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Rome defeats Carthage in the Punic Wars- There were 3 Punic wars and Rome won all 3. Carthage was the only other country around the Mediterranean so after their defeat Rome controlled the entirety of the Mediterranean which helped them in trade. Rome acquired Sicily, Spain, territories in northern Africa, and the entirety of the border of the Mediterranean.

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Assassination of Julius Ceaser- He was stabbed 23 times by the senate. One of the senators who helped assassinate him was one of his closest friends. They assassinated him because they didn't like that he had all the power.

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Augustus (Octavian) Caesar becomes the first emperor- He helps Rome by helping Rome enter the Pax Romana. The Pax Romana was a 200-year period of peace and stability. He is the great-nephew of Julius Caesar.

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The Pax Romana- A period of peace and stability that lasted over 2 centuries. There was economic, social, and political prosperity for all. During this time there was also minimal war and little expansion.

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The collapse of the Western Roman Empire- Collapsed when huge numbers of Germanic tribes invaded Rome. The Western Roman Empire also faced way more problems than the East after the split. Some causes of the collapse were economic troubles, Social troubles, Military troubles, and political troubles.

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The Reign of Justinian 1- He created the Justinian code. Which was a law code codified Roman law code. He also expanded the Byzantine Empire.

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The Great Schism- The Great Schism is the split of Christianity into two churches which are Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic. The main reasons for the split were disagreements on whether icons should be allowed and who holds power within the church. The Schism is still in place today.

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The Fall of Constantinople- It fell because of the great schism. As the Islamic empire rose Constantinople fell. Another reason why it fell is the plague.

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Islamic schism- divided Muslims into two groups Shia and Sunni. Sunnis believed that caliphs did not have to be descendants of Muhammad. On the other hand, Shia believed that Ali, Muhammad's son-in-law was the rightful heir and future caliphs needed to be descendants of Muhammad.

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three expansions of the Islamic empire- The first expansion expanded along the Red Sea taking Makkah and Madinah. In the second expansion, the empire spread to the Middle East conquering north east Africa, the Middle East, and Persia. In the third expansion, the empire spread to Spain, Morocco, and the Indus valley.

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Muslim armies defeated at the Battle of Tours- The Muslims lost the battle . There defeat marked the end of the spread of islam through western Europe. The franks won the battle.

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Rise of Mali- Mali became wealthy because of gold.The city of timbuktu became a center of trade and learning. Also manson musa was a powerful figure in the empire.

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Fall of Baghdad to the mongols- Mongols invation destroyed much of the irrigation infrastrcture. Canal were cut as a military tatic and never repaired.

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Rise of ghana- Ghana was the land of gole.Which made trade a huge part of the kingdom. The two most important goods of the kingdom are gold and salt.

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Reign of manasa musa- He was the richest person. He made timbuktu a city of trade and learning because he ordered mosquse to be built.

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Rise of Songhai- After mali declined people broke away and formed new civilzation around the Niger river. The empires rulers were sunni ali and askia muhammad. Sunni ali capture the city of timbuktu.