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5th century BC: The beginnings of scientific medicine and the systematic study of medicine

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5th century BC: The beginnings of scientific medicine and the systematic study of medicine

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Scientific medicine began with the appearance in Greece of Hippocrates, considered to be the father of modern medicine. He described in a scientific manner, many diseases and their treatment after detailed observation. (Grammaticos & Diamantis, 2008).
The preservation of health was the basis of his medicine, he carefully analyzed the problems of individual hygiene and the environment and how they influenced the health of the population. (Jaramillo, 2001).

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Starting in 1347, Europe experienced multiple waves of bubonic plague epidemics that lasted until the late 1700s. The victims would  experience headache, high fever, delirium, and finally death in about 60% of cases. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention History)

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1628: Advances in physiology and discovery of blood circulation

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1628: Advances in physiology and discovery of blood circulation

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William Harvey published Exercitatio anatamica de motu cordis et sanguinis in animalibus, a monograph where he expressed his revolutionary ideas about the movement of the heart and blood circulation. The discovery of blood circulation by Harvey was a great progress in physiology.

4 years after Harvey's death, the Italian Marcello Malpighi (with the help of the microscope) was able to observe and describe the pulmonary capillaries of frogs. These facts confirm that Harvey's research on blood circulation constitutes a success both in the physiological aspect and in its practical applications. (de Micheli, 2015).

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Smallpox was one of the most devastating diseases known to humanity and caused millions of deaths. However, those who managed to survive the disease acquired immunity, which is why variolation was practiced.

Jenner observed that a similar effect occurred with milkmaids who had previously contracted cowpox, so he performed the world's first vaccination by taking pus from a cowpox lesion and inoculating a young child (Mina, 2005).

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1842: Edwin Chadwick reports on the state of health of the people in cities, towns and villages

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1842: Edwin Chadwick reports on the state of health of the people in cities, towns and villages

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The working and environmental conditions would make a significant difference in the life expectancy. He concludes that the life expectancy in people would be around 13 more years than the actual one.  (Harvard Medical School)

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John Collins Warren, the Harvards first dean, provides the first public demonstration of anesthesia in surgery. (Harvard Medical School)

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The X-ray, a form of electromagnetic radiation, was ‘accidentally’ invented in 1895 by German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Rӧntgen when experimenting with electrical currents through glass cathode-ray tubes. The discovery transformed medicine overnight and by the following year, Glasgow hospital opened the world's very first radiology department (Hogg, 2022).

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Elliott Joslin becomes one of the first physicians to introduce insulin to the United States and subsequently founds Joslin Diabetes Center. (Harvard Medical School, 2022).

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Alexander Fleming, a bacteriologist at St. Mary’s Hospital, had returned from a vacation when he noticed a zone around an invading fungus on an agar plate in which the bacteria did not grow. After isolating the mold and identifying it as belonging to the Penicillium genus, Fleming obtained an extract from the mold, naming its active agent penicillin. He determined that penicillin had an antibacterial effect on staphylococci and other gram-positive pathogens. (Gaynes, 2017).

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WHO is the United Nations agency that connects nations, partners and people to promote health so that everyone, everywhere, can achieve the highest level of health.

WHO was officially created in 1948, its creation marked a turning point in the history of international health because it merged 4 important functions into a single organization: centralized epidemiological surveillance, campaigns against epidemics, disease control and health systems reform (Cueto, 2019).

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In December 1954, the first successful kidney transplant was carried out by Dr. Joseph Murray and Dr. David Hume in Boston, USA. This event was the first instance where the recipient of an organ transplant survived the operation, despite many previous attempts (Hogg, 2022).

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Jonas Salk develops this vaccine, and thanks to the vaccine, by the 21st century polio cases were reduced by 99 percent worldwide. (Hajar, 2015)

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Searle receives FDA approval to sell Enovid as a birth control pill. The development of the first highly effective contraceptive transforms women's lives around the world and opens the door to the sexual revolution. Searle was the first and only pharmaceutical company to sell an oral contraceptive and it had a lucrative monopoly (History.com Editor, 2010).

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1981: HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, is identified

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1981: HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, is identified

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In the early 1980s, physicians were receiving reports of rare types of pneumonia, cancer and other diseases. Two years later, in 1982, the disease was officially identified as  AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) caused by the Acquired Immunodeficiency Virus, HIV (Greene, 2007).

Since then it has spread throughout the world, concentrating much of the efforts of world health organizations.

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Mass General researchers contribute to the discovery of the first gene associated with inherited early-onset Alzheimer’s disease. (Harvard Medical School, 2022)

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An HMS Neurobiology team, led by Michael Greenberg, finds that environmental stimuli activate certain sections of DNA, enhancing the process by which messenger RNAs are created, and that these “enhancer regions” play a role in driving gene expression, the first evidence of widespread enhancer transcription. (Harvard Medical School, 2022)

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2019: First patient to receive treatment for genetic disease with CRISPR DNA editing technology 

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2019: First patient to receive treatment for genetic disease with CRISPR DNA editing technology 

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Victoria Gray, a patient with sickle cell anemia, a disease that affects the red blood cells of the body, was able to overcome it with the use of CRISPR technology.
Doctors took cells from her bone marrow and edited them with CRISPR, a technology that allows scientists to create precise changes in DNA in a more accesible way than previous methods.
This technology is thought to be revolutionary in the medicine field, and this is the first time its use was registered for treatment of a genetic human disease, there's still a lot to come. (Stein, 2021)

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2020: First mRNA vaccine approved by the FDA for use against COVID-19

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2020: First mRNA vaccine approved by the FDA for use against COVID-19

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Even though mRNA was discovered in the 60's, there were technological challenges that didn't allow its development into the creation of a vaccine. Nanotechnology advances, allowed a better transport of mRNA into the body so it could be used in vaccines, and that's how the first mRNA vaccines were brought to life. Pfizer COVID-19 mRNA vaccine was the first to be approved by the FDA, setting a precedent for future applications in medicine. (Beyrer, 2021)

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2022: Immunotherapy treatment against colon cancer causes total remission in patients

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2022: Immunotherapy treatment against colon cancer causes total remission in patients

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Immunotherapy is an innovative biotechnology that uses the body's immune system to control diseases by editing its functioning. Investigators developed an immunotherapy drug called dostarlimab, that makes the immune system attack cancerous cells causing remission in patients. There still needs to be more investigations to evaluate the potential of this treatment but it's a very important event in medicine and immunotherapy history. (Osborne, 2022)

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Alexandra, M. S., & Markel, H. (2005). The History Of Vaccines And Immunization: Familiar Patterns, New Challenges. Health Affairs, 24(3), 611-21. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.24.3.611

Beyrer, C. (2021) The Long History of mRNA Vaccines. Recuperado el 29 de junio de 2022 de: https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2021/the-long-history-of-mrna-vaccines#:~:text=Thanks%20to%20decades%20of%20research,FDA%20approval%20in%20the%20U.S.

Cueto, M., Brown, T. M., & Fee, E. (2019). The World Health Organization: A History. Cambridge University Press.

de Micheli, A. (2015). La cardiología nació con la ciencia médica moderna. [Cardiology was born with modern medical science]. Archivos de Cardiología de México, 85(2), 150-153. Retrieved June 28, 2022, from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.acmx.2014.09.002.

Gaynes R. (2017). The Discovery of Penicillin—New Insights After More Than 75 Years of Clinical Use. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 23(5), 849–853. Retrieved June 28, 2022, from: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2305.161556

Grammaticos, P. C., & Diamantis, A. (2008). Useful known and unknown views of the father of modern medicine, Hippocrates and his teacher Democritus. Hellenic journal of nuclear medicine, 11(1), 2–4. Retrieved June 28, 2022, from:  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18392218/

Greene, W. C. (2007). A history of AIDS: looking back to see ahead. European journal of immunology, 37(S1), S94-S102.

Hajar R. (2015). History of medicine timeline. Heart views : the official journal of the Gulf Heart Association, 16(1), 43–45. https://doi.org/10.4103/1995-705x.153008

History.com Editors. (2010). FDA approves «the pill». HISTORY. Retrieved June 29, 2022, from: https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/fda-approves-the-pill

Hogg, P. (2021). The top 10 medical advances in history. Proclinical. Retrieved June 29, 2022, from: https://www.proclinical.com/blogs/2021-6/the-top-10-medical-advances-in-history

Jaramillo, J. (2001). Evolución de la medicina: pasado, presente y futuro. [Evolution of medicine: past, present and future]. Acta Médica Costarricense, 43(3), 105-113. Retrieved June 28, 2022, from: http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0001-60022001000300003&lng=en&tlng=es.

Osborne, M. (2022) Small Cancer Trial Resulted in Complete Remission for All Participants. Recuperado el 29 de junio de 2022 de: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/small-cancer-trial-resulted-in-complete-remission-for-all-participants-180980221/#:~:text=A%20very%20small%20trial%20of,of%20cancer%2C%E2%80%9D%20Luis%20A.

Stein, R. (2021) First sickle cell patient treated with CRISPR gene-editing still thriving. Recuperado el 29 de junio de 2022 de: https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2021/12/31/1067400512/first-sickle-cell-patient-treated-with-crispr-gene-editing-still-thriving

Timeline of Discovery. (n.d.). Harvard Medical School. Retrieved June 29, 2022, from https://hms.harvard.edu/about-hms/history-hms/timeline-discovery

# data[].attributes.body
Natalie Pérez Guadarrama A00830705

Hania Guadalupe Guerrero del Angel A00830834

Catalina Salinas Mcquary A00830467
Eduardo Andrés Valerin Vijil A00830774
Corina De la Peña A00830443
Angela Castillo Alvarez A00830395

SD1019 Personal Health and Wellness

Martha Eugenia Lara Y Sánchez

Group 801