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state of human society, in which a high level of culture, science, and government has been reached.

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The process of transferring plants, animals, foods, diseases, wealth, and culture between Europe and the Americas, beginning at the time of Christopher Columbus and continuing throughout the era of exploration and expansion.

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An economic system built on the assumption that the world's supply of wealth is fixed and that nations must export more goods than they import to assure a steady supply of gold and silver into national coffers. Mercantile thinkers saw the inflow of such wealth as the key to maintaining and enhancing national power and self-sufficiency. Within this context, the accumulation and development of colonies was of great importance, since colonies could supply scarce raw materials to parent nations and serve as markets for finished goods.

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In an effort to entice English subjects to the colonies, parties would offer legal bonded contracts that would exchange the cost of passage across the Atlantic for up to seven years of labor in America.

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Total ownership of one person over another.

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Religious reform movement in the 16th and 17th centuries that sought to “purify” the church of England.

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Economic exchange amongst three markets and geographies

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The government in Spain gave away large tracts of conquered land in Spanish America, including whole villages of indigenous peoples, to court favorites, including many conquistadores. These new landlords were supposed to educate the natives and teach them the Roman Catholic faith. The system was rife with abuse, however. Landlords rarely offered much education, preferring instead to exploit the labor of the local inhabitants, whom they treated like slaves.

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Colonies focused on cash crops.

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Colonies with a large agricultural base. Because of location they were key distribution centers in the English Mercantile System

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Colonies founded by the Puritans for religious purposes. Goal was to create a society as God intended.

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A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east

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Before the American constitution, this established the United States as a loose confederation of states under a weak national Congress, which was not granted the power to regulate commerce or collect taxes

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An eighteenth-century philosophical movement that began in Western Europe with roots in the Scientific Revolution

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Near the end of the Revolutionary War, the Continental Army had not received pay for many years and threatened to abandon the fight, if they were not compensated

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A colonist who rebelled against British rule

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Supporters of the new Constitution and a strong federal government. They fear a weak government. Generally very wealthy.

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Plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the (British) Crown

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The decision to have a bicameral legislature, one house based on population, and one house with an equal number of representatives for every state.

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A colonist who supported British rule

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Supporters of the Articles of Confederation, not the Constitution. They fear a tyrannical national government with too much power and strongly advocate for the Bill of Rights.

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One of the biggest accomplishments of the Articles of Confederation. This established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the Union

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Determined that each slave would be counted as three fifths of a person for the purpose of apportioning taxes and representation.

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A period from the early 1600s to the mid 1700s where British Parliamentary Laws were not enforced on the colonists

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Group of persons organized to acquire and exercise political power

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The fight for the suffrage (voting) for half of the population

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Human-made waterways connecting natural bodies of water, very important for early travel

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Machine invented by Samuel Morse that used a system of dots and dashes to send messages across long distances electronically through a wire. It connected the different hemispheres of the world, allowing for more communication between people.

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Landmark 1803 Supreme Court case in which Chief Justice John Marshall established the principle of Judicial Review, which grants the Supreme Court the power to declare laws unconstitutional.

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Eli Whitney’s 1793 invention that dramatically improved the speed for processing cotton, changing the trajectory of cotton production in the United States

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Opposed Jackson's strong-armed leadership style and policies, but promoted protective tariffs, federal funding for internal improvements, and other measures that strengthened the central government.

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Uniform pieces that can be made in large quantities to replace other identical pieces

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The traditional belief that the United States should refrain from involvement in overseas politics, alliances, or wars, and confine its national security interest to its own borders

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The political orientation of a people or a government to maintain a strong military force and to be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests.

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The movement of African Americans from the South to the industrial centers of the Northeast and the Midwest.

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The practice of allowing investors to purchase a stock for only a fraction of its price and borrow the rest at high interest rates

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The campaign to allow female voters

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Political ideology that stresses people's membership in a nation

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The resolution to WWI that squarely blamed Germany by demanding billions in reparations and destroying German military infrastructure

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The prevention by law of the manufacture and sale of alcohol between 1920 and 1933

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A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically

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A captain and admiral in the Navy who was a prominent supporter of Imperialism

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A message from Germany to Mexico—decoded and shared by the British—that urged Mexico to invade the US to keep the US occupied in exchange for German support for Mexico taking back parts of the Mexican Cession

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A popular way to describe the New Deal, referring to relief, recovery, and reform

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The principle that all countries should have equal access to any of the ports open to trade in China

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International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation but greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join. Sometimes considered a precursor to the modern UN.

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Tax on imports

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American military strategy in WWII to slowly claim territory across the Pacific, leading to the eventual defeat of Japan

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The death and destruction of six million jews and five million other people by the Nazis during WWII.

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Globally centered groups that try to solve world problems.

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Successor to the League of Nations. Exists to solve the world’s political problems.

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Created the World Bank and IMF to solve the world’s economic problems.

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Military alliance primarily between the USA and Western Europe.

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Named by Winston Churchill. This is the metaphorical demarcation between communism and democracy in Europe.

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Military alliance between countries in Eastern Europe and the USSR.

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Theory that communism must be prevented from spreading to other countries and that the USA must use military force to stop it if necessary.

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Belief that if one country becomes Communist its neighbors would also become communist.

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Significantly more powerful than past weapons. First used in Hiroshima.

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Vastly more powerful than atomic bombs. Capable of destroying entire cities and permanently irradiating countries.

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Created by President LBJ to improve the social welfare safety net in the USA.

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Supreme Court Case that ended the segregation of schools.