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Memory can be divided into different categories. The categories are Long-Term Memory, Short Term Memory, and Sensory Memory.

Long Term Memory

Long term Memory is divided up into Declarative Memory and Non-Declarative Memory.

Declarative

Is the type of memory that assists in remembering names, facts, music, objects and is processed by the Hippocampus and Cerebrum and is further divided into Episodic Memory and Semantic Memory (Sousa, 2022).

Episodic memory: Refers to the memory of events in ones life and assist with remembering time and place (Sousa, 2022).

Semantic Memory: Refers to the understanding of knowledge of facts and data that are not linked to any event (Sousa, 2022).

Non Declarative

Deals with non associative learning and incorporated motor based skills (Sousa, 2022).

Procedural Memory: Refers to the remembering of how to do a task (Sousa, 2022).

Perceptual Representation System: Refers to the form and structure of words that is prompted by prior experience (Sousa, 2022).

Short term Memory

Can be divided into two categories of Immediate Memory and Working Memory (Sousa, 2022).

Immediate Memory: Refers to how the brain process large amount of sensory data (Sousa, 2022).

Working Memory: How we process, remember, and use information on daily basis (Sousa, 2022).

Sensory memory

Refers to the short term memory of the 5 senses to process information (Perera, 2023). The five senses are:

iconic (visual)

echoic (auditory)

haptic (touch)

olfactory (smell)

gustatory (taste)

(Perera, 2023)

Classroom: helps students build the framework needed to make connections and make sense of past and present.

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Retention refers to the long term storage and how it can be used to retrieve, locate, and identify in the future. Retention goes further into categories that are:

Rehearsal: refers to the reprocessing of information to store into long term memory storage (Sousa, 2022).

Rote rehearsal: Refers to the information remember the same way it was learned (Sousa, 2022).

Elaborative rehearsal: Refers to the process of associating new learnings with prior learnings (Sousa, 2022).

Classroom: Helps with the overall process of remembering information and using in the future. Rehearsal helps us process the information, Rote Rehearsal helps us learn songs, tunes, and poems, and Elaborative Rehearsal helps us interpret information.

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Trauma can negatively impact learning in the classroom. Researchers have shown that trauma can cause:

Reduced Activity in the Hippocampus

High Levels of Cortisol

Low Volume Development of Prefrontal Cortex

(Bremmer, 2006).

In the classroom it can affect:

Poor Attendance

Student will have difficulty concentrating

Low test scores

Defiance

Learning issues

(Mental health America, 2024)

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There are many ways to improve Memory in the classroom. Some of the ways to improve memory even with students who had trauma is to use mindfulness practices. These practices include:

-Meditation

-Breathing Exercises

-Yoga

-Music Therapy

-Spending Time outside

(American Psychological Association, 2019)

Benefits: Doing mindful practices even for just twenty minutes a day can help the Cerebral Brain Cortex that supports mental functions such as learning, concentration, and memory (Bart Mendel and Mindworks Team, 2023).

Classroom: This benefits teachers by assisting with overall retention of materials taught, improved scores on tests, and increased mental functions with learning.

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Sousa, David A, How the Brain Learns. SAGE Publications 2022

American Psychological Association. (2019, October 30). Mindfulness meditation: A research-proven way to reduce stress. American Psychological Association. https://www.apa.org/topics/mindfulness/meditation

Bart Mendel and Mindworks Team. (2023, October 25). Does meditation improve memory?. Mindworks. https://mindworks.org/blog/does-meditation-improve-memory/

Perera, A. (2023, September 7). Sensory memory in psychology: Definition & examples. Simply Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/sensory-memory.html

Bremner, J. D. (2006). Traumatic stress: Effects on the brain. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3181836/

Mental Health America. (2024).How trauma impacts school performance. https://mhanational.org/how-trauma-impacts-school-performance