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We learned about DNA replication and the Cell Cycle in this unit. This was a challenging subject to learn and absorb at first, but as we progressed through it, all of the knowledge became easier and easier to me. Most of this unit  came to me easier this unit. I think it was since I was highly interested in learning the content and I was studying frequently. With the test just finished, I really was not pleased with my grade because I went through the questions pretty quickly and I was confident with my multiple choice. I was not pleased with my open ended questions and I believe that if I got an opprotunitie. to redeem myself, I would do 100 times better.

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The Cell Cycle was fairly simple, and I studied Cell Cycle many times. My understanding of the Cell Cycle is that there are 4 phases and Interphase.

-Interphase goes all throughout the cycle. The cell spends most of its time in what is known as interphase, where it grows, copies its chromosomes, and prepares for cell division. The cell then exits interphase, goes through mitosis, and divides completely.

-G0 phase which is written as one of the first phases because it is where cells enter the G0 phase because they no longer need to divide. They also might enter G0 phase because they lack the nutrients and energy to divide.

-The Cell Cycle begins on G1, and Protein Synthesis happens. It is when the cell grows, organelles are produced, cell differentiation, and more.

-After is Synthesis which is DNA Replication. This phase must occur if Mitosis is to take place. The cell enters this phase only if cell division is to follow.

- Then G2 happens which is the final preparation phase for Mitosis and Growth.

-Finally, Mitosis is where cell division takes place. In this phase, there is PMAT which stands for Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase. (Phases are explained below)

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My family is awesome. Here we are getting back from camp this past summer. I and all my siblings were there for seven weeks. We go to Camp Nock-A-Mixon and it is our second home. We love it there and I have been going there for six years.

My Mom is my favorite person. If I need help, I go to her. She is a Kindergarten teacher at Mill Creek Elementary School. She loves to work out,  and walk with friends. She directs me on the right path in life and teaches me the do's and don'ts of being a great person.

My Dad is a beast. He is a Pain Management doctor and owns five offices with his two other business partners. Whenever I need help with something, I go to him. His hobbies are working out, playing sports with my brother and me, and helping our family with work.

My brother Max is a king. He does what he thinks is right, and that's why we are inseparable. Max is in 7th grade at the Middle School. He is a huge Sixers fan and we watch all the games together. When Max is older he wants to be a chef. I believe he can accomplish this goal because he makes the best food.

My sister Ruby is the drama queen of the Lincow house. Ruby is a star and she can accomplish anything she puts her mind to. She is in 4th grade at Jarrettown Elementary School. She enjoys talking to friends on the phone, playing with me and Max, and playing with fidgets.

That is my incredible, outstanding, magnificent family. We all love each other in many different ways. We all have different attributes that make us the person we are today. I value the time we all share together and don't want that to ever end.

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Hi, I'm Shane Lincow and I believe that I'm an enthusiastic, kind, gentle person who has a dream and wants to be able to reach that dream and make it happen one day. In my free time, I enjoy playing sports, riding bikes, and hanging out with my friends. I have been in Upper Dublin my whole life. I was at the Middle School before this.

I have always been a great student, but I'm wondering if this is going to be a difficult year. This is my first year at Upper Dublin High School and I believe that I am doing great. The work is getting harder as the year goes on, but I have trust in myself that I can do well and get all of it done.

I enjoy learning and figuring out new things. Biology is going to be hard to keep up with the homework. The work we do in class is enjoyable and I love figuring out new concepts. For my biology wishes to come true,  I need to use Mrs. Winship for help to conquer my achievement.

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I'm a great learner in school and out of school. There are many ways/techniques that can really get you to take in the subject you are learning. For me, I am a visual learner, which for me means it needs to be written out. I understand things by sight. I can picture what I am learning in my head, and I learn by using methods that are mostly visual.

For the past few years, my learning style has been visual and this started at the beginning of the covid years. This learning style has really helped me achieve my goals and I believe if I stick with this throughout my High school journey then I'm going to be doing great all because of visual learning.

For me to do well in class besides visual learning, I need to have 100% focus. I hate when I get off track or get distracted because it takes away my time from me learning new things. I wonder if this ninth-grade year is going to put me in a good direction?

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When we started this unit, I was a little hesitant on learning about Independent and Dependent Variables because I didn't remember that much about it from last year.
We learn about variables so we can get a better understanding on the variable that is changed and is affected by the change, so we can use this information in a lab/experiment. I will know when I learned this topic because when I use variables in an experiment and my information is right, I will know I did it right.

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I have always been great at writing hypotheses in middle school, but at the beginning of this year was a little harder to write one. I am now getting used to writing them now that we are in the fifth week of school.

From writing hypotheses, I learned that the purpose of writing them is to make predictions about future results of experiments and then perform that experiment to see whether or not it supports the prediction. Just like finding the Ind. and Dep. variable in an experiment, I will know when to write a hypothesis right when it includes if, then, because and it sounds and looks correct to test in a lab or experiment

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At the beginning of unit one, I felt like I knew what homeostasis meant, but not the full definition. After learning more information about homeostasis, I was mastering all questions where it was involved.

I learned from this unit that homeostasis is maintaining an established internal environment without being overcome by external stimuli. Hearing about temperature now makes me think of homeostasis. Homeostasis is really easy to learn more information about since it is inside of you, and when you get sick homeostasis is controlling your temperature.

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The beginning of this unit had a lot of ups and downs along the way. Since this unit is one of the harder ones, the vocab and information are harder to comprehend.

We started learning about monomers and how they are a singular unit at first then link together forming a monomer. Polymers and monomers are found in the four macromolecules that are necessary for life and have different attributes in each characteristic. Learning about polymers and monomers helps us because monomers are essentially the building blocks of the molecules that make up everything, living and non-living. I will know when I know the material because it will be sticking and everything will be coming through and mastering these skills.

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We have been preparing for our unit two test for the past week and finding/learning more information on vocab terms. I never knew what enzymes were, but I feel like I find out more and more about them each day.

Enzymes are a substance produced by a living organism. They have many purposes, without enzymes life would not exist because no reaction would occur quickly enough. They lower the time needed for a reaction to happen. Enzymes are triggered when the temperature and pH surroundings increase. We learn about enzymes so we can find reactions enzymes make in the human body and find the metabolism of living things. When the facts and information are clicking and I am memorizing the topic, I will have realized I officially know the topic.

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When we started unit two I had no clue on what these words meant or their purpose. As I got more comfortable with these words, the definitions stuck and got easy. I picked these words because it was like the beginning point for me in the unit and the words got me started I believe by knowing these words early in the unit I was ready to begin.

Adhesion happens/occurs when water molecules stick to other substances. Cohesion happens/occurs when water molecules stick to water molecules, so they stick to one another. We learned this early in the unit so we could get a good start on water properties and start with easier definitions to work ourselves up on unit two's terms. I know that I have learned this skill because the definitions come easily to me.

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I was anxious at the start of this course because I was exposed to a lot of new vocabulary and fascinating information at once. As the unit developed, I started learning and memorizing vocabulary.

We began studying the Golgi apparatus and how each organelle serves a purpose. From this unit I learned that the Golgi proteins and carbohydrates are packaged by the Golgi into membrane-bound vesicles for "export from the cell." The nucleus is not far from this body. The Golgi is a eukaryotic cell, meaning it contains both animal and plant cells. Each organelle has a specific type of cell. I can better comprehend how proteins are taken in from the Golgi Appratus and then processed and sorted before being transported to their final locations by learning about the Golgi Apparatus. I will know when the material has stuck when I do outstanding and do my best on the cell structure and functions test.

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When we started this unit, I had no idea what these words meant or how they were utilized. As I felt more comfortable with these terms, the definitions persisted and became straightforward. I chose these phrases because they gave me a place to start with the lesson and got me moving. I believe that having these words in my vocabulary at the start of the class made me ready to participate.

A complex structure to understand at first, the Endoplasmic Reticulum is a network of interconnected tubes that transports materials throughout the cell. Although the smooth ER and rough ER serve distinct purposes, the smooth ER is made of lipids and produced by the synthesis of steroid hormones. Proteins produced on ribosomes present on the ER membrane are transported through the rough ER. I am aware of the ER because it is a large, dynamic structure that performs a variety of functions in the cell, including calcium storage, protein synthesis, and lipid metabolism. When everything about the organelle begins to make sense to me and clicks into place, I will know I have successfully mastered the material.

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In this unit, I would say that the vacuole was one of the easiest terms. Vacuoles and Lysosomes both dealt with digestion so it was easier for me to learn and talk about Vacuoles.

I learned that Vacuoles are fluid-filled, membrane-surrounded spaces inside a cell. The vacuole fills up with food that is being digested and waste material that is on its way out of the cell, which is the storage cell. The Vacuole is a eukaryote cell so it contains many small animal cells and one large plant cell. I learn about vacuoles because vacuoles tend to be very large and are extremely important in providing structural support, as well as serving functions such as storage, waste disposal, protection, and growth. I will know I have learned the material when my information is right and I can use it in future assignments.

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At the start of this unit, I was very worried because midterms are coming up and I have a lot of studying to do. As I kept working I realized it wouldn't be that bad and I could accomplish it. I am still a little rocky with the Calvin Cycle, but I am getting used to it because I have learned a lot about being out two days last week because of Keystones.

We started learning about the Calvin Cycle and how it's used for reactions with photosynthesis that use energy stored from light-dependent reactions and turns carbon into glucose. From this unit, since I was out for two days I learned from bio man and amoeba sisters that light-independent reactions happen in the stroma which is the fluid outside the thylakoids. In the Calvin Cycle, the ATP from the light-dependent reaction will act as an energy currency for the Calvin Cycle. I learned this material so that I can achieve success throughout 9th-grade biology and do well on midterms throughout this year. I will know I learned the material when my information Mrs. Winship agrees with me that my learning areas on this topic are on point.

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Cellular Respiration's concepts lingered and became simple as I became more at ease with these terms. I chose these terms because they served as my starting point for the lesson and helped me get going. I feel that by having these words in my vocabulary at the beginning of the class, I was prepared to start.

The process of breaking down sugar in the presence of oxygen in the mitochondria of organisms (animals and plants) to release energy in the form of ATP is known as cellular respiration, and it happens in many living things. Specifically, glucose-stored energy is converted to ATP during cellular respiration. The chemical energy the cell may use is called ATP, or adenosine triphosphate. It is the chemical that gives your cells the energy they need to function. I learn about it so that I can use the info that I know to help living things. I will know I learned the material when I help out a living thing since Cellular respiration occurs in the cells of all living things, both autotrophs, and heterotrophs.

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I was quite concerned at the beginning of this unit since I had a lot of studying to do and I have upcoming exams. As I persisted, I understood that it wouldn't be all that awful and that I could complete it. Glycolysis is still a little difficult for me, but I'm adjusting because of what I've learned after missing two days of work last week due to Keystones.

Glycolysis is a process in which glucose (sugar) is partially broken down by cells in enzyme reactions that do not need oxygen. Glycolysis is one method that cells use to produce energy. It produces molecules that are pyruvate, ATP, NADH, and water. The process takes place in the cytoplasm of a cell and does not require oxygen. It occurs in both aerobic and anaerobic organisms. I studied this subject so that I might succeed in 9th-grade biology and perform well on this year's midterm exams. If Mrs. Winship confirms with me that my knowledge of this subject is accurate, then I will have mastered the content.

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I had a great time and learned a lot about the biosphere while studying ecology. Since I thoroughly enjoyed this unit, I am quite thrilled to be studying Environmental Science the next school year.

We began by studying ecosystems before moving on to the water cycle. The Cycle is rather straightforward, but I picked up some new vocabulary phrases from it, like infiltration. Water interfering with the area where the atmosphere and soil meet is known as infiltration. I discovered that since everything needs to share crucial elements, it is crucial for those elements to cycle between life and non-life. Additionally, because matter cycles carbon, all the matter in the world—which is all we have—needs to cycle. Learning about the Water Cycle, helps us learn how water reaches plants, animals, and US.

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The Nitrogen Cycle is a difficult and hard cycle to learn over time. I had a rough time learning it and it took me a few days to really grasp it since I had a hard time learning it.

We started learning about the Nitrogen Cycle toward the end of the ecology unit, and the cycle happens mostly beneath the soil and in the atmosphere. The soil bacteria are so important in the Nitrogen Cycle because the bacteria fix the nitrogen into the right form for the plant to form tissues in order for the plant to grow. This cycle converts nitrogen into multiple chemical forms that are then circulated throughout ecosystems. Since nitrogen is a key requirement for supporting life on Earth, the nitrogen cycle is important. Amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins, and nucleic acids, which are the building blocks of genetic information (RNA and DNA), include a significant amount of nitrogen.

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We studied the way energy moves across ecosystems at the beginning of this course.

Throughout ecosystems, food webs and chains show who eats who within the ecosystem. In every diagram, the sun is always going to be the original source of energy. An Autotroph, are organisms that produce food for itself and other organisms. They use energy and simple inorganic molecules to make organic compounds, like plants, bacteria, and algae. Another name for Autotrophs is producers. Consumers which are another name for heterotrophs are classified by what they eat. This type of organism does not make its own food. Consumers eat plants or animals for energy and nutrients. Learning about these organisms helps us by supplying new organic molecules.

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Mutualism is a type of symbiosis where two or more species benefit from each other.
Ex- Bees and Flowers, and more.

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Commensalism is a relationship between two species in which one species benefits and the other is not affected.
Ex-Flies and Bison, Whales, and Barnacles

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Parasitism is a relationship between two organism in which one benefits and one gets harmed.
Ex-Tick and dog, Leeches and humans

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During this unit we learned about DNA Structure and Protein Synthesis. This was a difficult unit to learn and process at first, but then as we moved on with the unit all of the information was getting very easy for me. It all came to me easier this unit than any other unit because I felt very involved with learning the material and I was studying very often. As the test just happened, I feel very happy about how the test went.

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In this unit, we learned how there are complimentary base pairings. There are four different nucleotide bases that make up DNA.
Adenine-Thymine
Cytosine- Guanine

In a DNA structure, there are three parts of a nucleotide which consist of Sugar, Phosphate Group, and Nitrogenous Base. In a nucleotide, the sugar(deoxyribose) and the phosphate hold together with covalent bonds, which are strong bonds. The bases hold with hydrogen bonds which are the weakest bonds.

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In Protein Synthesis, there are three types of RNA.

mRNA-Messenger- Carries genetic information of DNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis.

tRNA-Transfer- Carries amino acids to mRNA to form a polypeptide chain.

rRNA-Ribosomal- Makes up ribosomes with other proteins.

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In RNA, base pairing takes place that is not involved in DNA. Uracil is a base pairing that takes place in RNA. In RNA uracil and adenine bases pair together and cytosine and guanine bases pair. There is no thymine in RNA.

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The process of transcription(editing) happens in protein synthesis. It occurs in the nucleus in eukaryotic cells and cytoplasm in prokaryotes. Transcription is the process of copying a gene from DNA ---> mRNA. In the nucleus, DNA is unzipped called RNA polymerase, forming a strand of mRNA that leaves the nucleus. The mRNA needs protection leaving the nucleus so the cap and tail are added keeping the RNA together so the enzymes do not break it up.

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Translation occurs in the cytoplasm in the ribosome's, in eukaryotic cells. In translation, the codons code for each of the amino acids. After the tRNA brings the amino acid to the ribosome, it disengages and picks up another amino acid. The codon which is three amino acids, has mRNA. Then sends a message to the anti-codons which is tRNA. The result of translation is the polypeptide amino acid chain. After this, ribosome's/proteins are made, and ribosomes then break apart.

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DNA Replication was pretty easy to learn after getting the hang of it and identifying the enzymes/labeling the DNA Replication diagram. For me I have strategies that work, so for the diagram, I printed out blank DNA Replication diagrams and labeled them until I got every perfect.

-Lagging Strand is a strand that is copied discontinuously.
-Leading Strand is a strand that is copied in a continuous way.

-Helicase is an enzyme that unwinds DNA.

-DNA Polymerase puts in the correct nucleotides in place of primers and cuts out areas.

-Single Strand Binding Proteins(SSBP) stabilize's the DNA molecule during replication.

-Okazaki Fragments are sections of copied DNA created on the lagging strand.

-DNA Ligase's job in DNA Replication is to bind Okazaki Fragments.

-DNA Primase are short RNA primers that bind to the parent strand so that replication can begin.

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The activity we did in class was very useful. I had a great time using the website and learning about all these different procedures. A few things I learned from "The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle and Cancer: Overview" is below.

-I learned that apoptosis is a process that eliminates unnecessary cells during development and it removes unhealthy or damaged cells.

- I also discovered that Cell Cycle regulators are molecular signals that may simulate or stop cell division, instruct cells to differentiate and initiate cell death. However, if the cell regulators don't function properly, then hair loss, growth of warts, or life-threatening tumors could appear.

- Proto-oncogenes stimulate the cell cycle.

- Oncogenes are comparable to putting the foot on the accelerator increasing stimulation.

- Tumor Suppressor Genes are normal genes that regulate cell division or instruct cells when to die (a process known as apoptosis ). When tumor suppressor genes fail to function properly, cells can develop out of control, leading to cancer.

- Mutated Tumor Suppressor Genes raise cancer risk because they can no longer interrupt the cell cycle or cause apoptosis. Because of this, the damaged cell will continue through the cell cycle to grow and divide.

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Chromosomes- Coiled structures made up of DNA and Proteins.

Histones- Proteins that DNA coils around.

Chromatin- DNA and proteins when not coiled into a chromosome.(very loose)

Chromatid- An identical half of a dividing chromosome.

Centromere- Region of a chromosome that connects chromatids.

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In this unit, Genetics was our main focus. This was a challenging subject for me to learn about because it took a few weeks for the info to sync in and for me to get a good understanding of Genetics. On the Genetics test, I did fairly decent on both the multiple choice and the packet. I am not that proud of what I received, but I know that I need to learn from my mistakes for Keystones that are happening in twelve days.

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Gregory Mendel, known as the "father of genetics", is well known for his pea plant experiments. Mendel discovered how traits are passed from one generation to the next, despite living long before anyone had heard of DNA, chromosomes, or genes.

Mendel's Famous Pea Plant Experiment
In this experiment, Mendel crossed pea plants based on the different features they acquired. He did this to discover how traits are inherited through generations. He used pea plants because they have a variety of traits, such as they grow quickly and they are easy to breed.

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There are three laws of inheritance proposed by Mendel, these include:

Law of Segregation- States that alleles always separate during gamete formation.

Principle of Dominance- States that the dominant allele is expressed even when only 1 gene is present.

Law of Independent Assortment- States that traits on separate chromosomes do not need to be inherited together. Traits assort due to random distribution of homologous chromosomes during meiosis.

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In this unit, we learned how to use Punnet Squares, which allowed us to find the probabilities of cross-breeding. They're important because they help me understand how traits are passed down from generation to generation. We spent lots of time in class focusing on how to use them and I would say it paid off.
In addition, I received a 22/24 on the quiz we took. So I feel ready for Keystones that are coming up.
In a Punnett square, the parent gametes tend to be put on the top and right side of the square, so the mother's possible egg types are on the top, and the father's possible sperm types are on the side. Below are my punnet square practices that helped me become more advanced in solving them.

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*I know that my definitions are a little confusing, but the only thing that matters is if I understand them, and I do!

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Phenotype- The way the trait expresses itself. If the T allele is a tall plant then the t allele is a dwarf plant.
physical trait.
EX- Brown Hair

Genotype- The actual genes you have for a trait= letters
EX
TT= homozygous dominant.
Tt= heterozygous
tt= homozygous recessive

Heterozygous- Genotype where the two letters are different sizes. Hh. Uppercase always dominates.

Homozygous dominant- 2 capital letters. HH

Homozygous recessive- 2 lowercase letters. hh

Incomplete Dominance- Neither allele dominates nor is recessive. There is a mix of two traits (blend).
3 Phenotypes and Genotypes
EX RR= red, WW= white, Rr=pink

Codominance- Both alleles are dominant. 3 Genotypes and Phenotypes. Both white and pink flower leaves.

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The study of evolution was very interesting to learn and study about. This unit was very unique because we got to learn about the theory of evolution and how everything came together. We got taught by Ms. Araco, our helper teacher, and I would say she did a great job explaining and interpreting what we needed to know.

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Charles Darwin was one of the most famous scientists in history. He was the first person to explain the fundamental scientific theory that evolution is caused by natural selection and that humans and animals share common ancestors.

At age 22 Darwin set off around the world voyage. He was away from 1831- 1836. His voyage was called the HMS Beagle. He was a naturalist.

As he arrived back in England, he began working with scientists on his findings from the voyage. The scientists were named James Hutton, Charles Lyell, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, and Thomas Malthus. He published books from the trip and his studies from the trip helped him develop his theory of evolution. Darwin's most famous book was published in 1859 and it was "The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection."

*Natural Selection - The process of evolution caused by the environment (nature).

* Naturalist - An expert in natural history.

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Scientist's That Helped Darwin Shape His Interest

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Scientist's That Helped Darwin Shape His Interest

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- James Hutton, 1785- He was a geologist and said that Earth was much older than originally thought which helped provide the time needed for evolution to happen.

- Charles Lyell, 1833- Lyell discovered that Earth is always changing from earthquakes, temperature, changes, erosion, etc. This means organisms will always change due to new selection pressures.

- Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, 1809- He was the first to say that organisms are not “static” and they change over time. Lamarck thought organisms could pass on acquired traits, which was wrong. Only genetic traits can be passed on.

- Thomas Malthus, 1798- Malthus was an economist, who said the population cannot grow forever. Something will limit the population size. This gave Darwin the idea that if there was a struggle for existence, the fittest (best traits) would survive.

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My hand helped me to remember the 5 "steps" of evolution.

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Gene Pool - A collection of all of the possible alleles in a population.

Allele frequencies - The percentage of each allele in a gene pool.

Microevolution - It is changes in allele frequencies in a gene pool over time. When small changes occur in a population, it happens quicker.

Macroevolution - These are longer periods of time and larger changes, that usually lead to the formation of new species.

To help me get a better understanding of the vocab above, I used the Natural Selection Simulation that helped me with mutations and gene effects.

FIVE FINGERS OF EVOLUTION

- (thumb) Natural Selection - If one gene form is more favorable that allele increases in frequency with each generation.

-(pointer) Gene Flow - Immigration and emigration of organisms. (alleles leave, alleles come in)

- (middle) Mutations - New genes will always change allele frequencies.

-(ring finger) Mating - Sexual Selection preferences will alter allele frequencies.

- (pinkie) Genetic Drift - Random change in allele frequency. It is more likely in small populations.

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Here is an assignment that I did to get better with understanding Darwin and his teammates.

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*Picture was taken for the use of BioBoard

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As the year has winded down, you have saved the best for last. This dissection unit was beyond my favorite. From you mentioning it at the beginning of the year to completing the lab with a few weeks left was super exciting. The dissection process was very fun and interesting which made me start thinking a lot.

Since I am great with my hands and love this type of stuff, I was thinking of switching to the medical field and being a plastic surgeon.

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From my future knowledge and this unit, I know that frogs are amphibians and vertabrates.

Frogs are amphibians which means they live both on land and in the water. They have moist skin that water can pass in and out of. Frogs breathe with lungs and gills and they do not have scales. They are cold-blooded.

Frogs are vertebrates which means they have a backbone and a spine with nerves that spreads across the body.

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*Picture was taken for the use of BioBoard

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External -There are many parts of the external part of a frog, but the main features are:
- Skin
- Snout
- Nostril
- Mouth
- Eye
- Nictitating Membrane
- Tympanic Membrane

Internal- Frogs contain hundreds of internal parts, but the ones that stick out are:
- Esophagus
- Liver
- Pancreas
- Stomach
- Spleen
- Large Intestine
- Small Intestine
- Gall Bladder
- Right Atrium
- Left Atrium
- Lungs
-Veins

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During the dissection process, you start by cutting open the first layer of skin to reveal the fat layer. Then, you cut open the fat layer to see the internal features.

If you can't tell if it is a female or male, I learned that you can check to see what gender it is by seeing if brownish-colored eggs are floating around in chunks. The eggs are not baby eggs.

In fact, frogs lay eggs. This is a  process that usually occurs through external fertilization, where the female releases her eggs from her body into the water. Then, the male releases his sperm to fertilize them.

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*Picture was taken for the use of BioBoard

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- The eyes of a frog have a nictitating membrane that gives protection when the frog is in water.

- On the sides of the eyes, a membranous tympanum (ear) is present that receives the sound signals.

- A frog has two forelimbs and two hind limbs. They help in walking, swimming, leaping as well as burrowing.

- Frogs must be able to move quickly through their environment to catch prey and escape predators. Their unique adaptations, like webbed feet, toe pads, and camouflage, are their survival tools.

- Some frogs even possess mild toxins, and a few, like Poison Dart Frogs, are especially toxic.

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Dear Mrs. Winship,
As the school year comes to a close, I wanted to take some time to reflect on all that I have learned in your biology class. Throughout the year, we tackled a wide range of topics, from cell structure and function to bioenergetics, ecology, DNA replication, cell cycle, genetics, and evolution. Your in-depth explanations and engaging teaching style made it easy for me to understand and retain the information, and I'm sure I will carry this knowledge with me for years to come.

One of the highlights of the year was definitely the frog dissecting lab. Your guidance and support made the experience both educational and enjoyable. I also appreciated the quizzes and tests, which allowed me to apply what I had learned and track my progress throughout the year.

Overall, I feel that the labs in general were a great way to learn about the different topics we covered in class. They provided a hands-on approach to learning, which made the material more engaging and memorable. The "First Fives" were very enjoyable and a great way to start class next year. I really recommend to continue doing "First Fives" for years to come.

Most importantly, I am grateful for having such a great teacher. Your passion for biology is contagious, and it has been a pleasure to learn from you. Your guidance and support have been invaluable, and I am confident that I will continue to be interested in the sciences because of you!

Thank you for an amazing year in biology class. I am excited to see what the future holds, and I hope to see you in the halls and walking past your door. Having a great summer!!

Sincerely,
Shane Lincow