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ACT SEU333_NURFARHANA BINTI MOHD HASWANI

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Page 25-59

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Act pages 30-44

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Brazli Santos Lattes

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Link IPP 2020:

https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/19LOZsNRpANyLBbwl8fHbulN7YL03zkjuoOsrSUUEoyE/edit?usp=sharing

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https://meih.st.gov.my/statistics;jsessionid=A0CF870CD049F31DF64C248D884969EC

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1. Computation of CR or HHI.

Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI)

In the quantification of diversity in a portfolio diversity score may not be simple. It is measure as degree of diversification in a portfolio. Commonly known method for measurement is Herfindahl- Hirschmann. HH Index estimate concentration of portfolio by using aggregate data.

HHI is extensively used in power generation industry to assess the impact of mergers and acquisition of regional electricity market concentration (Tufail et al., 2018a). In the measurement of fuel diversity, HH Index is calculated as sum of squares of market share of each resource. It is shown as:

(1st formula in above picture)

In formula, Ci is market share of ith resources, expressed in percentage. N is total categories of resources. We, consider P power generation portfolio comprising of 5 different generation technologies, Ci where i ranging from 1 to 5. HHI measure the value of diversification of five different generation technologies.

(2nd formula in above picture)

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1. Independent Power Producers (IPPs) : A Power Producer having a Power Purchasing Agreement. An Independent Power Producer is a company that generates and sells electricity, but does not own the transmission infrastructure. IPPs operate independently of national power supply companies and produce energy for the purpose of supplying the public power grid or specific end consumers.

IPPs have the ability to utilize both conventional and renewable energy sources. The integration of IPPs into the energy market promotes competition, diversifies energy generation, and can accelerate investments in renewable technologies.

2. Feed-in-Tariff (FiT) Approval. Kadar Tariff Galakan : The FiT System is Malaysia’s new mechanism under the Renewable Energy Policy and Action Plan and the Renewable Energy Act 2011 catalysing generation of renewable energy, up to 30 MW in size. This mechanism allows electricity produced from indigenous renewable resources to be sold to power utilities at a fixed premium price for a specific duration.

3.Co-Generation is an energy efficient technology that enables the simultaneous production of two different forms of useful energy, typically electricity and thermal energy from a single primary energy source.

4. Self-generation involves consumers producing electricity on-site for their own use. This can be achieved through various renewable energy technologies, such as solar panels (as part of programs like SelCo and NEM), mini hydro and biomass generators

5. Large Scale Solar (LSS) -Solar Berskala Besar : LSS is a scheme that lets you generate your own electricity via solar PV farm with installed capacity ranging from 1MW to <30MW (for distribution connected solar PV plants), and sell to the grid. This scheme is administered by the Energy Commission and the selection for potential developers will be to through competitive bidding.

6. Net Energy Metering (NEM). Pemeteran Tenaga Bersih : Net Energy Metering (NEM) scheme was introduced by the government for consumer to reduce their electricity bills. You can generate your own electricity by installing solar PV system on the rooftop for your own consumption.

7. Self-gen - Self Generation of Electricity : The production of electricity by an entity for it's own use, rather than relying solely on purchasing electricity from a utility company

8. Terms used in business, subsidiary, associate and joint venture :

“Act” means the Electricity Supply Act 1990 [Act 447]

“Applicant” means a person applying to be a NOVA Consumer of a Distribution Licensee

“Average SMP” means the monthly average SMP for the daily period between 7:00 hour to     19:00 hour in the preceding  calendar month

“Bi-directional Meter” means the metering facility installed at the Premises of the NOVA Consumer where the solar PV installation is  installed for measuring the electricity supplied by the  Distribution Licensee and any excess energy exported  by the NOVA Consumer to the Supply System

“Billing Period” means the period for which electricity bills shall be  prepared for the NOVA Consumers by the Distribution  Licensee

“CAS” means Connection Assessment Study a technical  analysis or system check carried out or caused to be  carried by the Distribution Licensee or any other party  endorsed by Distribution Licensee or Grid Owner to  assess the potential impact of the proposed solar PV  installation under the NOVA Programme on the  planning and operation of the network of the Distribution  Licensee to which the solar PV installation will be  connected

“Commencement Date”    means the start of the operation of the solar PV  installation relating to      the programme

“Commission” means the Energy Commission established under the Energy Commission Act 2001 [Act 610]

“Distribution Licensee” means TNB, who is the holder of a licence to distribute electricity issued by the Commission under section 9 of the Act for the purpose of these Guidelines

“Distribution System” means an electricity system of electric lines, cables, switchgear and associated equipment at nominal voltage of less than 132kV used, worked or operated by the Distribution Licensee for distribution of electricity in the areas of supply set out in the licence granted by the  Commission under section 9 of the Ac;

“Energy” means electrical energy measured in the units of kWh or MWh

“Grid Owner” the party who is licensed under section 9 of the Act to use, work or operate the Transmission System in  Peninsular Malaysia

“High Voltage” means a voltage exceeding Medium Voltage

“ICPT” means Imbalance Cost Pass-Through

“KWTBB” means the Renewable Energy Fund

“Low Voltage” means a voltage normally not exceeding 1,000 volts  alternating current or 1,500 volts direct current between  conductors, or 600 volts alternating current or 900 volts  direct current between conductor and earth

“Maximum Demand” means twice the largest number of kilowatt-hours used  during any consecutive thirty (30) minutes in a month

“Medium Voltage” means a voltage normally exceeding low voltage but  equal to or not exceeding 50,000 volts

“Non-domestic Consumer” means any consumer of the Distribution Licensee from   category of commercial, industrial, mining and  agriculture;

“PV” means photovoltaic

“PV Meter” means the meter facility installed in the NOVA Consumer’s Premise for measuring the Energy generated by the PV Installation, including any associated battery energy storage system

“Single Buyer” has the same meaning as in section 2 of the Act

“SMP” means System Marginal Price, as defined in the  Guidelines For Single Buyer Market (Peninsular Malaysia)

“SST” means the Sales and Service Tax

“Supply Line” has the same meaning as in section 2 of the Act

“Supply System” means the Distribution System used, worked or operated by the Distribution Licensee or Transmission System used, worked or operated by the Grid Owner as the case may be

“Transmission  System” means an electricity system of electric lines, cables,  switchgear and associated equipment at nominal voltage of 132kV and above, used, worked or operated by the Grid Owner.

“TNB” means Tenaga Nasional Berhad (Company No: 200866-W), a limited liability company with the address at No. 126, Jalan Bangsar, 59200 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

9. Unit measurement for electricity supply:

“kV” means kilovolt or 1,000 volt

“kW” means kilowatt in alternating current (or a.c.) rating

“kWh” means kilowatt hour

“kWp” means kilowatt peak. Rated kWp in relation to a PV  Installation means the maximum direct current power  such Installation can produce under standard test conditions of 1,000 watts per square meter of solar  irradiation and 25 degrees Celsius ambient  temperature

“MW” means megawatt or 1,000 kilowatts in a.c. rating;

“MWh” means megawatt hour or 1,000 kilowatt hour

“MWp” means peak d.c. power in megawatt

Source : https://www.mytnb.com.my/-/media/Project/TNB/myTNBportal/Documents/Renewable-Energy/Net-Energy-Metering/guideline_for_nem_nova_v2.pdf

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Identify the potential/appropriate indicators

Several indicators have been used to measure the performance of the generation, transmission, and distribution system

Generation system

1. Average thermal efficiency

- CCGT TNB

- OCGT TNB

- IPP coal

- conventional thermal IPP

2. Average Equivalent Availability Factor (EAF)

- Equivalent Unscheduled Off Duty Factor (EUOF)

- CCGT IPP

- OCGT TNB

- TNB hydro

- TNB conventional thermal

Distribution system

1. System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI)

https://www.st.gov.my/contents/files/download/99/MAISPEM_2020_compressed.pdf

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1. Identify the players (i.e. the firms in theory) in the electricity supply industry in Peninsular Malaysia for 2020.

i) TNB

Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB): As the national electricity company, TNB is responsible for the generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity in Peninsular Malaysia.

ii) Peninsular Malaysia Power Sector

Another subsidiary of Tenaga Nasional Berhad, Peninsular Power focuses on the distribution of electricity in the Peninsular region.

iii) Peninsular Energy

A subsidiary of Tenaga Nasional Berhad, Peninsular Energy is involved in the generation and distribution of electricity in the Peninsular region.

https://www.st.gov.my/en/contents/files/download/169/Report_on_Peninsular_Malaysia_Generation_Development_Plan_2020_(2021-2039)-FINAL.pdf

https://www.st.gov.my/en/contents/files/download/116/Malaysia_Energy_Statistics_Handbook_20201.pdf

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                                TNB vertically integrated

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Identify the market structure

An industry is said to have a natural monopoly when one business can produce goods to supply the market for less money per unit than two or more companies. A natural monopoly typically has extremely high fixed costs, making it hard for other companies to produce the good. Industries like electric, water supply, and telecommunications are frequently mentioned as examples of natural monopolies. For a long time, the Malaysian Electricity Supply Industry (MESI) has been a regulated monopoly. A fair playing field is made possible in the generating sector alone by the introduction of competitive bidding and IPPs, but there is no competition in other areas because TNB controls every aspect of the energy business, from transmission to distribution and retail. TNB completely monopoly utilities that fully own from generation (GenCo), transmission (TransCo and GridCo), and distribution (DistCo) prior to deregulation.

TNB is the sole corporation in Malaysia that provides energy to end users, including homes and businesses. The capacity of the business to set the price for its goods or services constitutes TNB in the context of monopolies. Due to the high startup costs associated with starting a monopoly business, this company continues to be the only one offering direct electricity delivery to consumers. In the electric industry, the establishment of power plants with large electrical capacities, measured in megawatts, requires a significant financial investment.

1. One producers and large buyers

When there is just one producer of goods or services, there is a monopoly. Since there is just one producer under a monopoly, there is no difference between a firm and an industry. As an example, TNB is both a firm and an industry.

2. Product has no close substitutes

There shouldn't be a close equivalent for the goods sold by a monopolist under this market arrangement. Should alternatives exist, the monopolist's ability to dominate the industry is compromised. For instance, since Tenaga Nasional Berhad is the sole provider of distribution and transmission of electricity in this nation, consumers are unable to move between alternative energy sources.

3. Price maker.

Since there is only one producer and it has the ability to set the market price, the monopolist is a price maker. For instance, because TNB is the sole provider of electricity transmission and distribution, they may set a price through government interference and generate their above-average profit. Since it is a necessity good, consumers are therefore not very sensitive to price variations.

4. Restriction on the entry of new firm.

Due to barriers to new firms’ entry, there will always be a monopolist in a market with no competition. For instance, a permit-based access barrier established by the Malaysian government. With the licence it has acquired, TNB is able to distribute power exclusively in Malaysia, a country where other electrical industries are restricted from doing so.

5. Barriers to entry.

One of the type barriers to entry when a situations monopoly status can be maintained through control over the supply of raw materials. An example, TNB has the ownership on scarce raw materials of coal to generate electricity because this is the cheapest method to produce electricity in Malaysia.

References
Research progress in mechanical and manufacturing engineering. (2021). Research Progress in Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering. https://doi.org/10.30880/rpmme

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4. Indentify the appropriate indicators that can be used to compute market concentration for industry

Several indicators have been used to measure the performance of the generation, transmission, and distribution system

Generation system
1 Average thermal efficiency of TNB and IPP power stations 2020
- CCGT TNB (44.08 %)
- TNB OCGT (32.24 %)
- Coal  IPP (35.85 %)
- Thermal Conventional IPP (32.24 %)

**Page 23

2. Average Equivalent Availability Factor (EAF)
- CCGT IPP (90.65%)
- TNB OCGT (94.64 %)
- TNB Hydro (93.14 %)
- TNB conventional thermal (94.64 %)
- TNB Coal (83.87 %)

**PAGE 23

3. Equivalent Unscheduled Off Duty Factor (EUOF)
- CCGT IPP ( 3.50 %)
- TNB OCGT (1.84 %)
- Hydro TNB (1.13 %)
- TNB conventional thermal (0.31%)
- TNB Coal (9.85 %)

**PAGE 23

4. Distribution system
1. System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI)
-44.95 minutes/customer/year

**PAGE 10/15

Sources: https://www.st.gov.my/ms/my/general/add_counter/874/download/read_count

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2.Identify the regulations (Acts) that govern the electricity supply industry in Peninsular Malaysia.

• Act is typically passed by a legislative body provides a framework for governing.

• Regulation is created by a government agency or other authorized entity to provide specific details and requirements for enforcing the provisions of an act.

• Energy commission Malaysia is Statutory body, a public corporation in the administrative structure of the government.

Established by Energy Commission Act 2001
Beside authority granted in the Energy Commission Act (2001) other related acts and regulations are as follow:

Electricity Supply Act 1990 (Amendment 2001)

Gas Supply Act 1993 (Amendment 2001)

Licensee Supply Regulations 1990 (Amendment 2002)

Electricity Regulations 1994 (Amendment 2003)

Gas Supply Regulations 1997 (Amendment 2000)

Electricity Supply (Compounding of Offences) Regulations 2001

Gas Supply (Compoundable Offences) Order 2006

Gas Supply (Compounding of Offences) Regulations 2006

Efficient Management Of Electrical Energy Regulations 2008

Below link to access file for act and regulations Energy Commission Malaysia :
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1neS9x0rcDUcAU2LZrAAj2Fj2p1sugtHS

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1.    Identify the regulator of the electricity supply industry in Peninsular Malaysia.

The Energy Commission (Suruhanjaya Tenaga) is the regulator of the electricity supply industry in Peninsular Malaysia. The Energy Commission is a statutory body that was established under the Energy Commission Act 2001 is responsible for regulating the electricity supply and piped gas supply industries to ensure a sustainable energy sector in Peninsular Malaysia. The Energy Commission has three primary responsibilities namely Economic Regulation, Technical Regulation and Safety Regulation.

i) Economic regulation aims to foster economy in the production, transmission, distribution, supply, and use of gas as well as in the reticulation and use of electricity. It also fosters competition, permits just and efficient market practices, and guards against the abuse of monopolies or market power in the piped gas and electricity sectors.

ii) Technical regulation for the purpose of ensuring the pipelined gas and electricity supply industries' security, dependability, efficiency, and quality of supply and services.

iii) Safety regulations are in place to safeguard the public, businesses, and consumers from risks associated with the production, transmission, distribution, and use of electricity as well as the distribution, use, and supply of piped gas.

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1. ASHWINI A/P THIAGARAJAN

2. NUR FARZANA BINTI BAHARUDDIN

3. NURFARHANA BINTI MOHD HASWANI

4. SHAZRUL HAFIZI BIN RAZALI

5. SITI NUR'AISYAH BINTI ZAKARIA

6. SITI NUR SALSABIELA BINTI AHMAD SHUKRI