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as we know it

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1. Oral literature: epic narratives, creation myths, stories, poems, songs.

2. Use stories to teach moral lessons and convey practical information about the natural world.

3. Deep respect for nature and animals.

4. Cyclical worldview.

5. Figurative language/parallelism.

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Native Americans spoke more than 300 languages.

Before the arrival of Europeans in United States, the Native American Tribes used to have more than 300 languages going on across the land.

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Native Americans had a vast tradition in literature.

They would orally pass down their stories, poems, songs from generation to generation.

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as we know it

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First American colonies 

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First American colonies 

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1600-1800

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1. Wrote mostly diaries and histories, which expressed the connections between God and their everyday lives.

2. Sougth to "purify" the Church of England by reforming to the simpler forms of worship and church organization described in the New Testament.

3. Saw religion as a personal, inner experience.

4. Believed in original sin and "elect" who would be saved.

5. Used a plain style of writing.

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1507: Early Settlement of the first American colonies - Jamestown

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1507: Early Settlement of the first American colonies - Jamestown

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1741: Jonathan Edwards "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"

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1741: Jonathan Edwards "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"

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Puritans have a huge influence to America in relation to faith/religion, and brought to the USA the understanding of religion as an inner relationship with God, as well as they also brought to Americans the importance of Scripture.

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Puritans also had a huge impact on literature, law, education, communication and especially the culture.

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as we know it

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"The Age of Reason"

"The Enlightenment"

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1. Mostly comprised of philosophers, scientists, writing speeches and pamphlets

2. Human beings can arrive at truth (God's rules) by using deductive reasoning, rather than relying on the authority of the past, on religious faith, or intuition

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The Age of Reason was not an atheistic movement; however, it was used as a radical criticism method to religion as an institution and to the inerrance of the Bible.

Source : https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age_of_Reason:_Being_an_Investigation_of_True_and_Fabulous_Theology

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Even though it doubted the inerrance of the Bible, the movement did not reject it. During the Age of Reasons, the Reasonists believed that God was real, but he would not need to prove himself real by miracles. That is primarily why they reject the Bible as the Total Word of God.

However, Reasonists would recognize some parts of the Bible as a good guide for philosophy, marriage and some other subjects...

Source :

https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age_of_Reason:_Being_an_Investigation_of_True_and_Fabulous_Theology

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as we know it

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The American Renaissance

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1. Everything in the world, including human beings, is a reflection of the Divine Soul.

2. People can use their intuition to behold God's spirit revealed in nature or in their own souls.

3. Self-reliance and individualism must outweigh external authority and link conformity to tradition.

4. Important social and political movements include the Abolitionist, Utopian, and Women's Suffrage Movements

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 Transcendentalism was a 19th Century Movement focused on the ''inner light'' present in anyone's character and nature. Transcendetalists think that every human being has his or her goodness which comes naturally from inside out, and that if we spread this goodness, we can make the World a better place.

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INFO: https://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3551#:~:text=The%20American%20Transcendentalists%20were%20a,fundamental%20mysteries%20of%20human%20existence.

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  Transcendentalism was not an atheist movement or philosophy; however, they rejected almost everything that came from Christianity or any other Unitarian Religion. Transcendentalism also taught that there was no need for any kind of intercession between God and humans; and that humans could access God at any time, at any circumstances. Specially by nature, which according to Transcendentalism; is the special way to reach God, because God IS nature and nature IS God.                               

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INFO: https://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3551#:~:text=The%20American%20Transcendentalists%20were%20a,fundamental%20mysteries%20of%20human%20existence.

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Little Women

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Nature

"Self-Reliance"

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Walden

Life in the Woods

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War of 1812

California Gold Rush

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The European artistic movement

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1. Valued feeling, intuition, idealism, and inductive reasoning.

2. Placed faith in inner experience and the power of the imagination.

3. Shunned the artificiality of civilization and sought unspoiled nature as a path to spirituality.

4. Championed individual freedom and the worth of the individual

5. Saw poetry as the highest expression of the imagination

6. Dark Romantics: used dark and supernatural themes/settings (Gothic style)Washington Irving
—"Rip van Winkle"

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Washington Irving ("Rip Van Winkle"),

Emily Dickinson (poetry),

Walt Whitman ("Leaves of Grass"),

Edgar Allan Poe ("The Raven"),

Nathaniel Hawthorne ("The Scarlet Letter").

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Romanticism is famous for what we call:

"The 5 I's of Romanticism";

1) Immagination

2) Intuition

3) Individuality

4) Idealism

5) Inspiration

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Nature in Romantic Period;

Whenever in history a specific group of people decide to focus and emphasize on themselves and on their own spirituality, they tend to have strange beliefs about supernatural things. The Romantics were no different, as they used to feel the presence of unseen power in Nature, and were very attracted to ghosts, fairy tales, witchcraft and supernatural experiences.

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Puritans are called Puritans because they wanted to purify the Church of England (the Anglican Church) from their Roman Catholic Practices.

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Puritans had strong moralistic doubts about participation in capital markets, and were prone to scold and eventually even excommunicate merchants.

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During the Cold War (1947-1991), there was a period in USA focused on containing the growth of communism and looked forward to stop Communism before it would get in to America.

It was so focused on being Anti-communist, that it was called; ''RED SCARE''.

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Interesting Fact #1 about McCarthyism Era

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Interesting Fact #1 about McCarthyism Era

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McCarthyism was not the first "Red Scare" in US History, as there was an Anti-Communist ideology in US History before, after World War 1 in 1917. The US President at the time, Woodrow Wilson and Mitchell Palmer were the leaders and deported a large amount of unlawful immigrants.

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Interesting Fact #2 about McCarthyism Era

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Interesting Fact #2 about McCarthyism Era

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Communists were not McCarthy's only targets, as McCarthyism saw both; Communism and LGBTQ Movement as ''unsafe risks''. That ideology became known as "The Lavender Scare".

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Poet of Choice:                    E. E. Cummings.

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Poet of Choice:                    E. E. Cummings.

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E. E. Cummings (Edward Estling Cummings), was an American poet, writer and painter. He was born in October 14, 1894 and died at 67 years of age in September 3, 1962.

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Interesting Fact #1 about E. E. Cummings

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Interesting Fact #1 about E. E. Cummings

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E. E. Cummings served as a volunteer in the Red-Cross Ambulance Corps as the ambulance-driver in France during War World 1.

We do not have much information about the reasons behind it.

- Source: Poetry Foundation

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Interesting Fact #2 about E. E. Cummings

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Interesting Fact #2 about E. E. Cummings

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E. E. Cummings was arrested by French authorities in 1917 while his time working as an ambulance driver. He was held in a detention camp for 3 and a half months. He was arrested for suspicion of espionage and undesirable activities, such as anti-war sentiments expressed in letters to a friend. He later wrote a book about this, "The Enormous Room".

- Source: https://www.thenation.com/article/culture/ee-cummings-enormous-room/

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Interesting Fact #3 about E. E. Cummings

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Interesting Fact #3 about E. E. Cummings

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E. E. Cummings was restrained from his daughter, Nancy Thayer, for almost 20 years. Nancy Thayer was born in 1927, she grew up with her stepfather (Scofield Thayer) as her biological father. In 1946 she met her biological father, (E. E. Cummings). In that strange meeting; Estling asked her: "Did anyone ever told you I am your father?" and she replied "You cannot mean it!"

- Source: https://www.theguardian.com/books/2005/apr/23/featuresreviews.guardianreview31

https://newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/seven-fun-facts-about-e-e-cummings/

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EE Cummings by Christopher Sawyer-Lauçanno

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In 1946, EE Cummings learned that the daughter he had not seen for 20 years was staying nearby. Christopher Sawyer-Lauçanno reveals what their meeting meant to each of them, in this second extract from his new biography of the poet.

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Modern Day Connections of people who took or take a stand nowadays.

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Example 1)                             Marco Granconato

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Example 1)                             Marco Granconato

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When I think of someone who takes a stand in modern day culture, that would surely be Marco Granconato.

Marco Granconato is a Brazilian preacher who has been known, respected and regarded as one of the best preachers in Brazil, he is probably the best in the area of Systematic Theology and Reformed Theology, also very good in the area of apologetics and he is not worried about becoming disliked, he is often on the news for his messages and he is often exposing heretics.

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Example 2)                              Paulo Junior

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Example 2)                              Paulo Junior

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The second person that comes to my mind when I think of someone taking a stand, that would be Paulo Junior, (Marco Granconato's best friend). Paulo Junior is an ever better preacher than Marco; however, he is not as intellectual as Marco. Paulo Junior has been expelled from his Church because people could not accept the biblical truths he was preaching, but he never backed down. He is an awesome example of someone taking a stand. He defends the Christian faith and Biblical Theology with eagerness, but always in love.

This friendship reminds me of Martin Luther and Phillip Melanchton. Martin Luther would be the natural leader, while Melanchton would be the studious Systematic theologian. In this case, Paulo would be Luther and Marco would be Melanchton.

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Poet of Choice:                  Stephen Crane.

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Poet of Choice:                  Stephen Crane.

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Stephen Crane (November 1st, 1871 - June 5, 1900). Born in Newark, New Jersey, United States and died in Badenweiler, Germany; Stephen was an American poet, a writer and novelist.

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Stephen Crane was the youngest of 14 children.

- Source: https://homework.study.com/explanation/how-many-siblings-did-stephen-crane-have.html

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Stephen Crane wrote so well about War that people thought he was a veteran, most notably his work; "The Red Badge of Courage".

- Source: https://www.loa.org/news-and-views/1889-stephen-crane-8220an-episode-of-war8221/

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Stephen Crane had a methodist upbringing, as his parents were devout Methodists, his grandfather and his father were Methodist ministers and he himself became a Methodist Pastor at Drew Methodist Church.

- Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Crane#:~:text=Crane%20became%20the%20pastor%20of,he%20retained%20until%20his%20death.

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Poet of Choice:               Emily Dickinson

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Poet of Choice:               Emily Dickinson

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Emily Dickinson (December 10th, 1830 - May 15th, 1886). Born in and died in Amherst, Massachussets, USA. Emily was an American poet, and is one of the most important figures for American poetry.

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Interesting Fact #1 about Emily Dickinson

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Interesting Fact #1 about Emily Dickinson

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In 1965, Amherst College purchased the homestead (Dickinson's family's house) as a homage to Emily, to preserve the home of one of America's greatest poets.

- Source: emilydickinson.net

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Interesting Fact #2 about Emily Dickinson

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Interesting Fact #2 about Emily Dickinson

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Emily Dickinson actually did not want most of her works to be published, as she thought publication was a form of "Auction/ Of the Mind of Man" and that sharing her works would be a violation of her private world.

- Source:

https://www.poetryfoundation.org

and

emilydickinson.net

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Interesting Fact #3 about Emily Dickinson

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Interesting Fact #3 about Emily Dickinson

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Emily has a weird relationship with Christianity in general; her family were devout Christians (who followed Reformed Theology), she lived in a time of constant revivals in her teenage years, her peers were constantly converting to Christianity; however, she did not.

Even though she never publicly converted to Christ, we can find in her works Christian themes and quotations of the Bible, which means her family probably played a role and had a impact on her thoughts.

- Source: https://www.emilydickinsonmuseum.org

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1850-1900

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1. Feelings of disillusionment.

2. Common subjects: slums of rapidly growing cities, factories replacing farmlands, poor factory workers, corrupt politicians.

3. Represented the manner and environment of everyday life and ordinary people as realistically as possible (Regionalism).

4. Sought to explain behavior (psychologically/socially).

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Mark Twain
-Huckleberry Finn

Jack London
-Call of the Wild
-"To Build a Fire"

Stephen Crane
-"The Open Boat"

Ambrose Bierce
-"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge"

Kate Chopin
-"Story of an Hour"
-The Awakening

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The Civil War (1861-1865) was the first American war to be heavily photographed. Photographers would take cameras onto battlefields, creating some of the first realistic war images in history. The civilians were shocked, it was their first time seeing the realities of the battles that were taking place at the moment.

- Source : https://www.archives.gov/research/still-pictures/civil-war

- Picture : https://www.archives.gov/research/still-pictures/civil-war

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Because of the advance in photography and its technology, soldiers were able to carry miniature pictures in their pockets. They would carry pictures of their "loved ones" to use it as a motivation and to remind themselves what they were fighting for.

Just as I like to say, if a man has a purpose, he will pass over anything.

- Source: ChatGPT because I could not find any other fun fact.

- Picture: AI generated picture, because I could not find any in the internet about this specific subject.

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End of Week #13,      Beginning of Week #14

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End of Week #13,      Beginning of Week #14

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Poet of Choice:                Walter Braden ''Jack'' Finney

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Poet of Choice:                Walter Braden ''Jack'' Finney

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Best known as "Jack Finney", Walter Braden Finney was born in 1911 and died in 1995. He was an american novelist and short-story writer.

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His name was not really Jack, as his full name was Walter Braden Finney. He got that nickname after his father's death, as his friends did not want to confuse him with his father (also a Walter).

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As readers are able to see throughout his works, he was obsessed with the concept of time travel and with the feeling of nostalgia. This passion shaped Time and Again, where he recreated 1880s Manhattan so accurately that historians praised the book for its detail more than some academic works. He was so obsessed with it that he actually researched time travel as if it were an actual science. Treating it like a real experiment, he even wrote about it giving instructions, not stories.

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Because of his obsession with time travel, nostalgia, old things and etc... Jack Finney collected small, random objects from the past and kept them as "time anchors". He kept old coins, ticket stubs, train schedules, keys, and bits of antique paper scattered around his writing desk. When surrounded with real objects of the past, he felt the time period more clearly, almost like portals into history.

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Poet of Choice:              Sandra Cisneros

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Poet of Choice:              Sandra Cisneros

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Sandra Cisneros (1954-today) is a Mexican/American writer. Sandra is well known for "The House on Mango Street". She usually writes about family life, Latina identity, culture and the struggles of growing up in between two worlds (Mexico/USA).

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Interesting Fact #1 about Sandra Cisneros

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Interesting Fact #1 about Sandra Cisneros

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Sandra Cisneros once lived in a bright purple house. She stated that she wanted a purple house not only because she liked expressive and vivid colors, but because she thinks that houses have individual personalities.

- Source: https://www.texasmonthly.com/style/the-purple-passion-of-sandra-cisneros/

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Interesting Fact #2 about Sandra Cisneros

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Interesting Fact #2 about Sandra Cisneros

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One thing about Sandra Cisneros that almost no one knows is that she once worked as a teacher at the Latino Youth Alternative High School, in Chicago.

- Source:

National Women's History Museum Org

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Interesting fact #3 about Sandra Cisneros

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Interesting fact #3 about Sandra Cisneros

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At one point at Sandra Cisneros' journey as a writer, she was so discouraged that she seriously considered never writing again. That was right before her career launched and thankfully she did not manage to do so.

- Source: https://www.arts.gov/stories/blog/2020/hispanic-heritage-flashback-friday-sandra-cisneros-recognizing-ourselves#:~:text=My%20whole%20life%20is%20a,from%20all%20kinds%20of%20people.

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1900-1950

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1914-1918

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1929-1939

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1939-1945

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1. Sense of disillusionment and loss of faith in the "American Dream": the independent, self-reliant, individual will triumph.
2. Emphasis on bold experimentation in style and form over the traditional.
3. Interest in the inner workings of the human mind (ex. Stream of consciousness).

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Lorraine Hansberry
-A Raisin in the Sun

F. Scott Fitzgerald
-The Great Gatsby

William Faulkner
-"A Rose for Emily"

Eudora Welty
-"A Worn Path"

Robert Frost
-poetry

T. S. Eliot
-The Waste Land
-"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock"

John Steinbeck
-Of Mice and Men
-The Grapes of Wrath

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Influential Modernist writers were obsessed with breaking rules. Writer like James Joyrce and Gertrude Stein intentionally ignored grammar, punctuation and narrative structure. Joyce's work "Ulysses" was even banned in the U.S for years because its experimentation was considered obscene.

- Source: ChatGPT (could not find any other)

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In 1917, Marcel Duchamp (a French/American Modernist artist) submitted a urinal as a sculpture and called it "Fountain". Critics thought it was an absurd pran. Today, it is considered one of the most influential artworks of the 20th century and a defining moment in Modernism.

- Source: https://www.news.iastate.edu/news/100-years-later-duchamps-fountain-still-influential

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During 1920s

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Interesting Fact #1 about The American Dream in the 20s

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Interesting Fact #1 about The American Dream in the 20s

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Due to consumerism and the ambition to achieve the American Dream, consumer debt exploded. People would fake to have achieved the Dream, buying luxury cars and items and other things they could not really afford. By the end of the decade, millions of families were in debt just to look successful.

- Source: https://study.com/academy/lesson/american-economy-in-the-1920s-consumerism-stock-market-economic-shift.html#:~:text=Table%20of%20Contents,attributed%20to%20its%20widespread%20adoption.

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Interesting Fact #2 about The American Dream in the 20s

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Interesting Fact #2 about The American Dream in the 20s

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In the 1920s, the American Dream literally had a "measuring tool", called: "the Standard of Living Index". And it was believed by the index that if you did not have:

- a radio

- a phonograph

- a washing machine

you were "below the American standard".

- Source: https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2014/article/one-hundred-years-of-price-change-the-consumer-price-index-and-the-american-inflation-experience.htm

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During 1930s-1940s