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Agricultural Biodiversity and the Points of Sustainability

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Agricultural Biodiversity and the Points of Sustainability

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The relevance in investigating the details and ongoing development of Agrobiodiversity research. Including my standpoint of well-being and nutrition, three other specified frameworks are incorporated into this topic, including their identified values. In a way, four generalized steps in achieving the motions for exceeding a sustainable and everlasting Anthropocene.

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*Once upon a time there was.... the disruption of plant and agricultural biodiversity by the impacts of the global climate crisis and lack of conservation.

*Every day... there are drastic points of famine and deteriorated aspects of biological variety in global nutritional resources.

*Because of that… the field of nutritionists and national organizations like the FAO and IPGRI are working towards promoting sustainability of such biodiversity in terms of nutrition and food security.
*Research shows… that the specific analysis of these resources and their risks of depletion will be greatly advocated so long as there is identification and advocation among food and agriculture, and global sustainable development.
*This work is important to me because... of my career path in the field of nutrition and having the possibility and interest of personally advocating in direct regards to the topic of Agrobiodiversity and more specifically its relation to food security.

*Because all aspects of any being is reliant on the security of food and its future, if we do this work... the promise of provisions for even the less accessible populations and regions becomes reality; Biodiversity, its conservations, and ability to generate supply to people will improve and will unlikely worsen from the portrayal of its value and the encouragement of advocation and promotion.

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JSTOR- The Connection Between the Governmental Approach and Food Security

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JSTOR- The Connection Between the Governmental Approach and Food Security

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The identifying of food security, agricultural development, and hunger. Poverty is a huge point in this article, making for a valuable approach behind this topic's advocation. It recognizes the debates of other approaches, majority being political, ecological, and economical.

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The Reality of Global Plant Conservation

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The Reality of Global Plant Conservation

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Fully understanding the concept behind plant conservation in all aspects. It identifies these issues, efforts, and discovered information within the United States and touches on the political perspectives(policy making and country progressions) and educational values on the topic of conservation.

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University of Chicago Press Journals: Cookie absent

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JSTOR- Global Predictions on Significant Aspects of Plant Conservation

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JSTOR- Global Predictions on Significant Aspects of Plant Conservation

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This source identified and predicted the risks of unacknowledged species in recognition of current climate concerns. It specifies the top geographical regions and their need for conservation and assessment over the pressing risk of detrimental plant biodiversity depletion over time.

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FAO and the Deterioration of Agriculture and Importance of Biodiversity

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FAO and the Deterioration of Agriculture and Importance of Biodiversity

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This article brings a deeper perspective behind the relevance of biodiversity for the well-being and food security of people and communities. It provides plausible solutions, direct causes, and impacts of this crisis.

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22 February 2019, Rome - The first-ever report of its kind presents mounting and worrying evidence that the biodiversity that underpins our food systems is disappearing - putting the future of our food, livelihoods, health and environment under severe threat.

Once lost, warns FAO's State of the World's Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture report, launched today, biodiversity for food and agriculture - i.e. all the species that support our food systems and sustain the people who grow and/or provide our food - cannot be recovered.

Biodiversity for food and agriculture is all the plants and animals - wild and domesticated - that provide food, feed, fuel and fibre. It is also the myriad of organisms that support food production through ecosystem services - called "associated biodiversity". This includes all the plants, animals and micro-organisms (such as insects, bats, birds, mangroves, corals, seagrasses, earthworms, soil-dwelling fungi and bacteria) that keep soils fertile, pollinate plants, purify water and air, keep fish and trees healthy, and fight crop and livestock pests and diseases.

The report, prepared by FAO under the guidance of the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture looks at all these elements. It is based on information provided specifically for this report by 91 countries, and the analysis of the latest global data.

"Biodiversity is critical for safeguarding global food security, underpinning healthy and nutritious diets, improving rural livelihoods, and enhancing the resilience of people and communities. We need to use biodiversity in a sustainable way, so that we can better respond to rising climate change challenges and produce food in a way that doesn't harm our environment," said FAO's Director-General José Graziano da Silva.

"Less biodiversity means that plants and animals are more vulnerable to pests and diseases. Compounded by our reliance on fewer and fewer species to feed ourselves, the increasing loss of biodiversity for food and agriculture puts food security and nutrition at risk," added Graziano da Silva.

The foundation of our food systems is under severe threat
The report points to decreasing plant diversity in farmers' fields, rising numbers of livestock breeds at risk of extinction and increases in the proportion of overfished fish stocks.

Of some 6,000 plant species cultivated for food, fewer than 200 contribute substantially to global food output, and only nine account for 66 percent of total crop production.

The world's livestock production is based on about 40 animal species, with only a handful providing the vast majority of meat, milk and eggs. Of the 7,745 local (occurring in one country) breeds of livestock reported globally, 26 percent are at risk of extinction.

Nearly a third of fish stocks are overfished, more than half have reached their sustainable limit.

Information from the 91 reporting countries reveals that wild food species and many species that contribute to ecosystem services that are vital to food and agriculture, including pollinators, soil organisms and natural enemies of pests, are rapidly disappearing.

For example, countries report that 24 percent of nearly 4,000 wild food species - mainly plants, fish and mammals - are decreasing in abundance. But the proportion of wild foods in decline is likely to be even greater as the state of more than half of the reported wild food species is unknown.

The largest number of wild food species in decline appear in countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, followed by Asia-Pacific and Africa. This could be, however, a result of wild food species being more studied and/or reported on in these countries than in others.

Many associated biodiversity species are also under severe threat. These include birds, bats and insects that help control pests and diseases, soil biodiversity, and wild pollinators - such as bees, butterflies, bats and birds.

Forests, rangelands, mangroves, seagrass meadows, coral reefs and wetlands in general - key ecosystems that deliver numerous services essential to food and agriculture and are home to countless species - are also rapidly declining.

Leading causes of biodiversity loss
The driver of biodiversity for food and agriculture loss cited by most reporting countries is: changes in land and water use and management, followed by pollution, overexploitation and overharvesting, climate change, and population growth and urbanization.

In the case of associated biodiversity, while all regions report habitat alteration and loss as major threats, other key drivers vary across regions. These are overexploitation, hunting and poaching in Africa; deforestation, changes in land use and intensified agriculture in Europe and Central Asia; overexploitation, pests, diseases and invasive species in Latin America and the Caribbean; overexploitation in the Near East and North Africa, and deforestation in Asia.

Biodiversity-friendly practices are on the rise
The report highlights a growing interest in biodiversity-friendly practices and approaches. Eighty percent of the 91 countries indicate using one or more biodiversity-friendly practices and approaches such as: organic agriculture, integrated pest management, conservation agriculture, sustainable soil management, agroecology, sustainable forest management, agroforestry, diversification practices in aquaculture, ecosystem approach to fisheries and ecosystem restoration.

Conservation efforts, both on-site (e.g. protected areas, on farm management) and off-site (e.g. gene banks, zoos, culture collections, botanic gardens) are also increasing globally, although levels of coverage and protection are often inadequate.

Reversing trends that lead to biodiversity loss - what is needed
While the rise in biodiversity-friendly practices is encouraging, more needs to be done to stop the loss of biodiversity for food and agriculture.

Most countries have put in place legal, policy and institutional frameworks for the sustainable use and conservation of biodiversity, but these are often inadequate or insufficient.

The report calls on governments and the international community to do more to strengthen enabling frameworks, create incentives and benefit-sharing measures, promote pro-biodiversity initiatives and address the core drivers of biodiversity loss.

Greater efforts must also be made to improve the state of knowledge of biodiversity for food and agriculture as many information gaps remain, particularly for associated biodiversity species. Many such species have never been identified and described, particularly invertebrates and micro-organisms. Over 99 percent of bacteria and protist species - and their impact on food and agriculture - remain unknown.

There is a need to improve collaboration among policy-makers, producer organizations, consumers, the private sector and civil-society organizations across food and agriculture and environment sectors.

Opportunities to develop more markets for biodiversity-friendly products could be explored more.
The report also highlights the role the general public can play in reducing pressures on biodiversity for food and agriculture.

Consumers may be able to opt for sustainably grown products, buy from farmers' markets, or boycott foods seen as unsustainable. In several countries, "citizen scientists" play an important role in monitoring biodiversity for food and agriculture.

Examples: impacts of biodiversity loss and biodiversity-friendly practices

In The Gambia, massive losses of wild foods have forced communities to turn to alternatives, often industrially produced foods, to supplement their diets.

In Egypt, rising temperatures will lead to northwards shifts in ranges of fish species, with impacts on fishery production.

Labour shortages, flows of remittances and increasing availability of cheap alternative products on local markets have contributed to local crops abandonment in Nepal.

In the Amazonian forests of Peru, climatic changes are predicted to lead to "savannization", with negative impacts on wild foods' supply.

Californian farmers allow their rice fields to flood in winter instead of burning them after growing season. This provides 111,000 hectares of wetlands and open space for 230 bird species, many at risk of extinction. As a result, many species have begun to increase in numbers, and the number of ducks has doubled.

In France, about 300,000 hectares of land are managed using agroecological principles.

In Kiribati, integrated farming of milkfish, sandfish, sea cucumber and seaweed ensures regular food and income as despite changing weather conditions, at least one component of the system is always producing food.

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The biodiversity that is crucial for our food and agriculture is disappearing by the day

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22 February 2019, Rome - The first-ever report of its kind presents mounting and worrying evidence that the biodiversity that underpins our food systems is disappearing - putting the future of our food, livelihoods, health and environment under severe threat.

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Present Actions and Ongoing Actions for Provided Climate Work 

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Present Actions and Ongoing Actions for Provided Climate Work 

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New “international initiatives” are being placed by national organizations like the FAO and IPGRI to promote sustainability of biodiversity use in terms of nutrition and food security. Knowledge of this work is an important goal contributed by these policy developments.