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Integrantes:

• Carlos Mauricio Arreaga Gómez 292-14-15830

• Guanfri Daniel González Tobar 292 21 18194

• Ashley Sofia Tais Champet Santizo

292 20 7713

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La Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC) es una institución internacional que regula el comercio entre países, promoviendo un sistema multilateral basado en reglas. Establecida en 1995, reemplazó al Acuerdo General sobre Aranceles Aduaneros y Comercio (GATT). Su objetivo es facilitar un comercio fluido, libre y previsible a nivel global, fomentando la equidad y el desarrollo sostenible.

Conoce la OMC:

https://www.wto.org/indexsp.htm

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La OMC se rige por los siguientes principios básicos:

No discriminación: Todos los miembros reciben igual trato (Nación más favorecida).

Trato nacional: Productos extranjeros no deben recibir trato desfavorable frente a los nacionales.

Transparencia: Los países deben publicar y notificar sus políticas comerciales.

Promoción del libre comercio: Reducción progresiva de barreras arancelarias y no arancelarias.

Fomento al desarrollo: Atención especial a países en desarrollo.

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La OMC tiene una estructura jerárquica que permite la toma de decisiones multilaterales. Está compuesta por:

Conferencia Ministerial: Máximo órgano, se reúne cada dos años.

Consejo General: Supervisa el funcionamiento diario y actúa como Órgano de Solución de Diferencias.

Consejos especializados: Para mercancías, servicios y propiedad intelectual (ADPIC).

Comités técnicos y grupos de trabajo.

Secretaría: Apoya administrativamente y está dirigida por el Director General.

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Las decisiones en la OMC se adoptan principalmente por consenso, lo cual significa que todos los países deben estar de acuerdo. Si no hay consenso, se puede recurrir a la votación, donde cada país tiene un voto.

Este proceso asegura la igualdad entre países, aunque puede hacer que las decisiones sean más lentas. La Conferencia Ministerial y el Consejo General son los principales espacios donde se toman estas decisiones.

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La OMC facilita negociaciones para reducir barreras al comercio internacional. Lo hace mediante:

Rondas de negociación (como la Ronda de Doha).

Eliminación o reducción de aranceles.

Eliminación de subsidios distorsionantes.

Creación de acuerdos multilaterales.

Su objetivo es lograr un comercio más justo y accesible para todos los países, especialmente los menos desarrollados.

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Derestriction of bilateral negotiating material from earlier GATT Rounds of negotiations

In line with WTO's efforts to enhance transparency, Members have agreed to derestrict an important number of documents relating to earlier GATT Rounds of negotiations.

The derestricted material includes more than 5,000 records kept by the Secretariat, including bilateral requests, offers, and agreements negotiated using the "request and offer" approach".

The bilateral material has been scanned in a joint project with Stanford University Libraries to ensure its preservation.

1. For more background information on the subject please see minutes of the meetings of the Committee on Market Access ( G/MA/M/52, G/MA/M/53, and G/MA/M/55) and the General Council Decision of 25 July 2013, "Derestriction of some GATT 1947 historical bilateral negotiating documentation" ( WT/L/892).

> GATT bilateral negotiating material by Round

> GATT bilateral negotiating material by Contracting Party

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News

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Introduction

Includes: Information on market access for goods in the WTO
Links to market access and tariff information in the WTO guide "Understanding the WTO"
Tariff; Bindings; Agriculture;
(Click your browser's "back" button to return to this page.)

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Consult or download the Marrakesh Protocol
Summary of the legal texts of the GATT
A technical summary

Browse or download the text of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT 1947) from the legal texts gateway

Find decisions of WTO bodies concerning the GATT in the Analytical Index — Guide to WTO Law and Practice

The Doha negotiating mandate
Section on market access in the 2001 Doha Ministerial Declaration

Consult the goods schedules for WTO members and new members

Hong Kong Ministerial Declaration

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Work of the Committee on Market Access

At its meeting on 31 January 1995 the General Council established the WTO Committee on Market Access with the following terms of reference:

The Committee on Market Access shall:

(a) in relation to market access issues not covered by any other WTO body:

supervise the implementation of concessions relating to tariffs and non-tariff measures;

provide a forum for consultation on matters relating to tariffs and non-tariff measures;

(b) oversee the application of procedures for modification or withdrawal of tariff concessions;

(c) ensure that GATT Schedules are kept up-to-date, and that modifications, including those resulting from changes in tariff nomenclature, are reflected;

(d) conduct the updating and analysis of the documentation on quantitative restrictions and other non-tariff measures, in accordance with the timetable and procedures agreed by the CONTRACTING PARTIES in 1984 and 1985 (BISD 31S/227 and 228, and BISD 32S/92 and 93).

(e) oversee the content and operation of, and access to, the Integrated Data Base;

(f) report periodically — and in any case not less than once a year — to the Council on Trade in Goods.

The current chair is .

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Documents of the Committee on Market Access

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Derestriction of bilateral negotiating material from earlier GATT Rounds of negotiations In line with WTO's efforts to enhance transparency, Members have agreed to derestrict an important number of documents relating to earlier GATT Rounds of negotiations. The derestricted material includes more than 5,000 records kept by the Secretariat, including bilateral requests, offers, and agreements negotiated using the "request and offer" approach".

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La OMC permite que los países adopten medidas comerciales para proteger el medio ambiente, siempre que:

No sean discriminatorias.

No se usen como excusas para restricciones injustas.

También colabora con organismos como el PNUMA y busca integrar la sostenibilidad en el comercio mundial. La Declaración de Doha reconoce la importancia del desarrollo sostenible.

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Trade and environment

Sustainable development and protection and preservation of the environment are fundamental goals of the WTO. They are enshrined in the Marrakesh Agreement, which established the WTO, and complement the WTO's objective to reduce trade barriers and eliminate discriminatory treatment in international trade relations. While there is no specific agreement dealing with the environment, under WTO rules members can adopt trade-related measures aimed at protecting the environment provided a number of conditions to avoid the misuse of such measures for protectionist ends are fulfilled.

The WTO contributes to the protection and preservation of the environment through its objective of ensuring sustainable development and avoiding protectionism, through its rules and enforcement mechanism, and through work in different WTO bodies.

See also:

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News

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Trade and environment in the WTO

Introduction

Through its goals, rules, institutions and forward-looking agenda, the WTO provides an important means of advancing international environmental goals.

History

Trade and environment, as an issue, is by no means new. The link between trade and environmental protection - both the impact of environmental policies on trade, and the impact of trade on the environment - was recognized as early as 1970. Towards the end of the Uruguay Round (1986-1994), attention was once again drawn to trade-related environmental issues, and the role of the soon-to-be-created World Trade Organization.

Tenth Ministerial Conference: Briefing notes

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Work in the WTO

Regular Trade and Environment Committee

The Trade and Environment Committee is the standing forum dedicated to dialogue between governments on the impact of trade policies on the environment, and of environment policies on trade. Created in 1995, the Committee has followed a comprehensive work programme.

Under the Doha Development Agenda, the regular committee is also looking at the effects of environmental measures on market access, the intellectual property agreement and biodiversity, and labelling for environmental purposes.

Negotiations

In the Doha Round, WTO members received a mandate to negotiate certain aspects of the link between trade and the environment, particularly the relationship between the WTO's agreements and those of other agencies, and market access for environmental goods and services. These talks take place in "Special Sessions" of the Trade and Environment Committee.

Environmental Goods Agreement

Separately, eighteen participants representing 46 WTO members are negotiating an Environmental Goods Agreement

WTO rules and environmental policies back to top

Measures aimed at protecting the environment come in various shapes and forms. Under WTO rules, as confirmed by WTO jurisprudence, members can adopt trade-related measures aimed at protecting the environment, subject to certain specified conditions.

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Trade and environment topical issues

Trade and Climate Change

The issue of climate change, per se, is not part of the WTO's ongoing work programme and there are no WTO rules specific to climate change. However, the WTO is relevant because climate change measures and policies intersect with international trade in a number of different ways.

Trade and green economy

The WTO offers a powerful supporting framework for sustainable development and green economy. It provides an enabling environment through its objectives, institutions and monitoring of potential trade protectionism, enforcement mechanism, toolbox of rules, and growing case law in the environment area.

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a set of 17 goals and 169 targets that members of the United Nations have endorsed as part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

Co-operation with Multilateral Environmental Agreements
The WTO Secretariat cooperates with a number of implementing bodies for Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs), following their work and providing information on WTO rules and mechanisms. The CTE also regularly receives trade-relevant information and updates from MEAs.

MEAs Matrix

CITES Publication

WTO E-Learning

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WTO technical assistance on trade and the environment aims to help developing countries participate more effectively in the work of the Trade and Environment Committee and in the negotiations.

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Trade and environment Sustainable development and protection and preservation of the environment are fundamental goals of the WTO. They are enshrined in the Marrakesh Agreement, which established the WTO, and complement the WTO's objective to reduce trade barriers and eliminate discriminatory treatment in international trade relations.

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La OMC ofrece un sistema estructurado y legal para resolver disputas entre países. El proceso incluye:

1. Consultas.

2. Formación de un panel.

3. Informe del panel.

4. Apelación (si procede).

5. Cumplimiento de la decisión.

Este sistema evita conflictos comerciales graves y permite aplicar sanciones si un país no cumple.

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Dispute settlement

Resolving trade disputes is one of the core activities of the WTO. A dispute arises when a member government believes another member government is violating an agreement or a commitment that it has made in the WTO. The WTO has one of the most active international dispute settlement mechanisms in the world. Since 1995, disputes have been brought to the WTO and over 350 rulings have been issued.

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News

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Introduction to dispute settlement in the WTO

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Dispute settlement process

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Dispute Settlement Body

The General Council convenes as the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) to deal with disputes between WTO members.

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The Appellate Body

Appeals are handled by the permanent seven-member Appellate Body which is set up by the Dispute Settlement Body and broadly represents the range of WTO membership.

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Dispute settlement activity - some figures

As of end-2022, WTO members had submitted 615 requests for consultations, the first stage in the dispute settlement process.

Requests for consultations (1995 -2022)

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Documents

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Interpretation of WTO agreements

The WTO Analytical Index is a comprehensive guide to the interpretation and application of the WTO agreements by the Appellate Body, dispute settlement panels and other WTO bodies. It contains extracts of key pronouncements and findings from tens of thousands of pages of WTO jurisprudence, including panel reports, Appellate Body reports, arbitral decisions and awards, and decisions of WTO committees, councils and other WTO bodies.

The WTO Appellate Body Repertory of Reports and Awards covers the Appellate Body's rulings in WTO disputes since its establishment in 1995.

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Negotiations to improve dispute settlement procedures

At the Doha Ministerial Conference, in 2001, WTO members agreed to negotiate to improve and clarify the DSU - the rules and procedures governing the settlement of WTO disputes.

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Secretariat's informal consultations concerning the panel process

At the request of the Director-General, the Secretariat initiated in 2010 a process of informal consultations with a view to exploring whether it is possible to find efficiency gains in the panel process.

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La OMC es clave para el comercio mundial, promoviendo la estabilidad, la igualdad entre países y la resolución pacífica de conflictos. Aunque enfrenta críticas, sigue siendo un espacio esencial para equilibrar intereses económicos y ambientales.

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Organización Mundial del Comercio: https://www.wto.org

“Entender la OMC” – Guía oficial (PDF): https://www.wto.org/spanish/thewto_s/whatis_s/tif_s/understanding_s.pdf

Revista Foreign Affairs (artículos sobre comercio global)

Videos de la OMC en YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/user/WTO