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Aim: To examine the effects of trade liberalization in China on the evolu

tion of markups and productivity of manufacturing firms.

Objectives:

To separately identify the effects on firm-level markups

of reducing output tariffs and tariffs applied to an industry’s inputs, as Amiti and

Konings (2007) originally did for productivity.

To contrast effects on markups with those on produc

tivity in order to provide insights into the mechanisms through which trade liberal

ization effects materialize.

To obtain further insights into the mechanisms by decom

posing the aggregate effect.

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The aim of the paper: yo gurt

Analyze how China's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the resulting trade liberalization affected the performance of Chinese manufacturing firms, specifically focusing on their productivity and markups.

Explain whether and how the reduction in import tariffs and other trade-related policy reforms influenced firm-level productivity growth and pricing behavior during the period from 1995 to 2007.

Key objectives of the paper include:

Investigating the impact of tariff reductions on firm productivity and markups separately, using detailed price deflators to distinguish these effects despite the challenge of measuring firm-level prices directly.

Examining how different types of tariff cuts-on output goods versus intermediate inputs-affect markups and productivity. For example, output tariff cuts are hypothesized to reduce markups by increasing competition, while input tariff cuts can lower production costs and raise productivity.

Exploring the mechanisms behind these effects, including how trade liberalization influences competition among incumbent firms and the entry of new firms, as well as how it affects firm behavior, resource allocation, and market structure.

Assessing the role of domestic market liberalization (access for foreign firms to China's domestic market) rather than export market access, given that a large share of Chinese manufacturing output was sold domestically during this period.

Providing insights into how trade policy reforms contributed to the impressive productivity growth observed in China’s manufacturing sector and how these reforms may have promoted a more competitive and efficient industrial environment.

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Topic: The Impact of Trump’s Tariffs in 2025 on Vietnamese Exports to the US: Challenges and Strategic Responses

Aim

To assess the direct impact of the 2025 US tariffs on Vietnamese exports.

To explore strategic responses Vietnam can adopt at both national and firm levels.

Objective

To review existing literature on Trump-era tariff policies, Vietnam’s role in global supply chains, and responses to trade shocks.

To identify the research gap concerning the direct impact of US tariffs on Vietnam in 2025.

To propose and apply the Difference-in-Differences (DID) method to analyze the effects of the new tariffs.

To suggest practical and evidence-based strategies for Vietnam to cope with and adapt to the new trade challenges.

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EXPORT PERFORMANCE OF VIETNAM'S GARMENT MANUFACTURING  ENTERPRISES: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS - Sample Paper

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EXPORT PERFORMANCE OF VIETNAM'S GARMENT MANUFACTURING  ENTERPRISES: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS - Sample Paper

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Aim: examines the export performance of Vietnam's garment manufacturing enterprises within the global textile and apparel market.

Objectives: The research addresses the following questions:

1. What internal and external factors have contributed to the export success of Vietnamese garment manufacturers?

2. What challenges and limitations constrain their ability to advance in the global value chain?

3. How can Vietnamese garment enterprises strategically position themselves for sustainable export growth amid changing market dynamics?

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Aim: To identify the impact of China’s 2001 WTO accession on domestic manufacturing firms' performance, particularly through tariff and non-tariff barriers (NTBs) reforms.

Objectives:

To analyze the relationship between the reduction of non-tariff barriers under WTO commitments and the productivity of Chinese manufacturing firms.

To examine the differential impacts of WTO accession on state-owned enterprises (SOEs) versus private firms.

To evaluate how increased import competition following WTO accession influenced firm performance.

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Topic: Trump's tariff policy and its impacts on Vietnam's textile and electronics industries: Evidence of trade diversion (2017-2021)

AIM

The aim of this study is to investigate how Trump’s tariff policy influenced trade diversion in Vietnam’s textile and electronics industries during 2017–2019.

OBJECTIVES

1. To analyze the trends in U.S. imports of textiles and electronics from Vietnam from 2017 to 2019.

2. To assess whether Vietnam's exports replaced Chinese exports to the U.S. after the imposition of tariffs.

3. To evaluate the magnitude of trade diversion using trade data.

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Aim: to examine the effects of trade liberalization—specifically, China’s accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) - on the performance of Chinese manufacturing firms, focusing on the evolution of markups (price-cost margins) and productivity

Objectives

1. To estimate the effects of reductions in output tariffs on firm-level markups and productivity using detailed price deflators.

2. To investigate the differential effects of trade liberalization on incumbent firms versus new entrants, highlighting how pro-competitive forces and efficiency gains manifest across firm types.

3. To analyze the impact of input tariff reductions on both markups and productivity, examining supply-side effects alongside demand-side competition.

4. To identify and explain the mechanisms specific to the Chinese context that drive the observed changes in firm performance metrics after WTO accession.

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Sample Paper: How does artificial intelligence affect the transformation of China’s green economic growth? An analysis from internal-structure perspective

Authors: Feng, C., Ye, X., Li, J., & Yang, J.

Aim: To examine the impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on Green Total Factor Productivity (GTFP) in China, and to identify the internal structural mechanisms (e.g., resource allocation, technological progress, scale efficiency) through which AI influences green economic transformation.

Objective:

To measure the level of AI development across Chinese provinces from 2009 to 2021.

To estimate Green Total Factor Productivity (GTFP) using the Malmquist productivity index while accounting for environmental factors (e.g., CO₂ emissions).

To assess the overall effect of AI on GTFP across regions using econometric analysis.

To analyze the mechanisms (internal structures) through which AI affects GTFP - specifically, whether through:

Resource allocation efficiency

Technological progress

Scale efficiency

To compare how the impact of AI on GTFP varies across regions (eastern, central, western China).

To offer policy recommendations for leveraging AI to promote green development based on regional characteristics.

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The aim of the paper:

Examine the impact of the access of China to the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the related liberalization of trade on the performance of Chinese manufacturing enterprises, in terms of their performance in terms of productivity and markups.

Discuss if and how the decrease of tariffs on import and other trade-oriented policy changes affected the firm-level productivty growth and pricing dynamics during the period of 1995 to 2007.

Some of the main goals of the paper are:

Examining the effect of tariff reductions on firm productivity and markups independently and taking the assistance of detailed price deflators to isolate the two despite the difficulty to measure firm-level prices directly.

Testing the differential impacts of various tariff cuts-on output goods as opposed to intermediate inputs to the markup and the productivity. For instance, output tariff cuts are postulated to reduce markups through intensification of competition, input tariff cuts may decrease production costs and translate to increased productivity.

The investigation of mechanisms that are responsible for such effects, as a way to observe how trade liberalization affects competition for incumbent and competition for new firms, and firm behavior, resource allocation, and market structure.

Evaluating rather the impact of domestic market liberalization (access of foreign firms to China’s domestic market) – instead of export market access – because a significant proportion of Chinese manufacturing output was consumed domestically in this period.

Providing the insights which help to understand how the trade policy reforms led to such impressive growth of productivity in China’s manufacturing sector and gave some understanding on how such reforms made the manufacturing sector more competitive and efficient.