# data[].attributes.headline
1565: Establishment at St. Augustine, Florida

# data[].attributes.subject
1565: Establishment at St. Augustine, Florida

# data[].attributes.body
The first permanent European settlement is established at St. Augustine by the Spanish.

# data[].attributes.body
Scottish and Irish immigration begins, with many settling in New England, Maryland, and Pennsylvania.

# data[].attributes.body
Congress bans the importation of African slaves.

# data[].attributes.headline
1820–1880: The First Great Wave of Immigration

# data[].attributes.subject
1820–1880: The First Great Wave of Immigration

# data[].attributes.body
Over 10 million immigrants, mostly from Northern and Western Europe, arrive during the "first great wave" of immigration.

# data[].attributes.body
Congress passes the Indian Removal Act, forcing Native Americans west of the Mississippi.

The Cherokee are forced on the "Trail of Tears," resulting in approximately 4,000 deaths.

# data[].attributes.body
The Irish Potato Famine leads to nearly 500,000 Irish immigrating to the U.S. over five years.

The Mexican-American War ends, with the U.S. acquiring new territory and people.

# data[].attributes.body
The California Gold Rush sparks the first major wave of Chinese immigration.

# data[].attributes.body
The Homestead Act encourages immigration by offering land to settlers.

# data[].attributes.body
The Burlingame Treaty allows unrestricted Chinese immigration.

# data[].attributes.body
The Chinese Exclusion Act suspends Chinese labor immigration.

# data[].attributes.body
New immigrants arrive from Southern and Eastern Europe, including Italians, Poles, and Jews fleeing persecution and poverty.

# data[].attributes.body
The National Origins Act establishes quotas favoring Northern and Western Europeans and severely restricting others, including Asians.

U.S. Border Patrol is created to regulate immigration.

# data[].attributes.body
The Bracero Program brings millions of Mexican laborers to the U.S. for temporary work.

# data[].attributes.body
The Cuban Revolution prompts a mass exodus to the U.S.

# data[].attributes.headline
1965: The Immigration and Nationality Act

# data[].attributes.subject
1965: The Immigration and Nationality Act

# data[].attributes.body
The Immigration and Nationality Act abolishes national-origin quotas, opening doors to immigrants from Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

# data[].attributes.body
The Refugee Act systematizes the process for refugee admissions and asylum.

# data[].attributes.headline
1986: The Immigration Reform and Control Act

# data[].attributes.subject
1986: The Immigration Reform and Control Act

# data[].attributes.body
The Immigration Reform and Control Act grants amnesty to millions of undocumented immigrants.

# data[].attributes.body
The Immigration Act increases total immigration and creates the Diversity Visa Lottery.

# data[].attributes.headline
2003: The Department of Homeland Security

# data[].attributes.subject
2003: The Department of Homeland Security

# data[].attributes.body
The Department of Homeland Security takes over immigration enforcement and services.

# data[].attributes.body
Immigration from Latin America and Asia surpasses that from Europe. Policies focus on border security, undocumented immigration, and refugee admissions.