paused plan.

Post Office staying.

Highways Dept advises against crossing (road bend) → delayed.

Station Road Level Crossing

Long waits when barriers down.

New signs: drivers shouldn’t leave engines running.

Recreation Ground Proposals

Ground recently extended.

Residents consulted on improvements.

Car Park

Current parking between Hall + trees = unsafe.

Proposal: new car park opposite Community Hall.

Cricket Pitch

New land bought east of ground (beyond trees).

Plan to move pitch from roadside to this safer area.

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Bike-sharing Purposes

Reduce car use

Lower noise pollution

Promote eco-friendly transport

App Importance

Needed for payments + bookings

Key for user convenience

Publicity

Must inform public

Encourages uptake

City Examples

Amsterdam: excellent planning & cycling infrastructure (Q28)

Dublin: limited public transport but scheme well-used (Q25/26)

London: issues due to low investment in cycle lanes (Q27)

Buenos Aires: bikes more expensive than taxis → low usage (Q29)

New York: scheme didn’t grow as fast as expected (Q30)

Sydney: main point = importance of app functionality + public awareness

Main Point (Sydney)

Success depends on a good app and strong public awareness.

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Basic Facts

Dodo = famous extinction case.

Lived only on Mauritius (Indian Ocean).

Large, flightless, ~1 metre tall.

Lived peacefully under forest canopy for centuries.

1507 – Portuguese Arrival

Used island as stop for food/water.

Did not settle.

1638– Dutch Colony

Dutch established settlement.

Dodo used as meat source (not everyone liked taste).

Appearance & Records

Descriptions uncertain: some writings + paintings.

Dutch painting: very fat bird.

Indian painting: thinner bird.

No complete preserved specimen.

Early 17th century: only 4 dried parts → 3 lost; 1 soft tissue remains.

Bones found but only one complete skeleton exists.

Scientific Research

New studies: dodos not slow/clumsy → actually fast + agile.

One sailor wrote they were hard to catch.

Wings used for balance on uneven ground.

Earlier skull-shape ideas were wrong.

Dodo had strong sense of smell → helped find fruit/food in dense forest.

Extinction Causes

Extinct <200 years after Europeans arrived.

Not just hunting → more complex.

Introduced species

Dogs = predators.

Monkeys ate same fruit as dodos.

Rats (accidental) = worst impact:
• Overran island
• Ate single-egg nests → stopped reproduction

Ecosystem disruption → rapid extinction.

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People

Peter: group secretary.

Jane: new resident, wants to join.

Locations / Sites

Beach: regular litter-picking.

Nature reserve / woods: habitat work, path maintenance, butterfly ID.

Parking area + woodshed: damaged wall being replaced.

Ruston Island: destination of next guided walk.

Dunsmore Beach car park: meeting point.

Guided Walk

When: a week on Saturday.

Time: low tide (sand dry enough to walk).

Upcoming event incl. lunch: £35.

Activities

Beach cleaning (a few hours monthly).

Path maintenance (keep routes safe).

Bird nesting boxes (recent).

Insect habitat creation (next project).

Butterfly identification (ongoing).

Wall replacement (storm damage).

Guided walks (regular).

Rules

Dogs banned on the beach; allowed on other trips.

Children welcome.

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Staff

Tour guide: Lou Miller

Other staff: Jess & Ray

Locations

Tasmanian coast

First small island near ancient lighthouse

Lighthouse sits on cliffs

Boat

Capacity: 18 (3 staff + 15 passengers)

Balance rule: max 9 people per side

Colours: dark red seats, light-green exterior (was jet black)

Lunch (free)

Box 1: ham + tomato sandwiches

Box 2: cheddar roll

Box 3: salad with eggs + tuna

All include crisps + chocolate bar

No bins → staff collect rubbish into plastic sack

Ancient Lighthouse

Built 1838

Purpose: protect sailors after shipwrecks

Location: isolated cliff top

Early workers: convicts → later families

Jobs: polish brass lamps, chop firewood, clean windows

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Tim – Placement Issues

Hard to arrange placement.

Farm far away; he doesn’t drive.

Wanted 1 month → got only 2 weeks.

Diana – Placement Issues

Stayed on the farm → no travel needed.

Hard to find suitable farm.

Noted farms often have no websites.

How They Found Farms

Tim: through a friend of his mother.

Tim’s Farm

Hill farm; focused on livestock → mainly Cheviot sheep.

Assisted with lambing (difficult birth).

Proud when lamb stood + fed quickly.

Watched vet set a lamb’s broken leg; procedure explained.

Cheviot: wool in high demand; very hard-wearing → used for carpets.

Diana’s Farm

In a valley.

Had sheep, mainly Suffolk (lowland breed).

Farmer said they had other breeds before.

Suffolk: bred for meat; big + solid.

Feed & Supplements

Diana: surprised at amount of supplements → even chickens get vitamins + electrolytes.

Tim: supplements are expensive; farmer says some overpriced/not necessary.

Used routinely, but some breeds need more.

Diana: her farmer agreed; expensive vs cheap supplements basically same.

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Background

Labyrinths >4,000 years old.

Found worldwide: Turkey, Ireland, Greece, India, etc.

Mazes = many paths + dead ends; labyrinths = one single path to center.

Scandinavian word for maze linked to dancing.

Seen as metaphors for life’s journey.

Used in meditation & prayer.

Historical Evidence

Spiral patterns in stone carvings (Scandinavia → Africa).

Ancient Greek coins had spiral designs.

Grass labyrinths in N. Europe possibly used for fertility rites.

Modern Uses

Walking labyrinths → promote healing & mindfulness.

Hospitals use them to help patients relax & reduce anxiety.

Universal appeal due to simplicity, symbolism, calming effect.

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People

Jane Fairbanks: coordinates village voluntary work.

Frank Pritchard: newly retired, new resident → wants to volunteer.

Library Volunteering

Books come from town library + local donations.

Frank can help collect books (he has a car; timing flexible).

Volunteers keep computerised records (borrowed / donated / returned).

Library uses the West Room in the village hall → left side on entry.

Lunch Club

Popular club for elderly; attendees from nearby villages.

Needs transport → Frank volunteers as a driver.

Hobby groups included; Frank interested in art groups.

Quiz Night

Oct 19, Village Hall.

Run by 2 residents known for unusual quizzes.

Hall usually full.

Frank: will provide refreshments for the break.

Dance Night

Nov 18, Village Hall.

1930s band (popular, returning).

Frank: checks tickets at the door.

New Year’s Eve Party

Dec 31, Mountfort Hotel (a few miles away).

Hotel provides dinner; band booked.

Poster still needed.

Frank: will design the poster (retired graphic designer).

Jane sends details → he sends draft.

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General Info

Nick = tour guide at Oniton Hall.

One of the largest estates; includes house, gardens, parkland, farm.

Dates back to 14th century.

Original house replaced late 17th century.

Later owners added/demolished rooms → incl. ballroom & conservatory.

Farm mostly unchanged; current owner improved flower beds.

History

Sir Edward Downes (17th c.): wealthy ex-politician.

Retired to pursue art & literature.

Built house to display books, paintings, sculptures.

Hosted creative guests (painters, poets).

Welcomed talented people regardless of wealth.

Big estates had dozens of servants until 1920s–30s.

Now volunteers act as 19th-century servants → show tasks, share recipes, explain tools.

Children’s Activities

Dress in historical children’s clothes.

Adventure playground (weather permitting).

Child-sized tractors.

Farm Tour

Dairy Building

Formerly: turning milk → cheese.

Now: lunch, afternoon tea, coffee, homemade cake.

Large Stone Barn

Agricultural tools (for ploughing, sowing seeds, making gates).

Small Stone Barn

Groomed donkeys.

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Note-taking & Assignment

Gemma: took notes but hard due to emotional involvement.

Ed: no notes during play → wrote impressions after.

No plot summary needed (well-known story).

Not an essay → don’t analyse poetry/imagery.

Focus on effectiveness of production.

Include emotional impact + key scenes:

Romeo climbing balcony

Mercutio vs Tybalt fight

Theatre-space comments interesting but may not fit 800 words.

Emporium Theatre – Production Review

Set: stunning, memorable, but not original.

Lighting: some scenes too dark; mood good in quiet moments.

Costumes: modern dress unexpected but effective.

Music: strong start; excellent musicians; weaker in Acts 2–3.

Acting: lines too fast; volume too low at key points.

Ed: volume not a problem.

Watching Multiple Versions

Shows play is still relevant.

Family conflict relatable; violence/extreme emotions less so.

Watching in Translation

Easier than expected to follow.

Focused on expressions more than words.

Ending very powerful, heightened emotion.

Shakespeare’s Global Appeal

Most-translated playwright worldwide.

Universal themes.

Deep characters → many interpretations.

Directors can experiment with new approaches.

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Topic

Impact of digital technology on languages → focus: Icelandic (~321,000 speakers).

Icelandic Language

Small speaker population not the main issue.

Vocabulary expanding → new Icelandic words created (e.g., vafri = browser).

Stable & adaptable.

English Influence (Digital World)

Young people online mostly in English.

Smartphones for reading, watching, gaming → boosts bilingualism but English influence very strong.

Older people less affected (stronger native skills).

Concerns for Young Speakers

English dominates playground talk.

Younger kids describe pictures more easily in English.

Risk: reduced fluency in Icelandic.

Challenges

Other EU languages get more tech-company support.

Small population → low commercial incentive.

Complex grammar → tech giants avoid it.

Government Response

Funding language-tech initiative.

Goal: Icelandic apps/platforms.

Progress slow + difficult.

Positive Aspects

Icelandic still official in schools/government.

Survived 1,000+ years.

Experts say future in Iceland is secure.

Issues

Language = cultural identity → risk of losing it.

Kids learning two languages via different routes may lack full fluency in either.

Could affect their expressive ability.

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Surfing as Family Holiday

Suitable for all ages/abilities.

Jack’s youngest started at age 3.

Fitness helps learning + endurance.

Surfing Locations (Ireland)

Donegal: great surf beaches.

Clare:

Lahinch = popular, family-friendly.

Good waves; lively town; excellent surf schools.

Accommodation: hotels/hostels/campsites.

Nearby: famous cliffs.

Mayo:

Carrowniskey Beach surf school.

Kids surf camp (10–16 yrs, 3h/day for a week).

Kayaking in nearby bay.

Weather

Rain common (esp. August).

Surfing possible even in rain.

Best: September (warmer water, less rain).

Summers mild: ~19°C, rarely above 25°C.

Costs & Equipment

Surfing = relatively cheap.

Equipment hire: ~€30/day or ~€40/week (discount).

Good wetsuits + boots needed for warmth & comfort.

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Childcare Service

For ages 4–11, before & after school.

Safe, insured, valued by working parents.

Capacity 70; usual numbers: 50–60 afternoons, 25–30 breakfast.

Grew a lot over 10 years (started with ~20 children).

Session Times & Costs

Afternoon: 3:30–6:00

Full session £7.20

1 hr £3.50

2 hrs £5.70

Breakfast: includes breakfast.

Holiday sessions: 8:00–6:00, varied programme.

Food & Allergies

Breakfast in morning.

After-school snack.

5 PM substantial meal (pasta, casserole).

Allergies must be reported → alternatives provided.

Holiday Programme

Open to children from other schools.

Over 11s not allowed (insurance).

Focus on fun, not like school.

After-School Activities

Daily: playground, computers, library.

Spanish (Thu, extra charge, age groups).

Music (Mon: singing & percussion; parents may help).

Painting (very popular).

Yoga (new).

Cooking (weekly; 8+ only due to cleanup).

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Placement

Holly chose Orion Stadium.

Helping run a sports competition for primary children.

Prefers outdoor events (fresh air).

Safety

Major priority.

Schools handle equipment; Holly checks:

Grounds + field boundaries.

Changing rooms (hazards).

Children not going missing.

Needs staff support for supervision.

Parents = unreliable helpers; may interfere (esp. filming).

Scheduling / Contingencies

Plan for bad weather.

Be ready for injuries + match draws.

Flexibility + fast decisions required.

Skill Development

Communication

Good phone + booking skills.

Must improve face-to-face persuasion (e.g., sponsorship).

Professional appearance

Organization

Adapt plans quickly.

Handle unexpected changes calmly.

Time Management

Good with deadlines.

Must stay calm under pressure.

Creativity

Clients set overall vision; Holly fills in details.

Leadership

Must make final decisions.

Balance team input with decisive action.

Networking

Not just experience—being interesting/useful helps.

Good impression → future job chances.

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General

Most birds migrate (short or long distances).

Arctic Tern travels 25,000+ miles.

Migration observed for centuries; winter destinations unknown until modern science.

Early Theories (Disproven)

Hibernation theory: birds hibernate underwater/in mud.

Transmutation (Aristotle): birds transform into other species seasonally.

Moon migration (Charles Morton): birds fly to the moon.

History

1822: stork found in Germany with Central African spear → first proof of long-distance migration to sub-Saharan Africa.

Called the “arrow stork”, displayed at Rostock University.

Scientific Advances

Bird ringing (Mortensen):

Tracks migration via recovery of ringed birds.

Produced migration atlas (1931).

Theory: larger birds carried smaller ones across oceans (based on seeing small birds harassing big ones).

Rooted in disbelief tiny birds could fly so far.

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Basic Cleaning Package

For 1-bedroom flat.

Takes ~2 hours.

Includes:

Cleaning/polishing surfaces

Floor cleaning (all rooms)

Deep clean: kitchen + bathroom

Weekly Add-ons

Fridge cleaning (yes).

Ironing shirts (yes).

Microwave cleaning (no).

Monthly Add-ons

Inside windows (yes).

Curtain cleaning (no).

Balcony pressure-wash (yes).

Maintenance Support

Can arrange plumbers (water issues).

Can arrange electricians (electrical faults).

Special Equipment

High-quality vacuum (removes 99% dust).

Good for allergies (client doesn’t need).

Cleaner Standards

Police-checked.

Provide references.

2 weeks’ training + test.

Client reviews used to monitor performance.

Cleaner Consistency

Clients usually get the same cleaner each visit.

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Staff Turnover – General Issues

High turnover common in hotels, esp. low-paid/low-skilled roles (cleaning).

Long hours often blamed, but lack of training is a major cause.

Problems from High Turnover

Recruitment takes a lot of time.

Managers cover shifts → less time for improvements.

Damages morale → more resignations.

Reducing Turnover

Fair shift scheduling:

No favouritism.

Staff get some choice.

Even share of evenings/weekends.

Fair treatment → better teamwork + flexibility.

Dunwich Hotel:

Invested in training + better conditions.

Fewer complaints; higher customer spending.

Successful loyalty scheme.

Hotel Case Studies

Sun Club: staff undervalued → now included in meetings, encouraged to share ideas.

The Portland: talent recognition; training for potential managers.

Bluewater: rewards 50 top staff with annual paid trips (fun + learning).

Pentlow Hotels: improved junior reception retention via management programme.

Green Planet: supports staff with childcare vouchers.

The Amesbury: Louise Marsh → excellent retention; family-like culture.

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Thomas – Background

Wanted to be a professional athlete.

Confident; known for speed at school.

Trained in Kenya with top teens → realised he wasn’t good enough.

Wake-up call → switched to sports science.

Enjoys the variety in the course.

Technology in Sport (Session Prep)

Need to cover several sports.

Jeanne: look at past technological changes, not only future tech.

Technological Changes by Sport

Table Tennis

Bats: wood → pimpled rubber (from horse harness material).

Cricket

Helmets introduced 1978; mocked at first → now essential.

Pads: little change.

Cycling

Helmets: not common for amateurs.

Early ones bulky; modern ones have air vents.

Golf

Old clubs = wood, broke easily.

Modern clubs = stronger, more powerful.

Hockey

Wooden sticks still used.

Players originally made their own.

Football

Old balls = animal skin + leather.

Absorbed water → heavy; caused neck injuries when heading.

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Maple Syrup – Basics

Natural sweetener from maple tree sap.

Looks like clear honey; no additives.

Used on waffles, ice cream, baking.

Healthier than refined sugar.

Maple Trees

Grow in moist soil, no fertiliser needed.

Need sun + cool nights.

Best in Canada & NE North America.

Canada makes 2/3 of world supply; maple leaf = national symbol.

Historical Production

Indigenous peoples collected sap in bark containers.

Boiled sap with sun-heated rocks → made maple sugar (easier to store).

Modern Production

1. Tree maturity

Needs ~25 cm diameter → up to 40 years.

2. Sap formation

Cold nights: tree absorbs water.

Warm days: water moves → forms sap.

3. Tapping

Drill small holes; tubes → buckets.

Multiple taps safe for tree.

4. Sap composition

98% water, 2% sugar/nutrients.

5. Boiling

Evaporators boil sap; water evaporates → thickens into syrup.

Produces lots of steam.

6. Filtering

Remove “sugar sand” to avoid cloudiness/grit.

7. Packaging

Bottled for use.

40 L sap → 1 L syrup.

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Personal Details

Name: Sadie Jones

Born 1991

Postcode: DW30 7YZ (Harborne)

Today’s Trip (24 April)

Travelled by bus to city centre.

Main purpose: dentist appointment (+ some shopping).

Started at Claxby Street bus stop.

Prefers bus → convenient; ~30 minutes.

Stopped Driving Because

Hard to find parking.

Parking too expensive.

Complaints About Bus Service

Bus was 10 minutes late this morning.

Evening buses: infrequent, long waits.

Car Usage

Rarely uses car; mainly supermarket trips.

Husband uses it weekends for golf club.

Bicycle

Doesn’t own one.

Not keen on cycling in city (pollution).

Wants one for commuting to work.

Problem: lives on 2nd floor, no storage → would need to leave bike in hall.

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ACE Voluntary Organization

Supports local people/services.

Age: 16 to 60+.

Key quality: reliability.

Need enough time (avoid stress).

Organisation values dedication.

Training

Plenty of face-to-face training.

Happens before, during, after work.

Often run by experienced volunteers.

Work Areas & Required Attributes

Fundraising

Simple money raising.

Needs creativity for new ideas.

Litter Collection

Outdoor activity.

Must walk long distances (sometimes uphill).

Playmates (3 vacancies)

Help children stay healthy.

Need nutrition knowledge + clear instructions.

Story Club

For disabled children (three performances yearly).

Acting experience helpful.

First Aid

May involve teaching others.

Need to absorb lots of information + remember steps.

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Talk & Career Prospects (Q21–24)

Chantal first had to move seats (tall guy in front).

Both found the talk very interesting, esp. about the job market.

Surprised by variety of careers they’d never considered (e.g., fashion journalism).

Chantal thought speaker’s tone was a bit harsh (“telling them how it really is”).

They agreed school should’ve invited more career speakers.

Hugo: choose an area now + get better at it.

Chantal: keep an open mind until end of course.

Speaker said they’d be unpaid assistants for a long time → Chantal disagrees.

Speaker’s First Job (Personal Dresser)

Got job by luck (didn’t apply).

Wanted experience, not money.

Musician told her she cared more about her appearance than his → she realised it was true.

Regret: didn’t hide her negative feelings about him.

Value of Retail Work

Speaker recommended everyone try retail.

Hugo’s benefits:

Spot gaps in the market (items customers want but shops don’t stock).

See if expensive clothes get returned because they fall apart in the wash.

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National Park – Background

Elephant population previously wiped out by poaching.

Restocked in 2003 → strong law enforcement → population boomed (no poaching since).

Became overpopulated → food competition + elephants breaking fences (expensive repairs).

Translocation to Nkhotakota

Destination: Nkhotakota Wildlife Park (had no elephants).

Distance: 300 km.

Moved in family groups (8–20) because relationships are vital.

Capture & Immobilisation

Helicopters used to gather groups.

Vets darted elephants quickly to reduce stress.

After falling: placed on their side to avoid suffocation (lungs can be crushed).

Breathing monitored; <6 breaths/min = emergency.

Care & Data Collection

Collars fitted to each group’s matriarch (tracking).

Took tusk measurements (large tusks = higher poaching risk).

Measured feet.

Success in Nkhotakota

Elephants settled well; project highly successful.

Boosted local employment + living standards.

Poaching ended; former poachers now earn steady incomes; many surrendered weapons.

20+ calves born since relocation.

Elephants helping restore the damaged ecosystem.

Tourism increased → contributes 5× more to GDP than illegal wildlife trade.

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Benefits of Working at Milo’s (Q1–3)

All staff (incl. casual) get training.

Staff get a discount at any Milo’s restaurant.

If a night shift ends after midnight, company pays for a taxi home.

Staff Requirements

Must work well in a team.

Provide a very high level of service.

Need an English certificate (good communication).

Job Details

Breakfast Supervisor

Location: Wivenhoe Street

Responsibilities: portion sizes; check cleaning procedures for equipment.

Pay: £9.75/hr → £11.25 after 3 months.

Shift: 5:30 am – 12:30 pm.

Junior Chef

Location: City Road

Responsibilities: support second chef; maintain weekly stock; arrange deliveries.

Pay: £23,000/year.

Shift: evenings + weekends; closed Mondays; 1 Sunday off every 4 weeks.

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Site Selection – Reasons

High housing demand for employees (new industrial centre; long commutes).

Excellent hospital 15 km away.

Large secondary school even closer.

Drawback: site on steep slope.

Positive Feedback

Design blends with natural landscape.

Rules to protect trees & wildlife.

Suitable for all ages to live together.

Facility Locations

School (under 11)

Up the road from South Entrance, on corner of second turn left.

Sports Centre

West of development, just below road branching off London Road.

Clinic

Immediately below the lake; to the right of one housing block.

Community Centre

Next to houses for residents 65+ in the North-East.

Supermarket

Between the two entrances; south of the three large trees near London Road.

Playground

In the curve where road from South Entrance bends left at the top; great lake view.

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1783 Laki Eruption – Key Impacts

Major volcanic event with wide political, social, and economic effects.

Contemporary Observations

Weather changes recorded thanks to early weather stations.

“Laki haze” caused headaches, breathing problems, asthma.

Benjamin Franklin identified the haze as coming from Iceland (French naturalist noted it earlier).

Country Impacts

Iceland

Livestock poisoned by fluorine-contaminated grass → massive animal losses.

Egypt

Nile failed to flood due to extreme drought → worst famine; highest death toll.

UK

Death rate doubled; unusually high mortality among under-25s.

USA

Extreme weather; ice reported on the Mississippi River for the first time.

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Pockets –

Men (18th century)

Pockets sewn into the lining of breeches, waistcoats, coats.

Exterior coat pockets later became decorative.

Professionals (e.g., doctors) had simpler, larger pockets for tools.

Women (18th–19th centuries)

Pockets were hidden and less accessible.

Worn as a pair of pockets tied at the waist under petticoats.

Used to carry valuables because theft risk was high.

Late 19th century

Dresses became more fitted → hidden pockets became too visible.

Led to small pouches, eventually evolving into the modern handbag.

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Personal Info

Surname: Green

Email: dan1068@market.com

Address: 52 Marrowfield Street, Peacetown (PE8 7BU)

Photography Experience

Camera: Old Canon

Interest: Landscape → mountain scenes

Experience: 3 years (mainly on holidays)

Reasons for Joining

Learn editing software

Meet new people

Payment

Will pay online

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Retained & Converted Buildings

Office Block → Apartments

Machine Shop → Art gallery (original features kept)

Warehouse → Restaurant (aimed at office workers)

Design Building → Tech hub for small businesses

New Buildings

Leisure Centre with indoor sports (incl. tennis)

Hotel for tourists visiting nearby attractions

Other Features

Underground car park to maintain site design

All trees kept + additional planting planned

New site name: “The Brickworks” (resident suggestion)

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Talk Review

Two students, Sarah and Jason, found the talk interesting.

Surprised: Tea was used for medicinal purposes in China for centuries.

Noted the popularity of tea.

Spread of Tea

Spread mainly through maritime trade.

Dutch first brought it to Europe.

Reached Britain via Portuguese imports.

Social & Political Impact

Taxation: High British taxes → smuggling increased.

Women: Tea improved women’s social status as it was a respectable drink for gatherings.

Industry: Tea reduced death rates; workers boiled water for tea instead of drinking beer → fewer germs.

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Post–World War II Farming

Farmers pushed to specialise (e.g., cereals, pigs).

Led to heavy pesticide/fertiliser use.

Higher yields but environmental damage.

Organic Farming

Early reluctance: fear of lower yields.

Requires major investment (training + new infrastructure).

Consumers’ Role

Shift toward flavour, not just lowest price → belief organic tastes better.

Confusion over labels like environmentally friendly / sustainable.

EU created a standard label to reduce confusion.

Waste-Reduction Foods

Industry using ingredients previously thrown away.

Example: bread made from coffee grounds.

Aim: reduce food waste through new product development.

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Location

Medical Centre, Fordham

Near train station, on Chastons Road (C-H-A-S-T-O-N-S)

Main Duties

Make & reschedule appointments (in person / phone)

Update centre database

Requirements

Previous experience (worked at sports centre)

Stay calm & confident with public

Good IT skills

Contract

Temporary until end of September

Working Hours

7:45 am – 1:15 pm

Perk

Staff car park available

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Building History

Built 1880 (home of Alfred Palmer, biscuit factory owner).

Became university residence in 1911.

Converted to museum 1951.

Modern extension added 2005.

Ownership & Use

Owned by the university.

Main house used for lectures.

Only 2 rooms are museum offices.

Old library has most original features.

Exhibits

New Barn

Left of main entrance.

Focus: modern farming, animal care, genetics.

Old Stable

Displays horse-drawn vehicles and farming tools.

Dairy

Next to stable.

Focus: history of milk production (19th century →).

Fountain

On lawn outside old house.

Surrounding flowerbeds kept as in 1951.

Farmhouse Kitchen

Ground floor of old house.

Set up as in 1900, with cooking utensils.

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Main Issue

Storage is too expensive → renewables less competitive than fossil fuels.

Electric Car Batteries

Lithium-ion costs dropped 90% since 2010.

Supply chain problems: lithium from salt flats; cobalt controlled by few producers.

Pumped Hydro

Most common global method.

Pumps water uphill → releases to generate power.

Limitation: needs two reservoirs at different heights.

Compressed Air (CAES)

Stores compressed air in caverns/mines.

Issue: compression produces heat → energy loss unless managed.

Alternative Battery Materials

Sodium: cheap, abundant; needs more R&D.

Nickel & Iron: used in industrial batteries; high maintenance is main drawback.

Flywheels

Store energy via fast-spinning wheels.

Used where outages are unacceptable (hospitals, data centres).

Issue: energy dissipates quickly due to air resistance.

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Location

On Guernsey, built on a steep slope overlooking the harbour.

Hugo’s Design Approach

Designed the interior himself to express personal values, not social status.

Interior by Floor

Ground Floor

Cave-like, dark, solemn.

Next Level – Lounges

Two grand lounges (one red, one blue).

Strong Chinese influence in wallpaper & lamps (some copied/made by Hugo).

Third Floor – Library/Hallway

Library doubled as hallway.

Comfortable place for reading and relaxing.

Top Floor – The Lookout

Bright, glass office with harbour views.

Hugo wrote here until lunchtime.

Hugo’s Values (Generosity)

Hosted famous writers.

Invited deprived local children for weekly dinners; served them himself.

Legacy

House donated to City of Paris in 1927 by his relatives.

Restored and now open as a museum.

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Park Info

Size: 170 acres (69 hectares).

Habitats: wetland (lakes, ponds, stream), grassland, woodland (oak + mixed species).

Educational Activities

Science: Plants, trees, insects; collect/analyse data.

Geography: Map reading + compass navigation.

History: How land use has changed over time.

Leisure/Tourism: Visitor needs, problems, management.

Music: Use natural materials to create sounds, rhythm, tempo.

Benefits of Outdoor Learning

Builds creativity, freedom, new skills → higher self-confidence.

Cost (Full Day)

£4.95 per child (if group > 30).

Invoice afterwards; no payment for absent/sick children.

Leaders & adults: free.

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Recent Trip to Malatte

Best part: boat trip down the river.

Theme park visit was cancelled.

25th Anniversary Plans

Malatte: building a footbridge in municipal park.

Stanthorpe: will plant a poplar tree in museum gardens (garden seat idea rejected).

Fundraising (most → least profit)

1. Pancake evening (record profits)

2. French cookery demonstration (almost as good)

3. Film show (limited by venue size)

Upcoming Visit Schedule

Friday

Coach arrives 5 pm.

Evening: home/garden barbecue (guests will be tired).

Saturday

Morning: walk around market day.

Evening: Meet at football club; Toby Sharp + band (English & Scottish country music).

Sunday – Farley House Locations

Q15 Farm Shop: In the old stables, first building reached; far left corner of courtyard.

Q16 Café: On the right when entering courtyard.

Q17 Disabled Entrance: On the far side of the house, away from steps; opposite the car park.

Q18 Adventure Playground: North end of the larger lake, on a bend in the path.

Q19 Kitchen Gardens: Rectangular, walled; north-east of the house near the smaller lake.

Q20 Temple of the Four Winds: Past west sides of stables + house; take right-hand fork, temple at end with woods on the left.

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Projects

Marie

Making a vegan egg alternative from chickpeas.

Colin – Reusing Waste Food

Used stale bread → made into paste.

Used 3-D printing to create biscuits.

Improved colour by adding fruit + vegetables.

Felt proud turning wasted bread into something enjoyable.

New Label Technology – Touch-Sensitive Sensors

Smooth when fresh → bumps when spoiled.

Designed to help visually impaired people.

Marie: useful for drug storage in hospitals/pharmacies.

Colin: could show weight (e.g., kilograms of meat).

Predicted Food Trends

Q25 – Local Products

Shops must be more proactive to meet rising demand for local foods.

Q26 – Packaging

Need to reduce unnecessary plastic; requires government action.

Q27 – Gluten/Lactose-Free

Marie: trend has existed for years—even for people without allergies.

Q28 – Celebrity Chef Products

Both: won’t buy again; spice mixes were tasteless.

Q29 – Ghost Kitchens

Delivery-only kitchens; many customers don’t realise food isn’t from the restaurant.

Q30 – Mushrooms

Increasing use for health treatments.

Colin warns: hard to know which types are safe.

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Discovery

1930s: Patrick Caulfield noticed stone rows in bog.

Realised they were ancient field walls (older than bog).

Museum ignored findings.

40 yrs later: Seamus Caulfield used iron probes to map site.

Carbon dating → over 5,000 years old.

Preservation

Bog preserved remains due to high acidity + low oxygen.

Region: 225 rainy days/year → bog formation.

Neolithic Life

Permanent settlements → larger rectangular houses.

Roof smoke hole → indoor cooking.

New technology: pottery for food storage.

Fields = paddocks for grazing animals.

No animal shelters found → grazing year-round.

Abandonment

Settlement ended abruptly.

Soil became unproductive (over-farming).

Climate turned wetter, bog spread.

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Coordinator

Gary Mathieson (M-A-T-H-I-E-S-O-N)

Location

Town college

Near city roundabout, bottom of New Street

Room T347

Time

Thursday 11:00 (changed from 10:30)

Initial Concern

Woman worried others were better

Coleman: everyone was equally hopeless at first

Lesson Structure

Start with tuning (Gary helps with tuning by ear)

Strumming: thumbs only (no plectrums)

Practice chords together

Gary sometimes claps to keep time

Learn at least one song (words + chords)

Last 10 minutes: finger picking (sometimes solo)

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Background / Motivation

Former website designer.

Moved to Northsea to pursue interest in boats.

Funding

Lifeboat Institution = charity, depends on donations.

Application Requirements

Health check: eyesight (had laser surgery), test for colour blindness.

Response Time

Reach station in 5 minutes.

Boat launched 6–8 minutes after that.

Helmsman Role

Final responsibility for decisions.

Checks all equipment.

Life jackets strong enough for 4 people.

Decides if conditions are safe to launch.

Duties

Talks to youth groups about dangers of sudden bad weather.

Volunteers needed for fundraising.

Training

Ongoing training for technical & safety skills.

Includes first aid, ropes, knot-tying.

One-week residential course with wave tank for extreme-weather practice.

Satisfaction

Motivating: saving lives + learning marine technology.

Colder months most rewarding (incidents more serious).

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General Points

Don realised recycling footwear involves far more than charity shops.

Sales ↑ hugely, but recycling ↓ (now 6%, down from 11%).

Low recycling rate because many shoes not good enough to re-sell → rejected.

Rejected Footwear & Reasons

High-heeled shoes → heels too stained with mud/grass.

Leather ankle boots → one shoe much lighter (sun-faded).

Red baby shoes → only one shoe found.

Trainers → sole so worn you could push a finger through.

Failed Project

Team tried making new shoes from good parts of old ones.

Failed because pairs weren’t identical.

Conclusion

Topic is more complex than expected.

Need to consider the bigger picture after shoes leave recycling centres.

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Physical Features

Size: 0.05–1 mm.

Nickname: “moss piglet”.

Body: short, barrel-shaped, 4 segments.

Legs: pairs with claws/suction discs.

No lungs; oxygen carried in fluid.

Mouth tube with stylets (pierce plant/animal cells).

Survival (Cryptobiosis)

Survive –200°C to 148°C+.

Drying → enter cryptobiosis (form a tun).

Metabolism drops to <1%.

Tuns revived after 30+ years.

Diet & Conservation Status

Feed on liquids (moss juice, seaweed fluid).

Not evaluated by IUCN; not endangered.

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Cousins’ Diet

Don’t eat meat; both like fish.

Fish Market

Location: far end of Kite Place → over bridge, on right.

Closing: 4:00 pm (go by 3:30).

Items: 12 prawns for curry; Leon suggests samphire.

Organic Shop “Rose”

Purpose: Buy vegetables, avoid plastic packaging.

Location: Left of entrance, ground floor of big grey ex-warehouse.

Other items: Spices, coconut, brown bread (home-made).

Dessert: Shannon prefers melon; Leon recommends strawberry tarts.

Supermarket Transport

Purple minibus, number 289.

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Workshops

Superheroes: For deaf children; sharing reading experiences.

Just do it: Practical session with an illustrator; includes role play for future actors.

Count on me: For 13–14 yrs; friendship themes in books vs. real life.

Speak up: Creative writing on mental health; describing loneliness.

Jump for joy: Focus on the word joy; children write a poem.

Sticks and stones: Musical workshop; steel drums; about Jamaican roots and a community festival.

Recommended Book – Alive and Kicking

Teenage diary of a Somali boy who moves to the UK.

About immigration, but very funny.

Has simple/funny black-and-white stick drawings.

Ends each entry with new English words he learns.

Advice for Parents

Make time to share books with the child.

Keep reading aloud even after they can read alone → builds vocabulary.

Let children listen to audio books.

Introduce new authors/genres (kids tend to repeat the same genre).

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Background / Initial Ideas

Children’s diets idea rejected → accessing medical records = confidentiality issue.

Animal experiment idea accepted:

Animals not harmed → just observe effects of different diets.

Need experiment outline for permission (straightforward).

Clare worried findings may not apply to humans → Jake: all experiments limited.

Decision: use experimental mice.

Final Focus

Test if mice can control their diet when offered extra sugar they don’t need.

Procedure

Mice: 12 young mice.

Groups: 2 groups (6 each); mark using food colouring.

Group A: control (regular dry pellets).

Group B: same + extra sugar (e.g., cereal).

Measurement:

Weigh mice weekly.

Use electronic balance + weighing chamber (plastic box with holes).

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Sources

Synthetic clothing → microfibres released in washing.

Plastic waste → breaks into tiny particles.

Factory waste.

Tyre wear on roads.

Rain deposition → carried in air, falls onto soil.

Fertilisers used by farmers & gardeners.

Impacts on Animals / Humans

Damage mouths of small creatures.

Block digestive system → reduces feeding ability.

Humans ingest via bottled water, tap water, salt, seafood.

No conclusive evidence of serious harm to people yet.

Anglia Ruskin University Study

Earthworms crucial for soil fertility → mix nutrients.

Experiment: Soil + 3 types microplastics (incl. PLA & HDPE) + rye grass + earthworms.

Results

Earthworms lost weight quickly.

Lower rye grass germination.

Soil became less fertile due to worms unable to perform role.

Soil acidity increased, esp. from HDPE.

Conclusion

Microplastics impoverish soil, harming ecosystems + society.

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Induction – New Employee (Charlotte)

Supervisor

Kaeden (K-A-E-D-E-N)

Initial Admin / Locations

Show appointment letter; collect badge at front desk.

Put coat + rucksack → locker in staffroom (1st floor).

Go to HR (3rd floor) → see Tiffany.

Bring passport/ID → HR notes number.

Tiffany issues uniform.

Meeting Point

Meet Kaeden in bakery section.

Tasks

Bakery

Check sell-by dates (bread/cakes).

If today’s date → add yellow price label.

Sushi Counter

Assist staff (not preparing sushi).

Bring plastic boxes from storeroom (run out fast).

Clean prep area incl. sink.

Safety: Do not wash knives → ask staff to put in dishwasher.

Meat & Fish Counters

Clean serving area; wipe weighing scales.

Get ice from cold-room when melted.

Safety: Wear thermal gloves when removing items (avoid frostbite).

No need to wear a hat.

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Running Advice – Liz Fuller

Online Training Programs

Not suitable for runners with heart issues or asthma.

Designed for average fitness levels.

Limitation: no one to answer specific questions.

Tips for Beginners

Run at comfortable speed, but time yourself and improve gradually.

Music helps rhythm & distraction.

Better than running with a friend (people get competitive).

Train twice a week to start.

Members’ Experiences

Ceri (40) – Worried about being slow/left behind, but felt welcome quickly.

James – Used to hate running, changed after a friend encouraged him.

Leo – Busy schedule; running reduces work stress, feels more relaxed.

Mark – Not sporty; after retirement, comforted seeing others his age starting.

Motivation & Goals

Her first marathon – spectators’ support helped.

Signing up for a race boosts motivation & achievement.

Allow at least 2 months before doing a 5K.

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Packing & Storing Books – Advice from Kieran

Packing Advice (from Grandfather)

Support the spine when packing → prevents paper separating from cover.

Pack books flat, not on their side → avoids bending.

Book Deterioration

Acid in paper causes yellowing.

Paperbacks are short-lived; Jane hates students breaking spines.

Jane agrees: a colourful book is eye-catching on a table.

Handling & Display

To remove from shelf: hand over the top of the book.

If not possible → move other books aside first.

Jane still regrets dropping a heavy book as a child — it broke apart.

Grandfather’s Bookshop Features

Rare/first editions displayed high; require a ladder (anti-theft).

Ground-floor area with cushions for parents reading to toddlers.

Leaves unwanted books by the front door for customers to take.

College coursebooks moved downstairs → now part of the coffee shop.

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General Risk

Wrong tree–place combination can cause serious harm.

Choosing Species

Use a mix of species → reflects natural forest.

Avoid non-native species → may become invasive.

Seeds must have high genetic diversity → disease + climate resilience.

Reforestation Goals

Maximise carbon capture.

Support wildlife conservation.

Improve local food availability.

Maintain soil stability.

Choosing Location

Best: degraded former forest areas.

Avoid natural grasslands, savannas, wetlands (already capture carbon).

Avoid areas used for agriculture.

Case Study – Lampang, Thailand

Former mining site.

Reforested with 14 native species.

Included fig trees (keystone species) → attract animals/birds → speed up recovery.

Community Example – Madagascar

Mangrove restoration succeeded because local people hired to plant & care for trees → improved local economy.