# data[].attributes.body
Ethiopia is an African nation that was invaded by Italy under Benito Mussolini.The Italians made tons of atrocities on the African state. For example poisonous gas, aerial bombardment, flame throwers, and concentration camps.

https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/tdih/ethiopia-invaded/

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Ethiopia, one of the only two independent African nations at the time, was invaded on Oct. 3, 1935 by Fascist Italy under Benito Mussolini.

The Italians committed countless atrocities on the independent African state. Poisonous gas, aerial bombardment, flame throwers, and concentration camps were all employed.

Black outrage throughout the world was unified. The League of Nations, forerunner to the United Nations, was criticized sharply.

From Kingston to Johannesburg, from Detroit to Ghana, from Port-of-Spain to Paris, Black men and women offered to go fight in defense of Ethiopia. [From BlackFacts.]

In The Forgotten Fight Against Fascism, William Katz describes the organized response by African Americans in the United States,

In the midst of a worldwide "Great Depression," citizens in the distant United States were aroused to help Ethiopia. Black men trained for military action - an estimated 8,000 in Chicago, 5,000 in Detroit, 2,000 in Kansas City. In New York City, where a thousand men drilled, nurse Salaria Kea of Harlem Hospital collected funds that sent a 75-bed hospital and two tons of medical supplies to Ethiopia.

W. E. B. Du Bois and Paul Robeson addressed a "Harlem League Against War and Fascism" rally and A. Philip Randolph linked Mussolini's invasion to "the terrible repression of Black people in the United States."

A people's march for Ethiopia in Harlem drew 25,000 African Americans and anti-fascist Italian Americans.

Read the " Appeal to the League of Nations " by Haile Selassie, June, 1936. Here is an excerpt:

I, Haile Selassie I, Emperor of Ethiopia, am here today to claim that justice which is due to my people, and the assistance promised to it eight months ago, when fifty nations asserted that aggression had been committed in violation of international treaties.

There is no precedent for a Head of State himself speaking in this assembly. But there is also no precedent for a people being victim of such injustice and being at present threatened by abandonment to its aggressor.

Also, there has never before been an example of any Government proceeding to the systematic extermination of a nation by barbarous means, in violation of the most solemn promises made by the nations of the earth that there should not be used against innocent human beings the terrible poison of harmful gases.

It is to defend a people struggling for its age-old independence that the head of the Ethiopian Empire has come to Geneva to fulfil this supreme duty, after having himself fought at the head of his armies.

. . . What reply shall I have to take back to my people?

Learn more at BlackPast.

We welcome photos or newspaper reports on the international solidarity described in this post. Please email to: zep@zinnedproject.org

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Oct. 3, 1935: Ethiopia Invaded by Italy - Zinn Education Project

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Ethiopia, one of the only two independent African nations at the time, was invaded on Oct. 3, 1935 by Fascist Italy under Benito Mussolini. The Italians committed countless atrocities on the independent African state. Poisonous gas, aerial bombardment, flame throwers, and concentration camps were all employed. Black outrage throughout the world was unified.

# data[].attributes.location_name
Memorial Hall of the Victims in Nanjing Massacre by Japanese Invaders, Shuiximen Avenue, Jianye District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

# data[].attributes.body
On September 18 1931, Japan invaded and occupied Manchuria, China. The japan Army captured china captial city, Nanjing and killed over 300,000 civillans and thosands of un armed soilders. The leader of Japan was then charged with crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity.https://sfi.usc.edu/collections/nanjing-massacre

# data[].attributes.body
The Battle of Stalingrad was a fight between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union from July 1942 to February 1943. Stalingrad was a key turning point on the eastern front in favor of the allies. The German 6th army took major losses in this battle which was a blow to Hitler’s plans for dominance.

https://edencamp.co.uk/blog/the-10-most-influential-battles-of-world-war-ii/#:~:text=Significance%3A%20Stalingrad%20marked%20the%20turning,for%20dominance%20in%20the%20East.

# data[].attributes.location_name
Battle of Britain Bunker, Wren Ave, Uxbridge, UK

# data[].attributes.body
The battle of Britain was the first military campaign fought by air forces between July and October 1940. The battle of british talked about the importance of air superioirity in warfare.

https://edencamp.co.uk/blog/the-10-most-influential-battles-of-world-war-ii/#:~:text=Significance%3A%20Stalingrad%20marked%20the%20turning,for%20dominance%20in%20the%20East.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The 10 Most Influential Battles of World War II - Eden Camp Modern History Museum

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Read this blog that explores 10 major battles of WW2, detailing their impact, key events in WW2, and lasting legacies.

# data[].attributes.location_name
Battle of Midway National Memorial, Midwayinseln, United States Minor Outlying Islands

# data[].attributes.body
The battle of midway, was fought in June 1942, it was a horrible battle between the United States and Japan. They fought in the Pacific Theatre. The Midway battle turned the war in the Pacific.Hurting the Japanese navy by sinking four of their aircraft carriers. The battle demonstrated intelligence and strategy.

https://edencamp.co.uk/blog/the-10-most-influential-battles-of-world-war-ii/#:~:text=Significance%3A%20Stalingrad%20marked%20the%20turning,for%20dominance%20in%20the%20East.

# data[].attributes.location_name
Battle of the Atlantic, Norton Lane, Norton, Westergate, Chichester, UK

# data[].attributes.body
From September 3, 1939 to May 8, 1945 the battle of atlantic was about the allies striking a blockage against Germany and making a struggle for the control of Atlantic sea routes. Over the 5 years, thousands of ships were in 100-plus battles in the Atlantic Ocean with 100,000 lives lost.

https://www.history.com/articles/world-war-ii-battles-timeline#Battle-of-the-Atlantic:-September-3-1939-to-May-8-1945

# data[].attributes.location_name
Battle of Britain Bunker, Wren Ave, Uxbridge, UK

# data[].attributes.body
From July 10 to October 31, 1940, after a four month air campain Britain's Air Force and Navy started bomb attacks on Germany's air force, in an attempt to destroy the RAF before invading. Hitler's decided to bomb london and not the military bases

https://www.history.com/articles/world-war-ii-battles-timeline#Battle-of-the-Atlantic:-September-3-1939-to-May-8-1945

# data[].attributes.location_name
Marksmanship Training Center, W Johnson Rd, Lake City, Michigan

# data[].attributes.body
from 1942-1945 the tuskegee airmen trained in the great lakes after graduation. nearly 200 planes crashed into the great lakes during WW2

https;/oceanexplorer.noga.com

# data[].attributes.body
The battle’s background was set by the Japanese plan in 1942. The country forces advance south from the Bismarcks and Solomons. In the beginning of may 7th the two sides exchanged air strikes over two days.

https://www.history.navy.mil/browse-by-topic/wars-conflicts-and-operations/world-war-ii/1942/battle-of-coral-sea.html

# data[].attributes.location_name
Rosie the Riveter/WWII Home Front National Historical Park, Harbour Way South, Richmond, CA

# data[].attributes.body
In 1942 a woman named Naomi Parker was working at the machine shop when a photographer snapped a picture of her. Two years later after the women got her recogniton she was pointed to be an inspiration of a poster girl "Rosie the Riveter. Inspiring women around the world to go into male jobs.

https://www.history.com/articles/rosie-the-riveter-inspiration

# data[].attributes.wish_content.attachment_props.alternative_text
Rosie the Riveter/WWII Home Front National Historical Park, Harbour Way South, Richmond, CA

# data[].attributes.location_name
Anne Frank House, Westermarkt, Amsterdam, Netherlands

# data[].attributes.body
Anne Frank was 10 year old Jewish girl who lived with her family in Netherlands. On September 1st 1939 the nazi invaded poland and her and her family were forced to go into hiding.She was then captured and was soon killed but her dairy was found and famous for being a primary source to what her and her family went through

https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/who-was-anne-frank/&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1743618714871303&usg=AOvVaw30pgfcYzAQl9zhnr1L6BiR

# data[].attributes.location_name
New Japanese Surrender Site Marker, Tabogon, Cebu, Philippines

# data[].attributes.body
On September 2nd, 1945, Japanese representatives signed an official Instrument of Surrender, In court the japan imperial general spoke and said, "We hereby command all Japanese forces wherever situated and the Japanese people to cease hostilities forthwith, to preserve and save from damage all ships,aircraft, and military and civil property"

https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/surrender-of-japan#:~:text=On%20September%202%2C%201945%2C%20Japanese,Truman.

# data[].attributes.location_name
El-Alamein, Al Alameen City, El Alamein, Egypt

# data[].attributes.body
The Battle of El Alamein was fought in October through November in the year 1942 in Egypt. The war was led by the British general bernard. The war lead to the retreat of Axis forces.

https://edencamp.co.uk/blog/the-10-most-influential-battles-of-world-war-ii/#:~:text=Significance%3A%20Stalingrad%20marked%20the%20turning,for%20dominance%20in%20the%20East.

# data[].attributes.body
In World War 2, the Soviets started using trained dogs as suicide bombers.The dogs were trained to target German tanks. They strapped backpacks carrying several of explosives on the dogs. When the dog slipped beneath a tank, the level was depressed, triggering the explosives.

https://www.history.com/articles/weird-weapons-world-war-ii

# data[].attributes.body
The Air Force joined Great Britain in bombing german cities, targeting factories and warehouses and transportation hubs. The German military faced a shortage of weapons compared with the Allies, who were tunring out airplanes and tanks at a steady pace.

https://www.history.com/articles/weird-weapons-world-war-ii

# data[].attributes.body
A spy gadget created by the British SOE during WW2. London stuffed 1000 dead rats with explosives and shipped them off to agents in German who were supposed to put the dead rats by the boilers. The idea was the workers pick the dead rats up and throw it in the boiler setting off the explosive and blowing up the place.

https://www.history.com/articles/weird-weapons-world-war-ii

# data[].attributes.location_name
The Holocaust Memorial Resource and Education Center of Florida, North Maitland Avenue, Maitland, FL

# data[].attributes.body
The Holocaust began in 1993 when Hitler and the Nazi Party Put Jews in conservation camps and killed millions of innocent children and families and in-slaved them, had horrible living condition, child labor, brutal mistreatment and were took to the killing center.

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/introduction-to-the-holocaust

# data[].attributes.body
Most Jewish armed resistance took place in 1942. Many Jews throughout German occupied Europe attempted armed resistance against the German.Jewish resistance units in France, Belgium, Ukraine, Russia, Lithuania, and Poland.

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/armed-jewish-resistance-partisans

# data[].attributes.location_name
Japanese Internment Camp Remembrance Site, La Loma Vista, Santa Fe, NM

# data[].attributes.body
Japan Interment Camp was the policy of the government that people of Japan descent, would be in jailed in isolated camps.The incarceration of Japanese Americans is considered one of the most Horrible violations of American civil rights in the 20th century. They seperated the japans from their family and forced their young ones to do child labor with horrible condition.

https://www.history.com/articles/japanese-american-relocation

# data[].attributes.body
In New Mexico, on July 27, 1942,prisoners were delivered by trains and forced to march two miles at night to the camp the march, two japanese men were shot and killed by a sentry who claimed they were attempting to escape. Japanese Americans testified later that the two elderly men were disabled and had been struggling during the march to Lordsburg. The sentry was found not guilty by the army court martial board trail which led the prison camps