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1773: Boston Tea Party

-britain taxed tea, the favorite drink in the colonies —> colonists felt treated badly

-some Boston colonists sneaked on a British boat which had arrived with tea and threw all of it into bostons Harbour

1775: war broke out

-in order to increase control the British government passed new laws in the colonies

-colonists didn’t accept them

-refused to pay taxes if they weren’t represented in the parliament

-as a result many upheavals

-British troops were sent and a war broke out

1776, July 4th: declaration of freedom

-colonists declared their freedom

-declaration of freedom signed by the ‘founding fathers‘

1783: brithish soldiers surrendered

-Britain send soldiers to colonies to stop further upheavals

-colonist caught bravely and succeeded

1789: United States of America

-after winning the revolutionary war all 13 former British colonies became the USA

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-celebrated on the fourth Thursday in November each year
-in most households celebrated by getting together as a family and having a big feast
-one of the most important holidays in the us

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-in 1620 102 Pilgrims arrived in Plymouth, Massachusetts
-sailed from England to the US in a small boat, the “Mayflower“
-came to the US in hopes of being able to practice their form of Christianity better

-as they arrived they weren’t prepared for surviving
-no shops or stores led them to having a rough first winter
-in order to survive they asked the native Americans for help
-the native Americans  thought them how to plant food and survive

-in order to thank them the Pilgrims organized a big fest for the native Americans in the fall of 1621

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-approved on July 4, 1776
-congress was made up by representatives of each colonie
-the text was mostly written by Thomas Jefferson
-text includes reasons of why the colonies should split from Britain but also ideas for political principles for the new republics

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Political ideas in the Declaration of Independence: 

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Political ideas in the Declaration of Independence: 

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-all men are created equal
-all men are born with certain unalienable rights
-right to live, liberty and pursuit of happiness

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-slaves did not have the rights which were set in the Declaration of Independence
-still especially citizens in the south didn’t want slavery to end as they were afraid their main source of income, plantation farming, would be destroyed

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The importation of slaves to the American continent started in 1619 and continued in growing numbers till 1808 when it was stopped by the American Congress. Especially on plantations in the sotuth slaves were needed workers, still in the 1850 northern states started to question slavery and wanted to end it. These different opinions on slavery were part of the reason why the civil war broke out in 1861. in 1865 slavery was finally ended and former slaves became American citizens.

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This cartoon criticizes the Americans way of handeling todays migration problems by building a wall by showing how roles could also have been reversed in the past.

It could also be seen as a reminder that the US is a nation which originally was made up by imigrants for most part and that till this day they are not the true natives of the land and thus should be open minded to new migrants.

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Reasons why colonists wanted independence:

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Reasons why colonists wanted independence:

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The colonists didn’t understand why they weren’t independent. They felt no connection to the UK, felt used by the government as they had to pay taxes and ship materials to them and additionally weren’t even represented in their Parlament.

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-Puritanism was a Christian movement in the middle of the 16th century
-in the 17th century many puritans emigrated from England to the US because of political persecution
-Puritanism, with its Christian values and strict behaviors, has shaped the US to this day

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First Puritan settlers related fate to old testament

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First Puritan settlers related fate to old testament

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The Puritan settlers often saw themselves as chosen people, related by blood to the Israelites in the Old Testament. They believed they were on a divine mission, fleeing religious persecution in Europe to establish a new, pure society in the wilderness of America. They saw parallels between their journey and the Exodus story, with God leading them to a promised land, free from oppression. Just as God promised to deliver the Israelites from Egypt, the Puritans believed they were delivered from spiritual bondage. They saw themselves as a new chosen people, establishing a covenant with God in a new land.

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The concept of “God‘s chosen people“ in America

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The concept of “God‘s chosen people“ in America

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The concept of "God's chosen people" from Deuteronomy 7 has influenced Americans' view of themselves, often aligning with notions of divine favor and destiny. This idea has historically been used to justify expansion and exceptionalism, but it also sparks debate over its potential for exclusivity and discrimination. In essence, it's a complex belief system that shapes American identity and actions, with both positive and negative consequences.

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Reasons why Washington was called “the American Joshua“

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Reasons why Washington was called “the American Joshua“

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George Washington was dubbed "the American Joshua" because, like the biblical figure, he led his people to a promised land of independence and prosperity. Just as Joshua led the Israelites into Canaan, Washington guided the United States through war to nationhood, symbolizing divine providence and destiny in America's founding narrative.

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Comparison between Washington and Joshua

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Comparison between Washington and Joshua

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George Washington and Joshua were both revered leaders who guided their people to victory and nationhood. Known for their exceptional leadership and military prowess, they symbolize divine favor and national identity in their respective histories.

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Rules and laws to disadvantage African Americans (19th century)

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Rules and laws to disadvantage African Americans (19th century)

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Following the Civil War, the Southern states enacted a series of laws known as "Jim Crow" laws, aimed at enforcing racial segregation and perpetuating white supremacy. These laws systematically disadvantaged African Americans politically, socially, and economically, leading to their widespread marginalization.

-Politically, African Americans faced numerous obstacles to voting, including poll taxes, literacy tests, and grandfather clauses, which effectively disenfranchised them. Additionally, violence and intimidation tactics, such as the Ku Klux Klan, were used to suppress black voting rights.

-Socially, segregation laws mandated separate facilities for blacks and whites, including schools, public transportation, restaurants, and restrooms. This "separate but equal" doctrine, upheld by the Supreme Court in the Plessy v. Ferguson case of 1896, perpetuated racial discrimination and segregation in all aspects of life. However, the reality was that facilities for African Americans were often inferior, underfunded, and neglected compared to those for whites.

-Economically, African Americans faced discrimination in employment, housing, and access to public services. They were relegated to low-paying jobs with little opportunity for advancement, and faced barriers to purchasing property and securing loans. Discriminatory practices such as redlining, which denied mortgage loans to black individuals based on their race, further perpetuated economic inequality.

Overall, the Jim Crow laws systematically marginalized African Americans, denying them basic rights and opportunities and perpetuating a system of racial oppression and inequality that persisted for decades.

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a) Lyndon B. Johnson's reason for delivering this speech is the dignity of man and the destiny of democracy.

b) President Johnson's examples of turning points in history refer to the unending search for freedom.

c) Americans can rely on American democracy because of the government of the greatest nation on earth.

d) The U.S. government's mission is to right wrong, to do justice, to serve man.

e) The Founding Fathers' purpose in founding the U.S. was "All men are created equal" - "government by consent of the governed" - "give me liberty or give me death."

f) The dignity of man is based on his right to be treated as a man equal in opportunity to all others.

g) Denying people the right to register and vote means not only to do injustice, it is to deny America and to dishonor the dead who gave their lives for American freedom.

h) The most basic democratic right is the right to choose your own leaders.

i) Many men and women are still not allowed to vote because of their race.

j) Politicians have sworn an oath before God to support and to defend that Constitution.

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Sullivan‘s definition and importance to American history 

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Sullivan‘s definition and importance to American history 

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Sullivan thinks that its the Americans mission given by god to expand westwards. He thinks it is inevitable and their god given right to do so.

-manifest destiny led to many important events in American history, eg. Indian removal act, westward movement
-shaped America to the way it is today

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“Manifest Destiny is an intangible ideology that createdAmerican history”

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“Manifest Destiny is an intangible ideology that createdAmerican history”

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-manifest destiny isn’t tangible like eg. a historical event
-still has big influence on the US, eg. on its borders or constitution

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-depictures the westward movement/ frontier idea—> civilization, then farmers and at last cowboys and hunters

-land on the east to the Appalachia with light sky, on the west dark sky —> makes it seem like with civilization light is coming, light might also stand for the presence of god

-shows the extermination of bison by colonialists—> ignoring the fact that bisons are the livelihood of the native Americans,  makes it seem like their right to do so

-Columbia is supporting the westward movement and with her the light is coming

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"The New Colossus" by Emma Lazarus portrays the Statue of Liberty as a symbol of hope and refuge for immigrants. The poem emphasizes America's identity as a land of opportunity, welcoming those who seek freedom and a better life.

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relation to the symbolism the Statue of Liberty had for immigrants

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relation to the symbolism the Statue of Liberty had for immigrants

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"The New Colossus" reflects the Statue of Liberty's importance as a symbol of hope for immigrants. The poem's plea to "Give me your tired, your poor" mirrors the statue's message of welcome and sanctuary, portraying America as a place of opportunity for those in search of freedom and a brighter future.

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-people were extremely poor

-had to suffer of hunger and couldn’t support his family
-had  to do eemingly useless work and still didn’t have enough to live from

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In America Europeans  were guaranteed land to farm on. There was much more space than in Europe and they were promised that feeding and taking care of their families would eventually become easier.

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-the new American is not defined by his ethnicity as American themselves thought America was a new nation melted together by many other nations
-the new American was expected to differ himself from who he was in Europe
-he should think and act different as now he was independent and free

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-located on Liberty Island in New York Habour, New York
-Gift to the US from France and dedicated in 1886
-built by Gustav Eiffel

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-statue is a figure of Libertas, the Roman goddess of liberty
-holds a tabula ansata inscribed with the date July 4, 1776, the date of US Declaration of Independence
-French historian proposed the idea for the statue in order to celebrate the American democracy and liberation of the nations slaves

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The Oxford English Dictionary defines the American dream as
„the ideal that every citizen of the United States should have an equal opportunity to achieve success and prosperity through hard work, determination, and initiative.”

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-phrase was popularized by James Adam’s during the Great Depression in 1931
-meaning changes over time
-originally had his focus on democracy, liberty and equality
-nowadays the focus is rather on material goals and wealth

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-today the 4th of July is celebrated each year in the US
-it is typically associated with fireworks, parades, family reunions, barbecues, political speeches and ceremonies

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-Today there are fifty states in the United States of America
-When the Civil War began there were only thirty-four states
-When the nation divided over political issues nineteen states remained in the Union and eleven states left

-Those eleven states joined the Confederate States of America. -Four states were called Border States
-The Border States were slave states located between the North and South that stayed in the Union
-Three states joined the Union during the war

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Republican philosophy leans towards individual freedoms, rights and responsibilities.

Presidents eg. Donalt Trump

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Democrats attach greater importance to equality and social/community responsibility.

Presidents eg. Barack Obama or current president Joe Biden

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Slaves in the US did not have the rights of citizens until 1865. they were owned by American citizens and were often living under inhumane living and working conditions. This picture criticizes and questions how Americans were treating their slaves. It questions why blacks are not treated equally to citizens eventhought the American constitution says that every man is equal.

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"that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement. [...] It is not a dream of motor cars and high wages merely, but a dream of social order in which each man and each woman shall be able to attain to the fullest stature of which they are innately capable, and be recognized by others for what they are, regardless of the fortuitous circumstances of birth or position"

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-movement which has its roots in the United States
-speaks up about unequal treatment of poc‘s and racism

-founded in 2013 by three Women of color after a guard was discharged after killing a black teenager
-got known internationally through many protests after the death of to black men who were both killed by police men