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Did the Little Rock Nine received any awards  ? 

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Did the Little Rock Nine received any awards  ? 

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The little Rock nine had received many awards

They have received the Congressional Gold Medal

Many of their awards came from the NAACP

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Did the Little Rock Nine received any awards  ?

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How many kids graduated from the little rock nine 

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How many kids graduated from the little rock nine 

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Nine black students went to Little rock and 3 of them graduated.

The other 6 went and graduated somewhere else.

There are others that left and drop out of Little Rock.

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Gloria is in Sweden and with her husband doing great things.

She is sharing her experience and her story to kids in schools all over Sweden.

Gloria standpoint on the future is that the world isn't progressing.

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Is Central Little rock High still a operating school?

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Is Central Little rock High still a operating school?

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Central Little Rock High is still a operating school but its not open to the open public.

People that want to visit they would have to schedule a ranger led program.

For the people that don’t make an appointment they would only be able to walk up the steps.

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With all the challenges those 9 students had to go through, how did they get to school?

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With all the challenges those 9 students had to go through, how did they get to school?

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There was many obstacles that those nine students had to go through just to get an education.

When going to school they had to be escorted by soldiers because there was so much people in the school and out outside that wanted to see their demise .

They also had to go through the National guard just to enter the building.

Governor Faubus was also opposed to the nine students going to Little rock.

He also was those 9 students biggest obstacle to face.

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What was the experience of the nine black students who attended Central High Little Rock?

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What was the experience of the nine black students who attended Central High Little Rock?

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Central high little rock was located in Arkansas. Little rock was a all white school.

When the nine black students started to attend Central High little rock most of the students and teachers made it their mission to make those 9 black students life a living hell while attending Central high little rock.

They had to deal with angry crowds shouting slures, violent, angry mobs and physical attacks by their white classmates.

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The little rock nine began when segregation was ruled unconstitutional.

The president of the NAACP recruited 9 black students to enroll in the all white Central High School.

Daisy Bates & others from the NAACP gave counseling sessions to the students to make sure they were determined to face the resistance they would encounter on their first day/school year.

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President Dwight Eisenhower signed a bill named the Executive Order 10730 which protected the little rock nine

Eisenhower had sent 1,000 U.S. army paratroopers from the 101st airborne division to protect them and keep the city in order at the time

President Eisenhower had strong beliefs and mindset for little rock nine. he pushed for protection and supported them and wanted peace and equality among the nine and the white families

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local state and federal government actions during or after ?

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local state and federal government actions during or after ?

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During little rock nine governor Faubus ordered the national guard to protect and keep the nine African American students from the school.

The little rock school board tried to integrate African American to schools and the state government did not allow it

President Eisenhower sent troops to create peace and also to integrate African Americans into black schools with peace

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Nine African American students attempted to integrate Little Rock Central High School in 1957 in defiance of racial segregation rules, which sparked a wave of violence at the school.

Anger-filled white segregationist crowds and the National Guard's presence outside the school sparked unrest that resulted in altercations and physical violence directed at African American student and anyone advocating for their integration.

After several days of violence and mayhem, President Eisenhower finally stepped in and federalized the Arkansas National Guard sending federal forces to escort the children securely into the school.

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what was  the impact of little rock nine ? 

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what was  the impact of little rock nine ? 

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They demonstrated that desegregation could be accomplished peacefully with sufficient government backing.

they brought the conflict between federal and state power as well as racism and civil rights issues in the US to the attention of a global audience.

The Little Rock Nine were significant because they personified the struggle for equality waged by the Civil Rights Movement. It was previously impossible for many Black students to enroll in good schools but because to their activities it is now attainable.

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did the little rock nine students ever graduate ?

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did the little rock nine students ever graduate ?

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Not every one of the Little Rock 9 graduated from Central High. Walls, Eckford, Thomas, and Ernest all received their diplomas from Central High.

Minnijean Brown being expelled from Central for bad behavior in 1958.

Thelma Mothershed finished her studies at Central High School by enrolling in correspondence classes.

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https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/little-rock-nine

https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/central-high-school-integration

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Little-Rock-Nine

https://study.com/academy/lesson/the-little-rock-nine-facts-history.html#:~:text=The%20Little%20Rock%20Nine%20was,something%20that%20was%20previously%20impossible.

https://www.nps.gov/people/the-little-rock-nine.htm

https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/little-rock-nine-723/

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~The little Rock nine was a group of 9 black students who enrolled in an all-white Central High school.

~They fought for their right to not have to be in a separated school which drew national attention.

~ The students had to have guards walking them class to class around the school for their safety once they got into the school.

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~ The students, ages 15-17, were Terrence Roberts, Elizabeth Eckford, Ernest Green, Thelma Mothershed, Minnijean Brown, Jefferson Thomas, Carlotta Walls, Gloria Ray and Melba Pattillo.

~ They were dubbed the “Little Rock Nine” by journalists, who covered the crisis that began when a white mob shouted racial slurs, threats and obscenities at the students as they walked to school.

~ Most of the nine eventually transferred to other high schools, with only three staying at Central High School until graduation. One earned her diploma through correspondence courses at Central.

~ Each of them went on to successful lives and careers, with most earning college and advanced degrees. All but Thomas, who died in 2010, are still alive.

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~ President Dwight D. Eisenhower became the first president since Reconstruction to use federal troops to enforce civil rights.

~ Eisenhower federalized the Arkansas National Guard Sept. 24, 1957, and sent 1,200 soldiers from the 101st Airborne Division to Little Rock to begin escorting the students into the school.

~ In a televised address from the White House, the president said, “Mob rule cannot be allowed to override the decisions of our courts.

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~ Ernest Gideon Green made history as the only senior of the Little Rock Nine.

~ He became the first African American to graduate from Little Rock Central High School.

~ An active member of the community from an early age, Green regularly attended church and was involved in the Boy Scouts, eventually becoming an Eagle Scout.

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~ A group of white girls followed Minnijean Brown through the hallways of Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, stepping on her heels until they bled, spitting at her, telling her she stinks, saying she was ugly and calling her the N-word.

~ After nearly a week of this racist bullying, it finally went too far. As Brown was about to enter her homeroom, one of the girls threw a purse full of combination locks and struck her in the head. Responding to this painful assault, Brown threw down the purse and said, “Leave me alone, white trash.”

~ Overall, the students were treated as less than human beings every day and did their best to endure it and finish school.

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~ Elizabeth Eckford, one of nine Black students, attempted to enter Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. Unlike the other eight, she had never received the message to stay away from the school.

~ The 15-year-old student was spat on, yelled at, threatened, and yet she kept her cool and never reacted to the racial inequality she went through.

~ She told her story in her memoir, “The Worst First Day: Bullied While Desegregating Little Rock Central High.” She said she believed that racial reconciliation was possible “if we have honestly acknowledged our painful but shared past.”

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~ Little Rock Nine | National Women's History Museum

(womenshistory.org)

~ 9 Things You May Not Know About the Little Rock Nine · National Parks Conservation Association (npca.org)

~ May 27, 1958: Ernest Green Graduates from Little Rock - Zinn Education Project (zinnedproject.org)

~ 1957: Elizabeth Eckford of the Little Rock Nine tried to enter school - Mississippi Today

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Desegregation of Schools

In its Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka decision, issued May 17, 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that segregation of America's public schools was unconstitutional.

Until the court's decision, many states across the nation had mandatory segregation laws, or Jim Crow laws, requiring African American and white children to attend separate schools. Resistance to the ruling was so widespread that the court issued a second decision in 1955, known as Brown II, ordering school districts to integrate "with all deliberate speed."

Little Rock Central High School

In response to the Brown decisions and pressure from the local chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP), the Little Rock, Arkansas, school board adopted a plan for gradual integration of its schools.

The first institutions to integrate would be the high schools, beginning in September 1957. Among these was Little Rock Central High School, which opened in 1927 and was originally called Little Rock Senior High School.

Two pro-segregation groups formed to oppose the plan: The Capital Citizens Council and the Mother's League of Central High School.

Who Were the Little Rock Nine?

Despite the virulent opposition, nine students registered to be the first African Americans to attend Central High School. Minnijean Brown, Elizabeth Eckford, Ernest Green, Thelma Mothershed, Melba Patillo, Gloria Ray, Terrence Roberts, Jefferson Thomas and Carlotta Walls had been recruited by Daisy Gaston Bates, president of the Arkansas NAACP and co-publisher of the Arkansas State Press, an influential African American newspaper.

Daisy Bates and others from the Arkansas NAACP carefully vetted the group of students and determined they all possessed the strength and determination to face the resistance they would encounter. In the weeks prior to the start of the new school year, the students participated in intensive counseling sessions guiding them on what to expect once classes began and how to respond to anticipated hostile situations.

The group soon became famous as the Little Rock Nine.

Orval Faubus

On September 2, 1957, Governor Orval Faubus announced that he would call in the Arkansas National Guard to prevent the African American students' entry to Central High, claiming this action was for the students' own protection. In a televised address, Faubus insisted that violence and bloodshed might break out if Black students were allowed to enter the school.

The Mother's League held a sunrise service at the school on September 3 as a protest against integration. But that afternoon, federal judge Ronald Davies issued a ruling that desegregation would continue as planned the next day.

Elizabeth Eckford

The Little Rock Nine arrived for the first day of school at Central High on September 4, 1957. Eight arrived together, driven by Bates.

Elizabeth Eckford's family, however, did not have a telephone, and Bates could not reach her to let her know of the carpool plans. Therefore, Eckford arrived alone.

The Arkansas National Guard, under orders of Governor Faubus, prevented any of the Little Rock Nine from entering the doors of Central High. One of the most enduring images from this day is a photograph of Eckford, alone with a notebook in her hand, stoically approaching the school as a crowd of hostile and screaming white students and adults surround her.

Eckford later recalled that one of the women spat on her. The image was printed and broadcast widely in the United States and abroad, bringing the Little Rock controversy to national and international attention.

Ronald Davies

In the following weeks, federal judge Ronald Davies began legal proceedings against Governor Faubus, and President Dwight D. Eisenhower attempted to persuade Faubus to remove the National Guard and let the Little Rock Nine enter the school.

Judge Davies ordered the Guard removed on September 20, and the Little Rock Police Department took over to maintain order. The police escorted the nine African American students into the school on September 23, through an angry mob of some 1,000 white protesters gathered outside. Amidst ensuing rioting, the police removed the nine students.

The following day, President Eisenhower sent in 1,200 members of the U.S. Army's 101st Airborne Division from Fort Campbell, Kentucky, and placed them in charge of the 10,000 National Guardsmen on duty. Escorted by the troops, the Little Rock Nine attended their first full day of classes on September 25.

Numerous legal challenges to integration continued throughout the year, and Faubus repeatedly expressed his wish that the Little Rock Nine be removed from Central High.

Although several of the Black students had positive experiences on their first day of school, according to a September 25, 1957, report in The New York Times, they experienced routine harassment and even violence throughout the rest of the year.

Melba Patillo, for instance, was kicked, beaten and had acid thrown in her face. At one point, white students burned an African American effigy in a vacant lot across from the school. Gloria Ray was pushed down a flight of stairs, and the Little Rock Nine were barred from participating in extracurricular activities.

Minnijean Brown was expelled from Central High School in February 1958 for retaliating against the attacks. Harassment went beyond the students: Gloria Ray's mother was fired from her job with the State of Arkansas when she refused to remove her daughter from the school. The 101st Airborne and the National Guard remained at Central High School for the duration of the year.

Ernest Green

On May 25, 1958, Ernest Green, the only senior among the Little Rock Nine, became the first African American graduate of Central High.

In September 1958, one year after Central High was integrated, Governor Faubus closed all of Little Rock's high schools for the entire year, pending a public vote, to prevent African American attendance. Little Rock citizens voted 19,470 to 7,561 against integration and the schools remained closed.

Other than Green, the rest of the Little Rock Nine completed their high school careers via correspondence or at other high schools across the country. Eckford joined the Army and later earned her General Education Equivalency diploma. Little Rock's high schools reopened in August 1959.

Did you know? Civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr. attended graduation ceremonies at Central High School in May 1958 to see Ernest Green, the only senior among the Little Rock Nine, receive his diploma.

Little Rock Nine Aftermath

Several of the Little Rock Nine went on to distinguished careers.

Green served as assistant secretary of the federal Department of Labor under President Jimmy Carter. Brown worked as deputy assistant secretary for workforce diversity in the Department of the Interior under President Bill Clinton. Patillo worked as a reporter for NBC.

The group has been widely recognized for their significant role in the civil rights movement. In 1999, President Clinton awarded each member of the group the Congressional Gold Medal. The nine also all received personal invitations to attend the inauguration of President Barack Obama in 2009.

Jefferson Thomas became the first of the Little Rock Nine to die when he succumbed to pancreatic cancer at the age of 67 on September 5, 2010. After graduating from Central High, Thomas served in the Army in Vietnam, earned a business degree and worked as an accountant for private companies and the Pentagon.

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Little Rock Nine - Definition, Names & Facts | HISTORY

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The Little Rock Nine were a group of nine Black students who enrolled at formerly all-white Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, in September 1957. Their attendance at the school was a test of Brown v. Board of Education, a landmark 1954 Supreme Court ruling that declared segregation in public schools unconstitutional.

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https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/research/online-documents/civil-rights-little-rock-school-integration-crisis#:~:text=When%20Governor%20Faubus%20ordered%20the,the%20Supreme%20Court%20were%20upheld.

https://www.chicagotribune.com/2019/05/20/she-was-1-of-9-black-students-at-an-all-white-school-at-76-gloria-ray-karlmark-is-still-writing-her-own-history/

https://www.chicagotribune.com/2019/05/20/she-was-1-of-9-black-students-at-an-all-white-school-at-76-gloria-ray-karlmark-is-still-writing-her-own-history/

https://billofrightsinstitute.org/essays/the-little-rock-nine

https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/PPP-1999-book2/PPP-1999-book2-doc-pg2028#:~:text=The%20Congressional%20Gold%20Medals%20were,as%20the%20Little%20Rock%20Nine.

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Written by: Stewart Burns, Union Institute & University

By the end of this section, you will:

Explain how and why the civil rights movements developed and expanded from 1945 to 1960

Black Americans overwhelmingly approved of the Supreme Court's unanimous 1954 decision in Brown v. Board of Education. In resolving a lawsuit brought by Thurgood Marshall's NAACP legal team, the Court's ruling in the case prohibited public school segregation, largely on the basis of the psychological and emotional damage it inflicted on African American children. But the ruling was hampered by its implementation order of May 1955, which famously declared that public schools should desegregate "with all deliberate speed." In response, white supremacists launched a campaign across the South of "massive resistance" led by the White Citizens' Council movement and the revitalized Ku Klux Klan. This fierce opposition now had plenty of time to mobilize its forces, with lawsuits and boycotts backed by terrorism.

White protesters rallied against the integration of Little Rock schools at the Arkansas state capitol with signs comparing race mixing with communism.

Black families were hopeful for the long run but dreaded the short run, fearing violent retaliation for integration efforts. In Little Rock, Arkansas, soon after the Brown decision, 12-year-old Melba Beals was assaulted on her way home from school by a white man who yelled, "I'll show you niggers the Supreme Court can't run my life," as he tried to tear off her clothes. She fought back and got away.

When the Little Rock school board and state NAACP decided to integrate Central High School in the fall of 1957, Beals courageously signed up to go, supported by her mother and grandmother. She and eight other African American students were chosen from 100 who volunteered.

In early September 1957, Governor Orval Faubus ordered the Arkansas National Guard to block the black juniors and seniors, dubbed the "Little Rock Nine," from entering the school. Because she had not received a phone call that the Little Rock Nine were not going to go to school on the first day, 15-year-old Elizabeth Eckford was alone when she faced the white mob's cruel taunts and threats. With the guardsmen refusing to intervene on her behalf, the mobs grew in size and threat. Eckford was chased by angry whites and barely escaped the dangerous situation.

Federal judge Ronald Davies tried to counter the governor's efforts to thwart the desegregation plan, which had been two years in the making. When Davies ordered Faubus to remove the Guard, the nine children were admitted into the school, but they were treated viciously by some white students. When she felt threatened, Beals tried to escape into a gym class, but a mob led by white mothers invaded the school and came after her. "Get the nigger," a woman screamed. Another knocked her down. "She's bleeding. What do you know. Niggers bleed red blood. Let's kick the nigger." Beals ran a gantlet of punches, kicks, and spit until she got free. The other eight faced similar traumatic experiences trying to get an education. The mob was so overpowering that a scared school leader confided: "We may have to let the mob have one of these kids. . . It may be the only way out. There must be a thousand people out there, armed and coming this way."

Soldiers from the 101st Airborne Division escort African American students to Central High School in Little Rock in Sept. 1957.

All nine got out, but the attacks grew worse during the week. Though opposed to the Brown decision, President Dwight Eisenhower bowed to liberal and popular pressure and sent in the military to prevent the violence from spiraling out of control. From the Oval Office he justified his decision: "Mob rule in Little Rock menaces the very safety of the United States and the free world." Twelve hundred battle-equipped, bayonet-wielding paratroopers from the 101st Airborne Division, in 52 planeloads, descended on Central High and escorted the students to school past racist slurs and threats. Soldiers were assigned to protect each student during the school day.

Though the soldiers stayed only a few weeks, desegregation took hold by fits and starts. The Little Rock Nine made friends with some white students and broke down the resistance. However, the struggle for the individual students continued. Minnijean Brown was suspended on several occasions after incidents provoked by white students. Finally she was expelled, to the delight of many white students who adopted the slogan "One down, eight to go." Ernest Green graduated at the end of the school year. However, Governor Faubus closed the Little Rock high schools during the next school year, and politicians in other states did likewise. The court later overturned this move. Only three of the Little Rock Nine graduated from Central High; most of the others left and graduated from other schools.

The Little Rock Nine story was featured on the cover of Time magazine in October 1957, which pictured a U.S. Army paratrooper in battle gear outside the school.

Despite Brown v. Board, only small numbers of students attended integrated schools across the South, delaying progress even further. The civil rights movement had aimed to achieve full public-school integration by 1963 (even with many whites switching to private schools). But southern schools were not significantly integrated until the early 1970s, and then only under strong federal pressure. In the North, de facto segregation of neighborhoods essentially led to segregation of schools in local communities. Decades after the Little Rock Nine had made their stand, schools in the South and North were as segregated as ever because of entrenched socioeconomic divisions. Nevertheless, the process had started, because of actions by the branches of the national government but also, and perhaps more importantly, because of the courage of the Little Rock Nine and other African American students like them.

3. Thurgood Marshall was the

1. Supreme Court justice who wrote the Brown v. Board of Education (1954) decision

2. governor of Arkansas who sent the National Guard in to stop the Little Rock Nine from attending Central High School

3. lead attorney for the NAACP's legal team in the Brown case

4. federal judge who tried to block the National Guard from preventing the Little Rock Nine from entering Central High School

1. the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

2. Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus's decision to call the National Guide to prevent the Little Rock Nine from attending Central High School

3. the central tenet of Thurgood Marshall's argument before the Supreme Court

4. President Eisenhower's justification to send American troops into Little Rock

1. Explain President Dwight Eisenhower's reaction to the incidents at Little Rock Central High School.

2. Describe the impact of the incident at Little Rock Central High School on segregation in the South.

"EXECUTIVE ORDER 10730 . . .

WHEREAS such obstruction of justice constitutes a denial of the equal protection of the laws secured by the Constitution of the United States . . .

NOW, THEREFORE, I, DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER, President of the United States, under and by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and Statutes of the United States, including Chapter 15 of Title 10 of the United States Code, particularly sections 332, 333 and 334 thereof, do command all persons engaged in such obstruction of justice to cease and desist therefrom, and to disperse forthwith; and

WHEREAS the command contained in that Proclamation has not been obeyed and willful obstruction of enforcement of said court orders still exists and threatens to continue: . . .

SEC. 2. The Secretary of Defense is authorized and directed to take all appropriate steps to enforce any orders of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas for the removal of obstruction of justice in the State of Arkansas with respect to matters relating to enrollment and attendance at public schools in the Little Rock School District, Little Rock, Arkansas. In carrying out the provisions of this section, the Secretary of Defense is authorized to use the units, and members thereof, ordered into the active military service of the United States."

Refer to the excerpt provided.

1. The Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

2. The Harlem Renaissance

3. The Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

4. The Montgomery Bus Boycott

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The Little Rock Nine - Bill of Rights Institute

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By the end of this section, you will: Explain how and why the civil rights movements developed and expanded from 1945 to 1960 Black Americans overwhelmingly approved of the Supreme Court's unanimous 1954 decision in Brown v. Board of Education.