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Literacy development in early childhood is the process of learning language, sounds, and words. It's a foundation for reading, writing, communication, and socialization. One crucial aspect of early literacy development is phonological awareness. Infants begin to discriminate, encode, and manipulate sounds in language in their first year.

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P.A. (Phonemic Awareness)- Blending, Segmenting, and Manipulating Phonoemes and words- is one of many mixers of Phonemics Awareness for children, especially beginner readers and writers(P.S.- This sort of breakdown method can be taught to many children of all ages, especially from age 2-3- though it may seem like a young age for them to learn how to spell it is not in any way impossible.)

Blending: Joining letter sounds together to form words

Segmenting: Breaking a word apart into its sounds

Rhyming: Recognizing and manipulating the sounds in words

Phonemic awareness is a phonological awareness that focuses on recognizing and manipulating phonemes, the minor units of sound in words. It's a key component of reading and reading comprehension, and it helps people understand what they read and hear. "Phonemic awareness may be better understood when placed in the context of two superordinate constructs: phonological awareness and metalinguistics." (Yopp, 2000). It is fascinating how it ties to reading comprehension- as stated in the article, there are many ways to understand P.A. from a place of context- one being reading comprehension- the most vital importance of new readers is the ability to have patience and using such methods like the breakdown method.

Two-Classroom Activities: I Spy

This is a common game that can be adapted for different ages. The teacher or caregiver models, "I spy a /h/ /a/ /t/. What do I spy? Yes, it is a hat!" The difficulty level can be adjusted as the student's blending skills improve.

Rhyming storybooks

Reading rhyming stories helps children develop phonemic awareness by allowing them to recognize letter and sound patterns. It also helps increase vocabulary and motivates learning.

One-At Home Activity:

Food Word Identifying Game: At the grocery store, have your child identify the syllables in food names. It can help them remember the words and shapes, and even the item's look can help them quickly grow with phonemic growth.

Website for Phonemic Awareness: Heggerty.org: This foundation focuses on the transformation of literacy and Has an ideal mission of unlocking the vast potentials of writing and reading.

https://heggerty.org/about-us/

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Vocabulary is one of the components of literacy, along with reading fluency and comprehension. Vocabulary is the words that students need to know to communicate effectively through reading and writing. Fluency is the ability to read accurately, quickly, and with proper expression. Fluency comprises three components: Accuracy, The ability to identify letters, letter patterns, and words swiftly and accurately. Rate: Reading at an appropriate speed. Prosody: Reading with proper phrasing, intonation, and expression. Fluency develops over time through practice and is essential because it helps students construct meaning as they read. Fluent readers are more likely to succeed in other areas of literacy and are more confident in what they read. " In the beginning phase of reading development when decoding is the primary focus of development, word reading fluency and text reading fluency largely overlapped such that word reading fluency strongly influenced reading comprehension whereas text reading fluency did not make an independent contribution to reading comprehension." (Kim, 2015).

Vocabulary reading fluency and comprehension are critical components of literacy, representing the words a student needs to understand to communicate effectively through reading and writing. Fluency, which involves reading accurately, quickly, and with proper expression, is made up of three parts: accuracy (identifying letters and words correctly), rate (reading at an appropriate speed), and prosody (using phrasing, intonation, and expression while reading). As fluency develops through practice, it allows students to construct meaning from text better, leading to greater confidence and success in other literacy areas.

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The importance of learning to spell and research the definition of words

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Vocabulary/Fluency Classroom and Activities- Assist for Families

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Vocabulary/Fluency Classroom and Activities- Assist for Families

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Different activities can strengthen vocabulary and fluency in many areas, benefiting students with special needs and those in general education. It is always important to remember that learning progression for children is different no matter the disability.

Classroom:

1. Breakdown Word List: This is an essential concept in understanding both vocabulary and fluency with reading and understanding. It is similar to a spell bee game, though this challenges the student to break the world down piece by piece to understand the importance of each letter and how it sounds.

2. Word Sight: This fun activity in the classroom helps with remembering and increases sight remembrance. Does it seem like there's a lot to remember? Not having photos of words and their items in the photo makes it easier to remember. This method can work for all students regardless of learning difficulty.

At-Home Activity:

3. Reading together: Reading aloud to your child, taking turns reading, and having them read to you can help build vocabulary. You can read various materials, such as fiction, nonfiction, magazines, chapter books, or graphic novels. Listening to books read by others can help develop fluency. You can have your child listen to audiobooks on CD or online before asking them to read independently.

Wesbite: Readworks.org

https://www.readworks.org/

What is Readworkers.org?

It is a reading comprehension breakdown that offers content for families with students who struggle with vocabulary breakdown and reading/writing fluency. It doesn't matter if the student is disabled or not. It provides care for students who struggle. Their end goal is maximizing a child's fullest potential.

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ReadWorks | Award-Winning, EdTech Nonprofit Organization

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ReadWorks is an edtech nonprofit organization that is committed to helping to solve America’s reading comprehension crisis.

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Reading comprehension is the ability to understand and make sense of what is read, and it involves several components.

Vocabulary: The ability to understand the words and phrases in a text

Text comprehension: The ability to use the language in a text to understand its meaning

Background knowledge: The information and experiences a reader brings to the text

Fluency: The ability to recognize words quickly, even words that can't be sounded out

Sentence construction and cohesion: The ability to understand how sentences are built and how ideas connect within and between sentences

Text structure and organization: The way information is presented in a text, such as with headings, subheadings, and logical sequencing

Decoding, fluency, and vocabulary are all part of Comprehension- it is important to remember- the crucial role of essential reading skills like decoding (sounding out words), fluency (reading smoothly and accurately), and strong vocabulary in achieving reading comprehension. It also emphasizes the importance of critical thinking skills, like connecting ideas across sentences to fully grasp a text's meaning. It suggests that active engagement through reading aloud and discussing personal experiences can significantly enhance reading development in children.

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Classroom Activities 1:

Role-playing: Although it may sound strange, acting out characters or re-telling stories based on plays is very important in promoting Comprehension. Why? Role-playing is a versatile teaching method that significantly enhances understanding of texts by engaging students in actively recalling, comprehending, and representing characters, events, and concepts through acting out scenarios. This, in turn, boosts motivation and vocabulary development and promotes deeper reading engagement across various subjects. Enhances understanding. Role play can help students understand texts by requiring them to recall, comprehend, and reflect on how to represent characters, events, and concepts. Increases motivation Role play can help students become more motivated to read and increase their self-efficacy as readers. Improves vocabulary Role play can help students expand their vocabulary. Promotes deep reading Role play can help students develop a practical stance that supports deep and independent reading. It can be used for different subjects. Role play can be used to work on many subjects, not just reading Comprehension. For example, it can be used to understand a certain age's society or the functioning of the body's organs.

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Classroom Activities 2:

Chart Play: In basic terms, Graphic Match Make is a helpful tool for improving reading comprehension skills. It is highly versatile and can be used with any text and framework to help readers understand words and concepts.

At Home Activities: Five Finger Re-tell is a telling event from beginning to end, which helps the child understand and sum up the progression and main focus of the story.

Character: Who was in the story?

Setting: Where did it take place?

Events: What happens in the story?

Ending: How did it end?

Who is your favorite character?

All these questions can prepare for more confident behavior with not being a good reader but speaking in public more.

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Barbershop Books helps inspire young readers to gain confidence and a skill set for being pace readers and grow more in their understanding of being great readers. Taking pride in just being a good reader and speaker helps make them feel involved.

https://barbershopbooks.org/programs/

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Reading So Lit is reading identity exploration and assessment platform for preK-5 that helps students better understand their reading identity and articulate their reading preferences. This strengths-based tool generates actionable data that helps educators curate culturally responsive content, personalize reading instruction, and accelerate learning.

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We inspire Black boys and other children to read for fun through child-centered, culturally responsive, and community-based programming.

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Phonics instruction teaches children the relationship between the sounds of spoken language and the letters of written language. Some critical phonics components include phonemes and letter sounds, with 24 consonant sounds and 20 vowel sounds in English. Phonemic awareness: The ability to recognize speech sounds at the phoneme level. Blending: The process of combining phonemes. Segmenting: The process of identifying the individual phonemes in a word. Orthographic mapping: Establishing a memory for printed words using letter-sound correspondences. This process helps readers retrieve words automatically, which frees up mental resources for comprehension. Open and closed syllables: Many different types of research show that students' ability to read multisyllabic words significantly relates to their sight knowledge of open and closed syllables.

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Classroom 1 Activity:

iSpy: Has a traditional theme- in many ways, whether in small groups or large, it helps with focus and being attentive- segments the words into a blend of sounds to have your students understand a mix of objects and use context clues.

Classroom 2 Activity:

Phonics Dice: Having words and pictures of the words on the dice can help students understand words, their meanings, and what they look like. It's like having a photographic memory, which is the ability to vividly remember visual information, including minute details, from a single exposure, like looking at a picture. Children at a young age can only remember something they have seen one critical moment at a time.

At-Home Activities:

Bingo

It's one of the oldest, well-exciting games to play around a family event- but how does bingo work with Phonics? Interesting is a game that helps students learn phonicPhonicsacticing letters, sounds, and reading words. Again, no matter a child's development, it helps them in many ways.

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ABC Mouse: It focuses on unlocking a child's unique potential. With more than 100 features of reading/writing and more subjects, it helps break down the phonemic approach to learning for students. An interactive phonics program with activities and games to help children learn letter sounds, rhyming, syllables, and other reading building blocks. "Because the children are actively engaged in combining their beginning letters to create words and figuring out which beginning letters will make words, children find the activity pleasurable." (Cunningham, 2002).

https://www.abcmouse.com/abc/?8a08850bc2=T1208928719.1727854831.0194

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ABCmouse.com helps kids learn to read through phonics, and teaches lessons in math, social studies, art, music, and much more! For kids ages 2 to 8.

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Cunningham, P. M., & Cunningham, J. W. (2002). What we know about how to teach phonics. What research has to say about reading instruction, 3, 87-109.

Kim YG. Developmental, Component-Based Model of Reading Fluency: An Investigation of Predictors of Word-Reading Fluency, Text-Reading Fluency, and Reading Comprehension. Read Res Q. 2015 Oct-Dec;50(4):459-481. doi: 10.1002/rrq.107. Epub 2015 Apr 13. PMID: 26435550; PMCID: PMC4590774.

Yopp, H. K., & Yopp, R. H. (2000). Supporting phonemic awareness development in the classroom. The reading teacher, 54(2), 130-143.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5uimIJ1ZcHc