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The last stage of Erikson's theory is Integrity vs. Despair. In this stage, adults aged 65 and older reflect on their lives and either find a sense of fulfillment and satisfaction, or experience regret and despair over unaccomplished goals and missed opportunities. As mentioned by Gabriela Martorell in her book Child (3rd Edition), "In the final stage, people look back on their lives and either feel a sense of accomplishment and integrity or regret and despair" (Martorell, 2024).

I hope that when she reaches this stage, she will look back on her life with a sense of happiness and satisfaction, feeling that she did everything she needed to do and having no regrets about her actions. By actively helping society and finding purpose in different parts of life, she will have built a life of meaning and honesty.

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This stage occurs during the ages of 40-65, where individuals focus on contributing to society and often experience a sense of purpose. According to Gabriela Martorell in her book Child (3rd Edition), "Erikson believed in active development and that people were motivated to resolve the issues that emerged during development" (Martorell, 2024). This means that during this period, known as the stage of Generativity vs. Stagnation, people strive to create or nurture things that will outlast them, often by parenting children or contributing to positive changes that benefit others. When people do not find a way to contribute, they may feel that their lives lack purpose. Since my sister is 18 years old, she has plenty of time and opportunities to try different paths. This will help her avoid feeling stuck in the future. By choosing a career she loves and that helps society, she can find a strong sense of purpose.

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In this stage, young adults aged 18-40 years are forming and exploring personal relationships, creating connections that might last a long time. As mentioned by Gabriela Martorell in her book Child (3rd Edition), "Earlier research on identity formation suggested that for women, relationships and intimacy figured more prominently than for men. More recent work has failed to find gender differences in this area" (Martorell, 2024). This means that both men and women place similar importance on relationships and intimacy, highlighting the universal significance of forming meaningful connections during this period of life.

My sister is currently in this stage. She has a boyfriend, but they both aren't sure if they are going to last forever, even though she has known him for almost five years. Despite the uncertainty, they continue to navigate their relationship, valuing the connection and growth they experience together.

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In this stage, teenagers between 12-18 years old are figuring out who they are. As mentioned by Gabriela Martorell in her book Child (3rd Edition), "Adolescents who resolve the identity crisis satisfactorily develop the virtue of fidelity" (Martorell, 2024). This means that when adolescents successfully navigate the challenges of discovering their identity, they develop a sense of loyalty and commitment to their chosen ideas and beliefs.

I saw this with my sister. She went through a phase where she dressed all in black and listened to only one type of music. A few years ago, she completely changed her style and discovered her true self. This shows how teenagers explore different identities and, over time, find out who they really are.

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This stage occurs during the middle school years, typically between ages 6 and 11. As mentioned by Gabriela Martorell in her book Child (3rd Edition), "a major determinant of self-esteem is children’s view of their capacity for productive work" (Martorell, 2024). This means that children's self-esteem during this period is greatly influenced by how they perceive their ability to accomplish tasks and be productive.

I remember when my sister was 9 years old and started Tae-kwon-do. Initially, she didn’t like it. But after winning a sparring match with another kid, she felt proud and motivated to continue. This success boosted her confidence, and she even earned a new belt color. This experience shows how feeling competent and achieving goals can enhance a child's self-esteem during this critical stage.

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In this stage, children aged 3 to 5 years begin to develop the ability to plan and execute activities. As noted by Gabriela Martorell in her book Child (3rd Edition - 5 Year Option), "children balance the urge to pursue goals with reservations about doing so" (Martorell, 2020, p. xx). This means that while children are eager to explore and achieve, they also experience hesitation and doubt, which helps them learn to navigate their ambitions and recognize their limitations.

A clear example is when my sister once broke something. The first thing she did was try to hide it. Even though my mom already knew who did it, my sister avoided eye contact when asked about it. My mom handled the situation calmly, allowing her to explain until she admitted what she did. This gentle approach helped my sister understand her mistake and the importance of honesty without feeling overwhelming guilt.

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This stage focuses on children aged 18 months to 3 years as they start to develop a sense of personal control over their actions. According to Gabriela Martorell in her book Child (3rd Edition - 5 Year Option), "Toddlers need adults to set appropriate limits, and shame and doubt help them recognize the need for those limits" (Martorell, 2020, p. xx). This highlights the importance of setting boundaries for toddlers, as experiencing shame and doubt can teach them about necessary limits.

I saw this while volunteering at a daycare and based on my mom's experience with my sister. When kids were potty training, they had to tell an adult when they needed to go to the bathroom. If they didn't, they might have an "accident," which would make them feel ashamed. This helps them understand the importance of going to the restroom as part of their routine.

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This stage starts when a baby is born and ends approximately when the baby is 18 months old. According to the book Child (3rd Edition - 5 Year Option), "Babies depend on others for food, protection, and their very lives for a far longer period" (Martorell, 2020, p. xx). This statement underscores the critical importance of caregivers in the early stages of a child's development, highlighting their reliance on adults for basic needs and survival. I see this with every other baby, and with my sister as well, when she was little. When she was a baby and someone else was holding her and she started crying, we would pass her to our mom. She would calm down as soon as mom gave her what she needed. This consistent care from our mom created trust in my sister.