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The Pre-Colonial Period is when our indigenous people inhabited the Philippines and the moment before colonization.  Arts in this period were mostly for religious rituals or everyday life.

Division of Art - Visual Arts (Sculpture)

Bulul

1. Subject
The sculpture is considered as God of Rice of Ifugao. The art is carved into wooden figures either standing or seated human body figures.

2. Content (Factual Meaning)
The wooden art/figure known as “Bu-lul or tinagtaggu” its factual meaning is they are the Deity or rice or the God of rice of Ifugao and people from Northern Luzon. This sacred figure is being worshiped by Ifugao, which represents the granary gods and ancestral spirits.

Hagabi

1. Subject

The sculpture is considered the ceremonial chair carved for wealthy Ifugao families. The art is carved in Narra wood and styled in animal head ends.

2. Content (Factual Meaning)

The art is known as traditional large ceremonial benches used by wealthy families. It symbolized power, wealth, and prestige. Only wealthy individual has allowed to own a hagabi and uses it inside their house.

References
https://www.preceden.com/timelines/667670-history-of-philippine-art#:~:text=Pre%2DColonial%20or%20Pre%2D Conquest%2Period&text=Arts%20in%20this%20time%20were,in%20written%20and%20oral%20form.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulul

https://www.galenlowe.com/sculpture/form/form-i/hagabi.html#.Yy55nHZBxdg

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When the Spaniards came to the Philippines in 1521. The colonists used art as a medium to perpetuate the Catholic faith through beautiful pictures. Since there is a problem in communications, the friars used images as a method to explain the concepts of the Catholicism and tell Christ’s life and passion.

Division of Art (Painting)

Langit, Lupa at Impyerno (Heaven, Earth, and Hell) of Jose Luciano Dans

1. Subject
The subject of this three-level painting illustrates Mary the Mother of Christ, saints, the Holy Trinity, the Seven Blessed Sacraments, and a macabre portrayal of Hell.

2. Content (Factual Meaning)
There are three parts to the painting. The upper portion portrays heaven, with the crucifixion of Jesus Christ. Adam and Eve are placed in the center of the painting, beneath the Tree of Knowledge, highlighting the world. Right below them is hell, wherein the mournful faces of the people are depicted there.

Spolarium by Juan Luna

1. Subject
The subject in this painting is the dead people/gladiators who are pulled out by others outside the Coliseum.

2. Content (Factual Meaning)
The painting portrayed Roman Gladiators being taken into the Coliseum's basements because they were already dead or near death. It is often depicted as an allusion to Imperial Spain’s persecution of the natives.

References:
Hernandez, E., M. The Spanish Colonial Tradition in Philippine Visual Arts. https://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/visual-arts/the-spanish-colonial-tradition-in-philippine-visual-arts/#:~:text=The%20Spanish%20friars%20introduced%20Western,was%20limited%20to%20religious%20icons.

https://discoveringpaete.wordpress.com/infrastructures/san-santiago-apostol/paetenians-work-of-art/

https://www.google.com/urlsa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsalirickandres.altervista.org%2Fspanish-period%2F&psi=AOvVaw 0ClomBdO_OMi8dg_CUoqBv&ust=1664077515449000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAwQjRxqFwoTCNC82_7BrPoCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD

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The Americans brought their culture from art to architectural style to theater arts. The idea of contemporary and visual arts, which emphasize their natural and romantic features, was introduced by Americans.

Division of Art  (Sculpture)

Oblation by Guillermo Tolentino

1. Subject
The subject in this sculpture is that there is a man who is naked and standing with wide open arms.

2. Content (Factual Meaning)
Oblation, the monument of the major State University in the nation, represents the traditional values of restraint, discipline, harmony, and symmetry. It stands without clothing, resolute and bold, with arms open to receive information and changes.

References:
https://i.pinimg.com/564x/3a/67/07/3a6707ce8d768e25a56d967e431f80e6.jpg

Calaborzonians22. (2020). https://calabarzone.wordpress. com /2020/11/05/the-timeline -of-philippine-art-history/

Almencion, R. (2018). The Philippine Arts During American Colonization.https://www.slideshare.net/RonNelAlmencion/the-philippine-arts-during-american-colonization

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Japanese invasion created fear, distress, and difficulties for the Filipinos. Due to the conflict, artistic growth ceased. Moreover, Filipinos were denied their freedom of speech and expression because the Japanese prohibited publishing.

Division of Art (Sculpture)

Filipino Comfort Women Statue by Jonas Roces

1. Subject
The seven-foot-tall bronze statue shows a woman in a Maria Clara traditional Filipiniana attire who is mourning and wearing blindfolds.

2. Content (Factual Meaning)
The monument, known as Filipino Comfort Women, is a bronze sculpture that is "more than life-sized." A few kilometers from the grounds of the Japanese embassy, this memorial statue is located on the baywalk along Roxas Boulevard, in front of Manila Bay, which is renowned for beautiful sunsets. This monument is a memorial of the Filipino women who were victims of mistreatment during the occupation of the Japanese soldiers.

References:
Xinhua(2017).http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201712/08/WS5a2a91c6a310eefe3e99ef77.html#:~:text=The%20seven%2Dfeet%20bronze%20sculpture,Japanese%20forces%20from%201942%2D1945.

https://www.preceden.com/timelines/667670-history-of-philippine-art#:~:text=Pre%2DColonial%20or%20Pre %2DConquest%20Period&text=Arts%20in%20this%20time%20were,in%20written%20and%20oral%20form.

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Contemporary art is the work of artists living in the 21st century. Contemporary art reflects modern society and culture, providing mass audiences a wealth of resources to think critically about contemporary issues and reconsider the accepted. Contemporary art defies easy categorization and pushes conventional limits with its dynamic mix of materials, processes, themes, and subjects.

Division of Art  (Painting)

The Fisherman by Ang Kiukok

1. Subject
The paintings illustrate three fishermen where they are pulling up a large net that contains a lot of fish.

2. Content ( Factual Meaning)
The painting portrays a group of three fishermen capturing several fish with a big net in what seems to become midafternoon, as a blood-red sun drags up the center of the painting amidst a wholly dark brown surrounding. The three fishermen are all naked, they contain conceptual anatomy and are described in enforcing but awkward poses.

References:
https://www.preceden.com/timelines/617125-history-of-philippine-art

Agustin, I. (2021).https://medium.com/@funkyboy/a-descriptive-analysis-of-ang-kiukoks-fishermen-a2248477aded

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During the pre-colonial period, art was popularly intended for rituals and the everyday life of the Filipinos, the artworks during that time were used for worship, beliefs, and rituals. Some of the sculptures such as hagabi are intended only for high-class families. In the Spanish period, the artworks focus on Christianism, like paintings and statues of religious saints. Furthermore, during the American period, they brought their culture of art like architecture and theater acts where the Filipinos adapt and used their architectural design, and also the world of drama or theater acts. In the Japanese era, the art focuses on expressing their emotions and being resentful against the Japanese. While in the contemporary period, the use of art became even more experimental and expressive since they used art as a method of portraying the social and cultural life of individuals in today's world. As time goes the use of artworks becomes more relevant and significant since it helps discover and learn about the society and culture of the Filipinos during the colonization period.