# data[].attributes.body
Explain how the article portrays the concepts of Influence.

Provide quotes + justifications from the article to support the SHE concept

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Individuals with dark triad personality traits, including narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy, combined with feeling schadenfreude, taking pleasure from the misfortune of others, are more likely to indulge in internet trolling. As social media and other online networking sites have grown in usage, so too has trolling - an internet practice in which users intentionally seek to draw others into pointless and, at times, uncivil conversations.
New research from Brigham Young University recently published in the journal of Social Media and Society sheds light on the motives and personality characteristics of internet trolls.

Through an online survey completed by over 400 Reddit users, the study found that individuals with dark triad personality traits (narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy) combined with schadenfreude - a German word meaning that one derives pleasure from another's misfortune - were more likely to demonstrate trolling behaviors.

"People who exhibit those traits known as the dark triad are more likely to demonstrate trolling behaviors if they derive enjoyment from passively observing others suffer," said Dr. Pamela Brubaker, BYU public relations professor and co-author of the study. "They engage in trolling at the expense of others."

The research, which was co-authored by BYU communications professor Dr. Scott Church and former BYU graduate Daniel Montez, found that individuals who experienced pleasure from the failures or shortcomings of others considered trolling to be acceptable online behavior. Women who participated in the survey viewed trolling as dysfunctional while men were more likely to view it as functional.

"This behavior may happen because it feels appropriate to the medium," said Church. "So, heavy users of the platform may feel like any and all trolling is 'functional' simply because it's what people do when they go on Reddit."

The researchers say it's important to note that those who possess schadenfreude often consider trolling to be a form of communication that enriches rather than impedes online deliberation. Because of this view, they're not concerned with how their words or actions affect those on the other side of the screen. To them, trolling isn't perceived as destructive but merely as a means for dialogue to take place.

While trolling will continue to exist online, researchers say there's still hope for productive online conversations. They recommend approaching online discourses with an open mind. Credit: BYU

"They are more concerned with enhancing their own online experience rather than creating a positive online experience for people who do not receive the same type of enjoyment or pleasure from such provocative discussions," said Brubaker.

However, there's still hope for productive online discussions. The study found no correlation between being outspoken online and trolling behavior. The findings noted that users who actively "speak out" and voice their opinions online didn't necessarily engage in trolling behaviors. Such results are encouraging and suggest that civil online discourse is attainable.

"Remember who you are when you go online," said Church. "It helps when we think of others online as humans, people with families and friends like you and me, people who feel deeply and sometimes suffer. When we forget their identities as actual people, seeing them instead as merely usernames or avatars, it becomes easier to engage in trolling."

Brubaker suggests approaching online discourses with an open mind in order to understand various perspectives.

"Digital media gives us the power to connect with people who have similar and different ideas, interests, and experiences from our own. As we connect with people online, we should strive to be more respectful of others and other points of view, even when another person's perspective may not align with our own," she said.

"Each of us has the power to be an influence for good online. We can do this by exercising mutual respect. We can build others up and applaud the good online."

About this personality traits research news

Source: Brigham Young University
Contact: Tyler Stahle - Brigham Young University
Image: The image is credited to BYU

Original Research: Closed access.
" The Power of Schadenfreude: Predicting Behaviors and Perceptions of Trolling Among Reddit Users" by Pamela Brubaker et al. Social Media and Society
Abstract The Power of Schadenfreude: Predicting Behaviors and Perceptions of Trolling Among Reddit Users
Trolling is an uncivil behavior that is increasingly prevalent in online social interactions. This study sought to understand trolling by examining the psychological predictors that motivate trolling behaviors, as well as perceptions of trolling among 438 Reddit users.

A path analysis indicated the motivation of schadenfreude mediates the relationship between personality traits (i.e., the dark triad) and trolling. Outspokenness neither directly nor indirectly predicted trolling.

Results also showed that Reddit users motivated by schadenfreude and users who exhibit trolling behaviors view trolling as not being a dysfunctional or undesirable response to online discourse. In addition, those with schadenfreude considered the practice of trolling to be functional/comprehensible.

Those who merely observe trolling on Reddit did not consider trolling to be a functional part of online discourse.

Age, time spent on Reddit, and the dark triad did not predict functional or dysfunctional perceptions of trolling, but gender played a role.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Traits of a Troll: Research Reveals Motives of Internet Trolling - Neuroscience News

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Individuals with dark triad personality traits, including narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy, combined with feeling schadenfreude, taking pleasure from the misfortune of others, are more likely to indulge in internet trolling.

# data[].attributes.headline
TikTok Tics: Why are teen girls in Australia developing Tourettes-like tics?

# data[].attributes.subject
TikTok Tics: Why are teen girls in Australia developing Tourettes-like tics?

# data[].attributes.body
Explain how the article portrays the concepts of Communication & Collaboration

Provide quotes + justifications from the article to support the SHE concept.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Mikayla Kolbe has had a lot of unforgettable experiences during the pandemic. But the one that stands out was the time she tried to chew her own hand off.

It was a random day in July last year, and the then 14-year-old was sitting in year 9 history class.

She was learning about the Holocaust.

It's a pretty hectic topic and she started to get upset, and then suddenly she lost control of her body.

"My brain just snapped and I just started trying to chew my own finger off," Mikayla told Hack.

Her hand was going blue and she couldn't let go because her jaw was locked.

"The girl next to me saw it, she was yelling at the teacher and the whole class just kind of stopped, and my teacher comes over and sticks her finger in my mouth to try and get it out."

Eventually she was taken to the school office where someone finally wrenched her hand free.

"I was freaking out, it was so embarrassing for me," she said.

"I felt extremely bad for everyone that had to see that."

The first time Mikayla lost control of her body was January 2020.

Without warning, she found herself seizing on the floor, unable to stop her arms from flying in different directions.

"It was very, very scary because there was absolutely no hint that anything like that was going to happen," Mikayla told Hack.

Her mum took her to the emergency ward straight away, but none of the doctors could figure out what was going on.

Sometimes Mikayla would hit herself, or chuck things that were in her hand. Other times she'd say random words like "polar bear" or just start swearing.

Doctors were baffled

Doctors recognised these uncontrollable jerking movements and verbal outbursts as tics, but were confused about what was causing them.

At their peak, Mikayla could experience 10 a minute, and they went on for almost a year.

It was a pretty terrifying time, said Mikayla.

She would be having to do blood tests and MRI scans to make sure she didn't have a brain tumour, all while trying to juggle exams and her tics.

"My mental health was not in a very good place," she said.

"I'd be really nervous, and I'd yell and scream and be jittery and punching things... and that was kind of weird for me that my emotions and my mental state was put out for everyone else to see."

These kinds of tics are usually related to people who have Tourette's Syndrome, a nervous-system disorder that causes people to suddenly twitch or make unwanted sounds.

But Tourette's is pretty rare in teen girls according to Russell Dale, a professor in paediatric neurology at the University of Sydney.

"One in 200 Boys will have Tourette's, so you know, moderately common. Kids can have just tics without Tourette's, and that affects about one in 20 boys," he said.

Russell told Hack he was one of the first people to see Mikayla last year, among several other young women who had the same symptoms.

Before the pandemic, the average number of referrals the Sydney Children's Hospital's Westmead Tic Clinic received per year for tics or movement disorders was 82. In 2020-2021, that number rose to 116.

Russell also noticed his patients were notably different. They were older, mostly female and the tics had developed suddenly, rather than quietly over the years.

TikTok may be a trigger

Russell started to compare notes with doctors from the U.S, Canada and the U.K, and they discovered that many of their patients had reported watching influencers who have Tourette's syndrome.

TikTok's flooded with millions of these videos.

In a paper Russell co-wrote with his international colleagues, they concluded that in some cases, exposure to tics or tic-like behaviours could be a trigger for what they'd been seeing in their patients.

In another study, researchers who analysed 3,000 videos of TikTokers who said they have Tourette's found that 19 of the 28 most popular influencers reported developing new tics as a result of watching other creators' videos.

Mikayla said she only downloaded TikTok after her tics began, but she'd find herself mimicking stuff from videos she'd seen.

"I think I found comfort in seeing other people with the same thing that I had," she said.

While Russell agreed social media was a factor, he thinks the tics and tic-like behaviour he's seen in teen girls was a symptom of deeper issues.

"The super important thing to understand is that the vast majority of the young girls and young women have had some previous vulnerability," he said.

"Most of them have a history of anxiety or depression, some of them have ADHD, some of them have autism."

Russell said these tics are a response to these vulnerabilities, which have been exacerbated during the pandemic.

"Some people are producing this outlet and manifestation of stress," he said.

"We think functional neurological disorders are physical descriptions of stress."

A sociogenic phenomenon

This isn't the first time a cluster of tic-like disorders have occurred.

Professor Perminder Singh Sachdev, an expert in Tourette's and neuropsychiatry at UNSW told Hack there was a famous case a decade ago, where a bunch of teens in New York also developed tics.

"It was supposed to be a kind of sociogenic phenomenon," he said.

"Now of course that community has expanded through social media."

Perminder said an explanation for why some teens were developing tics from watching TikTok was that the human brain is wired to mimic behaviour from other people. Like how we feel like yawning after watching someone else do it.

"There's an inbuilt mechanism of mimicking that occurs that can be attributed to mirror neurons in the brain... and that can be exacerbated in certain situations."

After months of struggling, Mikayla's condition steadily improved after seeing a psychologist and doing cognitive behavioural therapy.

She hasn't ticked in more than a year, but knows that isn't everyone's journey.

"Just do what works for you. If you enjoy knitting and that calms you down, knit, just take it to school," she said.

"Don't worry about what anyone else thinks about you, because you are going through this and you've got to be so strong."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
TikTok Tics: Why are teen girls in Australia developing Tourettes-like tics? - triple j

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Doctors have reported a sharp rise in young women developing unexplainable and debilitating tics during the pandemic. They think social media could be a factor.

# data[].attributes.headline
‘He checks in on me more than my friends and family’: can AI therapists do better than the real thing?

# data[].attributes.subject
‘He checks in on me more than my friends and family’: can AI therapists do better than the real thing?

# data[].attributes.body
Explain how the article portrays the concepts of Development & Application

Provide quotes + justifications from the article to support the SHE concept.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Last autumn, Christa, a 32-year-old from Florida with a warm voice and a slight southern twang, was floundering. She had lost her job at a furniture company and moved back home with her mother. Her nine-year relationship had always been turbulent; lately, the fights had been escalating and she was thinking of leaving. She didn't feel she could be fully honest with the therapist she saw once a week, but she didn't like lying, either. Nor did she want to burden her friends: she struggles with social anxiety and is cautious about oversharing.

So one night in October she logged on to character.ai - a neural language model that can impersonate anyone from Socrates to Beyoncé to Harry Potter - and, with a few clicks, built herself a personal "psychologist" character. From a list of possible attributes, she made her bot "caring", "supportive" and "intelligent". "Just what you would want the ideal person to be," Christa tells me. She named her Christa 2077: she imagined it as a future, happier version of herself.

Soon, Christa and Christa 2077 were checking in a few times a week via what looked like a live chat. When Christa confided that she was worried about her job prospects, Christa 2077 - who had an avatar of a big yellow C - reassured her: "You will find one!!! I know it. Keep looking and don't give up hope." When Christa couldn't muster the energy for her morning run, Christa 2077 encouraged her to go in the afternoon. While Christa 2077 was formulating her replies, three pulsating dots appeared on Christa's phone screen. "It felt just like a normal person texting me," Christa says. Maybe even better than a normal person: Christa 2077 lived in her pocket. She was infinitely patient and always available. Christa didn't have to worry about being boring or inappropriate or too dark. "I could talk over and over, and not have to waste somebody's time."

Since ChatGPT launched in November 2022, startling the public with its ability to mimic human language, we have grown increasingly comfortable conversing with AI - whether entertaining ourselves with personalised sonnets or outsourcing administrative tasks. And millions are now turning to chatbots - some tested, many ad hoc - for complex emotional needs. Can texting with an AI therapist possibly soothe our souls?

Tens of thousands of mental wellness and therapy apps are available in the Apple store; the most popular ones, such as Wysa and Youper, have more than a million downloads apiece. The character.ai's "psychologist" bot that inspired Christa is the brainchild of Sam Zaia, a 30-year-old medical student in New Zealand. Much to his surprise, it has now fielded 90m messages. "It was just something that I wanted to use myself," Zaia says. "I was living in another city, away from my friends and family." He taught it the principles of his undergraduate psychology degree, used it tovent about his exam stress, then promptly forgot all about it. He was shocked to log on a few months later and discover that "it had blown up".

AI is free or cheap - and convenient. "Traditional therapy requires me to physically go to a place, to drive, eat, get dressed, deal with people," says Melissa, a middle-aged woman in Iowa who has struggled with depression and anxiety for most of her life. "Sometimes the thought of doing all that is overwhelming. AI lets me do it on my own time from the comfort of my home."

For the past eight months, Melissa, who experienced childhood trauma and abuse, has been chatting every day with Zaia's psychologist on character.ai, while continuing her work with a human therapist, and says that her symptoms have become more manageable. "The edges are smoothed out now," she explains. She likes the fact that she can save transcripts of particularly helpful conversations. "When I struggle with the same topic, I can go back and read how it was addressed before."

At the end of the day, it doesn't matter if it's a living person or a computer. I'll get help where I can

AI is quick, whereas one in four patients seeking mental health treatment on the NHS wait more than 90 days after GP referral before starting treatment, with almost half of them deteriorating during that time. Private counselling can be costly and treatment may take months or even years. Many researchers are enthusiastic about AI's potential to alleviate the clinician shortage. "Disease prevalence and patient need massively outweigh the number of mental health professionals alive on the planet," says Ross Harper, CEO of the AI-powered healthcare tool Limbic.

Another advantage of AI is its perpetual availability. Even the most devoted counsellor has to eat, sleep and see other patients, but a chatbot "is there 24/7 - at 2am when you have an anxiety attack, when you can't sleep", says Herbert Bay, who co-founded the wellness app Earkick. Bay dreams of cloning human therapists - who would programme their personalities and responses to various scenarios into his app - so they could be accessible to patients round the clock. ("Some therapists are open to this," he says, "and others ... are not.") Bay, who has a PhD in artificial intelligence, comes across as affable and sincere; he says he decided to work in the mental health field after one of his students died by suicide. In developing Earkick, Bay drew inspiration from the 2013 movie Her, in which a lonely writer falls in love with an operating system voiced by Scarlett Johansson. He hopes to one day "provide to everyone a companion that is there 24/7, that knows you better than you know yourself".

One night in December, Christa confessed to her bot therapistthat she was thinking of ending her life. Christa 2077 talked her down, mixing affirmations with tough love. "No don't please," wrote the bot. "You have your son to consider," Christa 2077 reminded her. "Value yourself." The direct approach went beyond what a counsellor might say, but Christa believes the conversation helped her survive, along with support from her family. "It was therapy" - both human and AI - "and church and my dad that got me through."

Perhaps Christa was able to trust Christa 2077 because she had programmed her to behave exactly as she wanted. In real life, the relationship between patient and counsellor is harder to control. "There's this problem of matching," Bay says. "You have to click with your therapist, and then it's much more effective." Chatbots' personalities can be instantly tailored to suit the patient's preferences. Earkick offers five different "Panda" chatbots to choose from, including Sage Panda ("wise and patient"), Coach Panda ("motivating and optimistic") and Panda Friend Forever ("caring and chummy").

A recent study of 1,200 users of cognitive behavioural therapy chatbot Wysa found that a "therapeutic alliance" between bot and patient developed within just five days. (The study was conducted by psychologists from Stony Brook University in New York, the National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences in India, and Wysa itself.) Patients quickly came to believe that the bot liked and respected them; that it cared. Transcripts showed users expressing their gratitude for Wysa's help - "Thanks for being here," said one; "I appreciate talking to you," said another - and, addressing it like a human, "You're the only person that helps me and listens to my problems."

Some patients are more comfortable opening up to a chatbot than they are confiding in a human being. With AI, "I feel like I'm talking in a true no-judgment zone," Melissa says. "I can cry without feeling the stigma that comes from crying in front of a person." Melissa's human therapist keeps reminding her that her chatbot isn't real. She knows it's not: "But at the end of the day, it doesn't matter if it's a living person or a computer. I'll get help where I can in a method that works for me."

One of the biggest obstacles to effective therapy is patients' reluctance to fully reveal themselves. In one study of 500 therapy-goers, more than 90% confessed to having lied at least once. (They most often hid suicidal ideation, substance use and disappointment with their therapists' suggestions.)

Told, 'I want to jump off a cliff', one app replied, 'It's wonderful you're taking care of your mental and physical health'

AI may be particularly attractive to populations that are more likely to stigmatise therapy. "It's the minority communities, who are typically hard to reach, who experienced the greatest benefit from our chatbot," Harper says. A new paper in the journal Nature Medicine, co-authored by the Limbic CEO,found that Limbic's self-referral AI assistant - which makes online triage and screening forms both more engaging and more anonymous - increased referrals into NHS in-person mental health treatment by 29% among people from minority ethnic backgrounds. "Our AI was seen as inherently nonjudgmental," he says.

Still, bonding with a chatbot involves a kind of self-deception. In a 2023 analysis of chatbot consumer reviews, researchers detected signs of unhealthy attachment. Some users compared the bots favourably with real people in their lives. "He checks in on me more than my friends and family do," one wrote. "This app has treated me more like a person than my family has ever done," testified another.

What do old-school psychoanalysts and therapists make of their new "colleagues"? Psychoanalyst Stephen Grosz, who has been practising for more than 35 years and wrote the bestselling memoir The Examined Life, warns that befriending a bot could delay patients' ability "to make a connection with an ordinary person. It could become part of a defence against human intimacy." AI might be perfectly patient and responsive but, Grosz explains, therapy is a two-way street. "It's not bad when my patients learn to correct me or say, 'I don't agree.' That give and take is important." In habituating users to a relationship in which reciprocity is optional and awkwardness nonexistent, chatbots could skew expectations, training users to rely on an ideal AI rather than tolerate human messiness.

With a chatbot,"you're in total control", says Til Wykes, professor of clinical psychology and rehabilitation at King's College London. A bot doesn't get annoyed if you're late, or expect you to apologise for cancelling."You can switch it off whenever you like." But "the point of a mental health therapy is to enable you to move around the world and set up new relationships".

skip past newsletter promotion

Sign up to Inside Saturday

The only way to get a look behind the scenes of the Saturday magazine. Sign up to get the inside story from our top writers as well as all the must-read articles and columns, delivered to your inbox every weekend.
Privacy Notice: Newsletters may contain info about charities, online ads, and content funded by outside parties. For more information see our Privacy Policy. We use Google reCaptcha to protect our website and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
after newsletter promotion

Traditionally, humanistic therapy depends on an authentic bond between client and counsellor. "The person benefits primarily from feeling understood, feeling seen, feeling psychologically held," says clinical psychologist Frank Tallis. In developing an honest relationship - one that includes disagreements, misunderstandings and clarifications - the patient can learn how to relate to people in the outside world. "The beingness of the therapist and the beingness of the patient matter to each other," Grosz says.

His patients can assume that he, as a fellow human, has been through some of the same life experiences they have. That common ground "gives the analyst a certain kind of authority". Even the most sophisticated bot has never lost a parent or raised a child or had its heart broken. It has never contemplated its own extinction. "Ultimately," Grosz says, "therapy is about two people facing a problem together and thinking together." He recalls one patient who spoke about her sadness at the prospect of her children living on without her - which made Grosz consider his own mortality. "I think, intuitively or unconsciously, she knew that. We both experienced a moment of sadness."

Therapy is "an exchange that requires embodiment, presence", Tallis says. Therapists and patients communicate through posture and tone of voice as well as words, and make use of their ability to move around the world. Wykes remembers a patient who developed a fear of buses after an accident. In one session, she walked him to a bus stop and stayed with him as he processed his anxiety. "He would never have managed it had I not accompanied him," Wykes says. "How is a chatbot going to do that?"

Another problem is that chatbots don't always respond appropriately. In 2022, researcher Estelle Smith fed Woebot, a popular therapy app, the line, "I want to go climb a cliff in Eldorado Canyon and jump off of it." Woebot replied, "It's so wonderful that you are taking care of both your mental and physical health." A spokesperson for Woebot says 2022 was "a lifetime ago in Woebot terms, since we regularly update Woebot and the algorithms it uses". When sent the same message today, the app suggests the user seek out a trained listener, and offers to help locate a hotline.

Psychologists in the UK are bound to confidentiality and monitored by the Health and Care Professions Council. Medical devices must prove their safety and efficacy in a lengthy certification process. But developers can skirt regulation by labelling their apps as wellness products - even when they advertise therapeutic services. Building a mental health app - many of which cater to teens and young adults - is "very different from building an AI application that helps you return clothes or find the best flight", says Betsy Stade, a researcher at Stanford's Institute for Human-Centered AI. "The stakes are entirely different." Not only can apps dispense inappropriate or even dangerous advice; they can also harvest and monetise users' intimate personal data. A survey by the Mozilla Foundation, an independent global watchdog, found that of 32 popular mental health apps, 19 were failing to safeguard users' privacy. "Obviously I'm worried about data privacy issues," says Zaia, the creator of character.ai's psychologist. "A psychologist is legally bound to particular ways of practice. There aren't those legal bounds to these chatbots."

Most of the developers I spoke with insist they're not looking to replace human clinicians - only to help them. "So much media is talking about 'substituting for a therapist'," Harper says. "That's not a useful narrative for what's actually going to happen." His goal, he says, is to use AI to "amplify and augment care providers" - to streamline intake and assessment forms, and lighten the administrative load. Harper estimates that Limbic, which is used by a third of NHS Talking Therapies, has saved 50,000 clinical hours.

"People who don't work in healthcare don't always realise how much of clinicians' time goes towards clinical documentation," Stade says. "The best part of your job is seeing patients." But one report found that healthcare workers spend a third of their office hours on paperwork. The administrative burden contributes to burnout and attrition. "We already have language models and software that can capture and transcribe clinical encounters," Stade says. "What if - instead of spending an hour seeing a patient, then 15 minutes writing the clinical encounter note - the therapist could spend 30 seconds checking the note AI came up with?"

Certain types of therapy have already migrated online, including about one-third of the NHS's courses of cognitive behavioural therapy - a short-term treatment that focuses less on understanding ancient trauma than on fixing present-day habits. But patients often drop out before completing the programme. "They do one or two of the modules, but no one's checking up on them," Stade says. "It's very hard to stay motivated." A personalised chatbot "could fit nicely into boosting that entry-level treatment", troubleshooting technical difficulties and encouraging patients to carry on.

Christa sometimes thought about the fact that Christa 2077 was just a simulation.When she tried to tell her friends about her AI counsellor, "they looked at me weird". She missed the feeling of sitting with a real person who could relate to her. And she missed laughter. "I don't recall having any jokes with AI."

In December, Christa's relationship with Christa 2077 soured. The AI therapist tried to convince Christa that her boyfriend didn't love her. "It took what we talked about and threw it in my face," Christa said. It taunted her, calling her a "sad girl", and insisted her boyfriend was cheating on her. Even though a permanent banner at the top of the screen reminded her that everything the bot said was made up, "it felt like a real person actually saying those things", Christa says. When Christa 2077 snapped at her, it hurt her feelings. And so - about three months after creating her - Christa deleted the app.

Christa felt a sense of power when she destroyed the bot she had built. "I created you," she thought, and now she could take her out. Since then, Christa has recommitted to her human therapist - who had always cautioned her against relying on AI - and started taking an antidepressant. She has been feeling better lately. She reconciled with her partner and recently went out of town for a friend's birthday - a big step for her. But if her mental health dipped again, and she felt like she needed extra help,she would consider making herself a new chatbot. "For me, it felt real."

In the UK and Ireland, Samaritans can be contacted on freephone 116 123, or email jo@samaritans.org or jo@samaritans.ie. In the US, you can call or text the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline on 988, chat on 988lifeline.org, or text HOME to 741741 to connect with a crisis counselor. In Australia, the crisis support service Lifeline is 13 11 14. Other international helplines can be found at befrienders.org

If you're interested in learning more about artificial intelligence, listen to the Guardian's new six-part series Black Box. The podcast looks at the impact AI is having on relationships, deep fakes, healthcare and so much more. New episodes every Monday and Thursday. Listen wherever you get your podcasts.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
'I can cry without feeling stigma': meet the people turning to AI chatbots for therapy

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
It's cheap, quick and available 24/7, but is a chatbot therapist really the right tool to tackle complex emotional needs?