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#1) The Arrival of Christopher Columbus 

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#1) The Arrival of Christopher Columbus 

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The native populations suffered greatly after Columbus arrived in the Americas. Native Americans had no immunity to the diseases brought over from Europe, such as smallpox, measles, and influenza, which led to terrible death rates. According to some estimates, sickness alone may have caused the native population of the Americas to drop by up to 90% over the first century of contact. Columbus's expeditions opened the door for European countries to begin their era of exploration and colonization. Following Spain, other countries that founded colonies in the Americas were France, England, and the Netherlands. The rivalry between these nations resulted in numerous conflicts and partnerships with native tribes, profoundly impacting the political and social frameworks of the New World. Along with his arrival, Columbus initiated the Columbian Exchange, a massive flow of ideas, technology, plants, and animals between the Old and New Worlds. These exchanges changed both continents profoundly. Indigenous agricultural methods and diets in the Americas were changed by the arrival of European crops and livestock, including as wheat, rice, horses, and cattle. On the other hand, European agriculture and food were greatly influenced by New World crops such as maize, potatoes, and tomatoes. The Columbian Exchange also involved technological and cultural exchanges that had an impact on American language, religion, and social norms.

https://www.history.com/topics/exploration/christopher-columbus

https://www.britannica.com/question/What-was-the-impact-of-Columbuss-travels

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On December 16, 1773, the Boston Tea Party occurred, and it was a significant occasion in American history. Over a number of years, colonial resistance had been intensifying due to earlier laws like the Townshend Acts of 1767 and the Stamp Act of 1765. In addition to taxing the colonies without their permission, these actions upheld Britain's independent right to rule and tax the colonies. It was a pivotal point in the build-up of hostilities that ultimately resulted in the American Revolutionary War. The colonists demonstrated their demand for self-governance and democratic principles by openly defying British authority and establishing a pattern of active resistance. American identity and the country's core ideals were also significantly impacted by the incident. It emphasized the significance of opposing oppression and injustice, concepts that would be fundamental to the spirit of the American Revolution and the Constitution's development. Throughout the years, the Boston Tea Party has come to represent civil disobedience and protest in American society, as well as the spirit of rebellion against unfair power.

https://www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/boston-tea-party

https://www.britannica.com/event/Boston-Tea-Party

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Using their command of the Hudson River, American soldiers under General Horatio Gates and with strong support from Benedict Arnold were able to prevent British General John Burgoyne's plan to split up the rebellious colonies. On October 17, 1777, Burgoyne surrendered his army as a result of the Americans' victory at Saratoga. This loss greatly raised American morale while also disrupting British preparations. As a result, American soldiers and supporters gained more self-assurance and resolve knowing that the Continental Army was capable of facing down British regulars. Before this victory, France had been secretly aiding the American cause because it didn't want to fully commit to a rebellion that might not succeed. Nonetheless, the French government was persuaded of the American bid for independence by the stunning American victory at Saratoga. France signed the Treaty of Alliance in February 1778, formally joining the United States as an ally. This alliance provided the American cause with much-needed financial and military backing. The significant impact that French troops, naval power, and resources played in later American victories including the decisive victory at Yorktown in 1781 was evident.

https://www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/battle-of-saratoga

https://www.battlefields.org/learn/revolutionary-war/battles/saratoga#:~:text=The%20Battle%20of%20Saratoga%20was,needed%20to%20win%20the%20war.

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At the time of Shay's Rebellion the United States was governed by the Articles of Confederation which were considered too weak to effectively manage the newly created nation. Shay's Rebellion provided fuel to Alexander Hamilton and other Federalist who believed America needed a stronger government. Nationalist used the rebellion to highlight paranoia, this persuaded George Washington to leave retirement and take part in the Constitutional Convention. This led him to become elected the first U.S president, which is a major key component in American History. To sum everything up, Shays rebellion led to the United States ratifying the US constitution since the Articles of Confederation were to weak to help govern the nation. The constitution is still known as an important historic document even now, showcasing its importance in US history.

https://www.history.com/topics/early-us/shays-rebellion

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The War on Terror, a global military effort aimed at destroying terrorist organizations and averting further attacks, was directly sparked by the 9/11 horrific acts. Among these were the invasions of Afghanistan in October 2001, which aimed at overthrowing the Taliban government and destroy Al-Qaeda, and Iraq in 2003, which was controversial and supported allegations of WMDs and ties to terrorism. The Middle East's geopolitical environment, U.S. military strategy, and foreign relations have all been significantly and permanently impacted by these conflicts. The U.S. government changed its national security policies drastically in reaction to the attacks. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) was the most important, having been established in 2002 with the goal of coordinating national efforts to stop and respond to terrorist threats. After the USA PATRIOT Act was passed in October 2001, there was a heated discussion about how to strike a balance between security and civil liberties. The act increased the government's monitoring and investigation authorities. U.S. foreign policy largely focused on counterterrorism after 9/11.

https://www.bu.edu/articles/2021/how-9-11-changed-the-world/

https://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/global-impact-911-twenty-years