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Subjects
Gender and Sexuality > Queer Theory, Literature and Literary Studies > Literary Theory, Theory and Philosophy > Affect Theory

In On the Inconvenience of Other People Lauren Berlant continues to explore our affective engagement with the world. Berlant focuses on the encounter with and the desire for the bother of other people and objects, showing that to be driven toward attachment is to desire to be inconvenienced. Drawing on a range of sources, including Last Tango in Paris, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Claudia Rankine, Christopher Isherwood, Bhanu Kapil, the Occupy movement, and resistance to anti-Black state violence, Berlant poses inconvenience as an affective relation and considers how we might loosen our attachments in ways that allow us to build new forms of life. Collecting strategies for breaking apart a world in need of disturbing, the book's experiments in thought and writing cement Berlant's status as one of the most inventive and influential thinkers of our time.

"The author is as sharp as ever at drawing from postcolonial, queer, and affect theory. Fans of Berlant's bright, electrifying thinking will want to check this out." - Publishers Weekly

"In Inconvenience, that pedagogy is sly, confiding, and digressive. . . . On the Inconvenience of Other People is, finally, a book in all its feels-from happiness to a death wish-all at once. And it's the last work of a scholar whose theory felt personal, and whose death was mourned far beyond those who knew Berlant: a perfect encapsulation of intimacy within publicity and the publicity of intimacy, a monument to their very work." - Hannah Zeavin, Bookforum

"A coherent and helpful addition to the ideas, now influential throughout the culture, that Berlant wrought in 2011's Cruel Optimism." - Jo Livingstone, 4Columns

"Offers moments of stunning clarity with the kinds of pithy declarative revelations that can easily spiral a reader toward an entirely new outlook on life. Their writing is a paragon of world-breaking and world-making insight." - Megan Volpert, Popmatters

"This book is as magisterial as it is nonpretentious. With attention to detail and a sensitivity to suffering, Lauren Berlant works within the textures of everyday life and language to think about and dislodge the many intractable, irritating, obstructive objects and structures that get in the way of living well. Berlant has left us with advice for reading and for living: use the contradictions introduced by objects, exploit their mutability, dwell in the gaps opened by their incoherence to think through the social world in its intersectional damage and complexity. A brilliant book, a singular and disconcerting style, a practice of solidarity." - Judith Butler, author of The Force of Nonviolence

"Lauren Berlant's arguments are both politically challenging and deeply satisfying. They force you to reset your political compass in order to see and act in the world anew. It's Berlant at their most brilliant, full of treasures to discover." - Michael Hardt, coauthor of Assembly

"Building on their ongoing project of foregrounding and destabilizing our understanding of certain affective modes and how they structure relationality in trauma and precarity, Lauren Berlant offers brilliant readings that take on a classical concern: how do we live with others? On the Inconvenience of Other People is a rich, endlessly generative and melancholic work." - Rebecca Wanzo, author of The Content of Our Caricature: African American Comic Art and Political Belonging

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Subjects Gender and Sexuality > Queer Theory, Literature and Literary Studies > Literary Theory, Theory and Philosophy > Affect Theory In On the Inconvenience of Other People Lauren Berlant continues to explore our affective engagement with the world.

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LPE Conference Videos: Labor, Social Control, And Counterpower (Spring 2023)

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LPE Conference Videos: Labor, Social Control, And Counterpower (Spring 2023)

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Spring 2023

LPE at HLS and the LPE Project are pleased to announce the conference, Law and Political Economy: Labor, Social Control, and Counterpower. The event will take place from March 31 to April 2, 2023 at Harvard Law School in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

This year's conference focuses on two critical areas of LPE scholarship and practice:

This year's conference focuses on two critical areas of LPE scholarship and practice:

Law, Labor, and Class Power, which encompasses work on labor and employment, as well as examining law, class, and its interactions with race, gender, and other dimensions of subordination; and

The Political Economy of Social Control, which engages questions related to carcerality, social welfare, and the imposition of social order and subordination in capitalist societies.

Conference events will be held in-person and will also be livestreamed. Following the conference, session recordings will be posted online. The conference is free to attend, but registration is required for in-person attendance.

We are in an era of renewed labor ferment, with dramatically rising interest in labor organizing alongside deficient legislative frameworks and a hostile judiciary. What can historical perspectives on labor movement strategies teach us about the potential and limits of organized labor power today? The panelists' scholarly projects examine what lessons today's labor activists might draw from the successes and failures of union, civil liberties, and civil rights lawyers in the mid-twentieth century.

Moderator:
Matthew Bodie (University of Minnesota Law School)

What characterizes the production and articulation of race, gender, and class in capitalism? What role do law and legal theory play? The papers in this panel address the legal infrastructure that sustains low-wage work under racial capitalism, social movement strategies challenging the immiseration of workers, and the role of lawyers in social movements; the need for LPE to engage the moral politics of productivity and the background legal structures that reward extraction of human value; and offer a new approach to class analysis designed to explain the dynamics of capitalism and the integral role of a racialized underclass and gender subordination in its history and structure.
Moderator:
Guy-Uriel Charles (Harvard Law School)

This panel will examine how our conceptions of constitutionalism, the courts, and legal authority facilitate or hinder shifts to more democratic modes of self-government. Panelists will trace the historical roots of our contemporary "juristocracy" and suggest interventions that reimagine the relationships between legal institutions, constitutional theory, and popular sovereignty.
Moderator:
K-Sue Park (Georgetown Law School)

What are the stakes in revisiting, and maybe reinventing, the socialist tradition? In this conversation, Professors Willy Forbath (UT Austin School of Law) and Aziz Rana (Cornell Law School) will explore the history of socialist constitutionalism, its political-economic commitments, and how they might guide constitutional visions today. Professor Forbath will frame his remarks in terms of an international and comparative project, while Professor Rana will discuss his forthcoming book, The Constitutional Bind: Why a Broken Document Rules America (University of Chicago Press, 2024).

This panel will examine how legal regimes regulate gender in contemporary capitalism. These regimes are varied and extensive, including public health infrastructures, insurance markets, and surveillance technologies. In both ideological and material terms, panelists will discuss how these systems construct gender relations, relations of care, and patterns of social reproduction.
Moderator:
Amy Kapczynski (Yale Law School)

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LPE at HLS and the LPE Project are pleased to announce the conference, Law and Political Economy: Labor, Social Control, and Counterpower. The event will take place from March 31 to April 2, 2023 at Harvard Law School in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

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Claire Dunning on the origins of the non-profit industrial complex, Lisa Knox, Hamid Yazdan Panah, and Serafin Andrade Lopez on organizing workers in California's immigrant detention centers, and Noah Zatz on the pathways to solidarity between organized labor and the fight against mass incarceration. Plus, an LPE 101 event at LSA, Simon Torracinta on Basic Income, and the hottest new symposium on Modernizing Regulatory Review.

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Claire Dunning on the origins of the non-profit industrial complex, Lisa Knox, Hamid Yazdan Panah, and Serafin Andrade Lopez on organizing workers in California's immigrant detention centers, and Noah Zatz on the pathways to solidarity between organized labor and the fight against mass incarceration.

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This is part of a series of key concepts in Marxist legal theory organized in collaboration with our friends at Legal Form: A Forum for Marxist Analysis of Law. All articles in this series, including the present one, will appear concurrently on Legal Form and Critical Legal Thinking.

There has been no shortage of debates and controversies within Marxist political and legal thought concerning the state. Part of the difficulty stems from the fragmentary character of Marx's writing on the topic. In his notebooks from the late 1850s, posthumously published as the Karl Marx, Grundrisse, he indicates that "the concentration of bourgeois society in the form of the state" would be part of the larger systematic critique of political economy he was pursuing at the time.Grundrisse, trans. Martin Nicolaus (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1973 [1858]), 108. However, only the first volume of Capital was published in his lifetime, leaving this ambitious project incomplete. Later commentators have thus faced the challenge of recomposing his scattered writings on the topic spanning from the 1840s to the 1880s into a more coherent and systematic theory.

An additional challenge to the claim that there is a Marxist theory of the state is that the meaning of this concept for both Marx and later writers was deeply entwined with the political problems of their times. Discussions of the state in the Marxist tradition have generally been situated amidst specific disputes about the strategies that working-class movements and parties should adopt in the face of organized political power. This political dimension further complicates the claim that there could be a unitary theory of the state, and requires attention to both the historical and ideological context within which attempts to develop such a theory have been made.

A discussion of the state from a Marxist standpoint is thus confronted with at least three obstacles: the incomplete character of Marx's theorization of the state; the question of whether the state is adequately represented by the metaphor of the productive "base" and the juridical and political "superstructure"; and how, and how much, it can justifiably be said that law and the state maintain "relative autonomy" from the forces and relations of production. While this post cannot resolve these challenges, my contention is that any inquiry into the "Marxist theory of the state" is inseparable from the history of Marxist debates about the state, as these debates were conducted on shifting political, strategic, and theoretical terrains over the course of the tradition's development.

Marx on the State

Marx's early writings on the state were formulated as a critique of Hegel's political and social philosophy. Hegel understood the modern state to be the embodiment of rationality and universality as developed over the course of human history. As such, it was the means by which the social fragmentation caused by narrow conceptions of individual freedom (property rights, commerce) facilitated by the emergence of bourgeois society in England, as well as the radical political egalitarianism of the French Revolution, would be reconciled. By virtue of their membership in the political state, individuals could transcend their personal, familial, and commercial interests, thereby attaining the self-consciousness of their own freedom in the objective laws of the state. Hegel saw constitutional monarchy as the state form that best combined the universal lawmaking power of the legislature (elected by corporate bodies in civil society) and the particular executive power of the civil service, forming a unity represented in the figure of the individual sovereign. The civil service in particular, composed of qualified professionals and open to entrance from all ranks of society, was tasked with upholding the "universal interest of the state".G. W. F. Hegel, Elements of the Philosophy of Right, ed. Allen W. Wood (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991 [1820]), 329.

Marx's critique rested on the claim that by locating universality and equality in the bourgeois constitutional state ( Rechtsstaat), Hegel inverted the relationship between the state and civil society. Hegel had correctly recognized that bourgeois claims to the right to private property created social antagonisms that alienated individuals from both their social bonds and the products of their labour. However, the overcoming of this condition would not take place through the state, which was itself merely the objectified form taken by social alienation, but rather through changes in the structures of the family and civil society - those very spheres that Hegel had subsumed to the state.Karl Marx, "A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right" [1844] and "Critique of Hegel's Doctrine of the State" [1843], in Early Writings, trans. Rodney Livingstone and Gregor Benton (London: Penguin, 1992).

Marx traced the growing separation between civil society and the state as part of the transition from the estate and guild societies of the late medieval period to the consolidation of mercantile capitalist society in eighteenth century northwestern Europe. During this time, law took on an increasingly abstract and formal character, replacing estates as the primary way of mediating between individuals in the new "independent" realm of civil society. The claim to equal political rights made during the French Revolution was the apex of the separation that had emerged between the universal political identity of the citizen and the actual social standings of the individual in civil society. The state now came to appear as the realm where individuals' political equality as citizens could be recognized and expressed.

However, Marx argued this was an illusory freedom, for the state merely reinforced their political alienation from their material existence as producing and consuming beings. Bourgeois rights were thus a vehicle for political emancipation, but the granting of formal equality under the law was not enough to overcome the individual's estrangement from social existence so long as civil society remained fractured by property rights.Karl Marx, "On the Jewish Question" [1844], in Early Writings, trans. Rodney Livingstone and Gregor Benton (London: Penguin, 1992). In contrast, true emancipation could not occur through the "merely political state" but by the democratic re-appropriation of the power that had been alienated in bourgeois society. Writing that "the state is an abstraction", and that "[o]nly the people is a concrete reality", Marx counterposed Hegel's constitutional monarchy with a defense of democracy.Marx, "Critique of Hegel's Doctrine of the State", 85. Democracy was the "essence of all political constitutions", because it took socialized human beings as its starting point.Marx, "Critique of Hegel's Doctrine of the State", 88. Under a democratic constitution, the alienated and mystified universality of the political state would disappear, for the constitution and the law would rest on the unalienated and direct "self-determination of the people".Marx, "Critique of Hegel's Doctrine of the State", 89.

Although he retained the basic idea of the overcoming of the state, beginning in the late 1840s Marx largely shifted from examining the state's philosophical underpinnings to historical and political analysis, as well as its specific role in relation to class struggles. In The German Ideology, he and Engels maintained that the modern state had emerged from the social division of labour until it separated itself from civil society to become "the form in which the individuals of a ruling class assert their common interests".Marx, "Critique of Hegel's Doctrine of the State", 187. Two years later, writing with the goal of articulating the principles of the communist movement, the Manifesto referred to the executive of the "modern representative state" as the "committee for managing the common affairs of the whole bourgeoisie".Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, "Manifesto of the Communist Party" [1848], in Robert C. Tucker (ed), The Marx-Engels Reader (New York: W. W. Norton, 1978), 475. Although less a definition than a device of political rhetoric, when taken together with other references, it suggests a relationship where the economically dominant class directly controls and exploits state institutions for its own benefit.

However, in the Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, Marx sketched a picture of an exceptional form of the state that superimposed itself over society to arrest the sharpening antagonisms between different class fractions. Marx described this state as a "parasitic body" composed of a bureaucratic and military organization that "enmeshes, controls, regulates, supervises and regiments civil society".Karl Marx, "The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte" [1852], In Surveys From Exile, vol. 2 (London: Verso, 2010) 186, 237. Yet though the Bonapartist state was the result of the equilibrium of class forces, it only appeared to be autonomous - while it was not directly controlled by the bourgeoisie nor acted in its immediate interests, it nevertheless preserved the political and social order under which capital accumulation could continue to take place.

Marx's analysis of the state thus spanned two related but nevertheless distinct standpoints: the philosophical perspective of his earlier writing, where the state is a juridical fiction that masks the class interests openly expressed in civil society, and a historical-political perspective where it is a social relation that reproduces a specific balance of forces in society. Although this has been explained as the gap between the young and the mature Marx, there are also certain continuities.Louis Althusser, For Marx (London: Verso, 1965). Namely, the overcoming of political alienation by the eventual reabsorption of the state into society - what Engels later called the "withering away" Friedrich Engels, "Socialism: Utopian and Scientific" [1880], in Robert C. Tucker (ed), The Marx-Engels Reader (New York: W. W. Norton, 1978) 713. or dying out the state - reappears in later writings such as The Civil War in France.

Nevertheless, following his concerted critique of Hegel's political philosophy, Marx's writings on the state remain fragmentary and their form and tone was largely affected by political context. Later interpreters of Marx have had to grapple with this gap and its implications. It has been suggested that Marx's critique of the bureaucracy in the earlier writings captured the essence of his thoughts on the state, making it less of a priority than the critique of political economy.Shlomo Avineri, The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968), 51-52. However, this interpretation should be questioned given that Marx did at least plan to write about the state as part of the larger project of For an ongoing debate on the merits of the base/superstructure distinction, see Anandha Krishna Raj, " Capital. Others have pointed to at least two different understandings of the relationship between the economically dominant class and the state, which left unresolved the question of what under what conditions it could be claimed that the state acted in its interests.Ralph Miliband, "Marx and the State" (1965) 2 Socialist Register 278; Axel van den Berg, The Immanent Utopia: From Marxism on the State to the State of Marxism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988). A second unresolved tension was the relationship between the economic-productive base and the political, legal, and ideological superstructure through which these social relations were mediated and expressed. Law as Superstructure" Legal Form (3 October 2018); Nate Holdren, " Some Hasty Musings on Matters Legal and Economic" Legal Form (18 November 2018); Matthew Dimick, " Base and Superstructure as Ontology" Legal Form (17 August 2019); Nate Holdren and Rob Hunter, " No Bases, No Superstructures: Against Legal Economism" Legal Form (15 January 2020); Matthew Dimick and Dom Taylor, " More Depth, Less Flatness: Marx's Negative Ontology of Social Totality" Legal Form (18 April 2020). In both cases, the question concerned the degree of autonomy that the state and law had from the means and relations of production.

State and Law as Superstructure

Following Marx's death in 1883, the systematization of his writings by Engels and Karl Kautsky into a coherent body of thought dovetailed with the rise of the Social Democratic Party in Germany. The predominant approach to law and the state therein was the topological metaphor of the productive "base" consisting of the forces and relations of production, and the corresponding "superstructure" of the political and juridical forms through which it would be expressed. In prioritizing the historical and technological development of the material productive forces of society and the corresponding relations of production, "orthodox" Marxism has been seen as reducing the political and juridical domains to secondary ideological expressions of these primary social forces.

The base-superstructure metaphor has some textual warrant in Marx's writings. Most schematically, it appears in the 1859 Preface of the Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, where Marx wrote that the "legal and political superstructure" arises from the "sum total" of the relations of production that "constitute the economic structure of society"Karl Marx, "Preface to a Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy" [1859], in Robert C. Tucker (ed), The Marx-Engels Reader (New York: W. W. Norton, 1978). - a framing that he would also later directly repeat in Capital. Similarly, in the unpublished German Ideology, Marx and Engels noted that "the social organization evolving directly out of production and commerce" in all ages forms the "basis of the State and of the rest of the idealistic superstructure".Karl Marx, "The German Ideology" [1846], in Robert C. Tucker (ed), The Marx-Engels Reader (New York: W. W. Norton, 1978), 163.

Engels further developed this view in his Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State, suggesting that the state had emerged from the gradual division of labour in settled civilizations to moderate the resulting class antagonisms. As such, it was "the product of society at a particular stage of development", having "arisen out of society but placing itself above it and increasingly alienating itself from it".Friedrich Engels, The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State (London: Penguin, 1986 [1884]). However, important qualifications can also be found in Engels' letters from that period pointing to the reciprocal effect of the superstructure upon the base. As the bureaucratic and military organization of the capitalist state allowed it to obtain some independent power from the economic movement of society, the two could find themselves at cross-purposes, in a situation where the economic usually predominated but had to "suffer reactions from the political movement".Friedrich Engels, "Letter to Conrad Schmidt" [1890]. Furthermore, constitutions and juridical forms frequently determined the form taken by class struggles.Friedrich Engels, "Letter to Franz Mehring" [1893], in Robert C. Tucker (ed), The Marx-Engels Reader (New York: W. W. Norton, 1978); Friedrich Engels, "Letter to Joseph Bloch" [1890], in Robert C. Tucker (ed), The Marx-Engels Reader (New York: W. W. Norton, 1978). In a modern state, Engels wrote, "law must not only correspond to the general economic condition and be its expression, but must also be an internally coherent expression", facilitating the growth of jurisprudence as a new "independent sphere" of social practice and preventing the law from being the "blunt, unmitigated, unadulterated expression of the domination of a class".

Despite these nuances, Second International Marxism (1889-1916) largely saw the political and legal domains as primarily determined by the relationship between the means and relations of production. Within the capitalist mode of production, the political and juridical superstructure was seen as necessarily mirroring and reproducing the conditions for commodity production and the private appropriation of surplus value - namely, that the means of production were held as private property, and labour-power was nominally "free" to be contractually exchanged for a wage. Leading theoreticians like Engels, Kautsky,Karl Kautsky, The Class Struggle (New York: W. W. Norton, 1971 [1892]); Karl Kautsky, "Parliamentarism and Democracy" [1893], in Ben Lewis (ed), Karl Kautsky on Democracy and Republicanism (Leiden: Brill, 2020). Eduard Bernstein,Eduard Bernstein, Evolutionary Socialism (New York: Schocken, 1961 [1909]). and Rosa LuxemburgRosa Luxemburg, "Reform or Revolution" [1900], in Helen Scott (ed), The Essential Rosa Luxemburg (Chicago: Haymarket, 2008). all saw the bourgeois constitutional republic as the political form that expressed this advanced stage of industrial capitalism and (with the exception of Bernstein) its inevitable crisis tendency.

Evolutionary and reformist currents in the Second International following Bernstein maintained that the state was a neutral institution that could be progressively taken over through regular electoral participation by working class parties. In contrast, Lenin advanced a critique of social democracy's reliance on trade union activism at the expense of direct political struggles against state power. Whereas reformists saw the state as a neutral apparatus, Lenin emphasized that, because it emerged as the necessary outcome of the irreconcilable class antagonisms, the state remained a "special coercive force" or machine functioning as the "instrument for the oppression of one class by another".V. I. Lenin, "The State and Revolution" [1917], in Robert C. Tucker (ed), The Lenin Anthology (New York: W. W. Norton, 1975); V. I. Lenin, "The State: A Lecture Delivered at the Sverdlov University" [1919]. Lenin's view of the state as a repressive instrument of class power undoubtedly remained the definitive and most influential treatment of the state within the Communist movements and parties of the twentieth century.

Through the 1920s and 1930s, the gradual codification of Marxism-Leninism in legal and state theory in the USSR continued to rely on the separation between base and superstructure. The most noteworthy treatment of the juridical as a reflection of social processes was Pashukanis' commodity-exchange theory.Evgeny Pashukanis, Pashukanis: Selected Writings on Marxism and Law, ed. Piers Beirne and Robert Sharlet (London: Academic Press, 1980). Pashukanis theorized law as an expression of the contractual and transactional nature of capitalist society; consequently, the revolution in the relations of production would lead to the withering away of law and its replacement by administration following the completed transition to communist society.

The critique of the base-superstructure metaphor from within the Marxist tradition has been twofold. First, notwithstanding the aforementioned letters by Engels, its social positivist treatment of the base as the "real" space of the relations of production implies a uni-directional model that cannot account for the conditions under which state and law can have a reciprocal causal effect on the forces and relations of production.Raymond Williams, "Base and Superstructure in Marxist Cultural Theory" [1973], in Culture and Materialism (London: Verso, 2005). Equally importantly, the metaphor posits the two levels in a relation of external causality, such that, even if one allows for reciprocal influence, the state and law still exist as reflections of an independently-constituted economic and productive sphere. Yet if we allow that ownership of the means of production and relations of wage labour are always already politically and juridically mediated social relationships, then this explanatory primacy of the base cannot be maintained.Ellen Meiksins, Democracy Against Capitalism: Renewing Historical Materialism (London: Verso, 2016 [1995]).

Adventures in Relative Autonomy

The development of Marxist thought on the state following the Russian Revolution, particularly outside the Soviet Union, can be understood as a series of attempts to theoretically ground the possible autonomy of the state and law beyond the "economism" or "scientific socialism" of the Second and Third Internationals. Although these attempts often rested on very different epistemological premises, they overlapped in wishing to expand the boundaries of the state beyond repression and coercion to examine the reciprocity between the state and civil society, the importance of ideology to subject formation, and the possibility of class consciousness and class struggle under the state-directed capitalism of the twentieth century.

Between the 1920s and 1940s, among the notable contributions in the German-speaking world were the investigations of the rule of law and the exceptional state by Franz Neumann and Otto Kirchheimer,William E. Scheuerman, Between the Norm and the Exception: The Frankfurt School and the Rule of Law (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1994); William E. Scheuerman (ed), The Rule of Law Under Siege: Selected Essays by Franz Neumann and Otto Kirchheimer (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996). and of nationalism, culture, and constitutionalism by Austro-Marxists such as Max Adler, Otto Bauer, and Karl Renner.Tom Bottomore and Patrick Goode (eds), Austro-Marxism (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978); Mark E. Blum, and William Smaldone (eds), Austro-Marxism: The Ideology of Unity, vol. 1 (Chicago: Haymarket, 2007); Max Adler, The Marxist Conception of the State: A Contribution to the Differentiation of the Sociological and the Juristic Method, ed. Mark E Blum (Leiden: Brill, 2019 [1922]). A second major tributary of thinking about the state came from debates in Italian Marxism following the rise of fascism. Although Gramsci's carceral writings did not receive a wide audience until the 1950s, his innovative treatments of hegemony, the balance of social forces, and revolutionary political strategy were groundbreaking in the postwar context for both Western communist parties and the New Left.Antonio Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks, ed. Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell Smith (New York: International Publishers, 1971).

Beginning in the 1960s, Gramsci's translation into English and Althusser's major retheorization of Marxism further facilitated the critique of base-superstructure models. While Althusser followed Lenin in asserting that the state is a repressive apparatus or machine, he developed the complementary notion of ideological state apparatuses - an interlocking set of institutions through which state ideology is realized and reproduced through concrete material practices, legal practices included.Louis Althusser, On the Reproduction of Capitalism: Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses, trans. G. M. Goshgarian (London: Verso, 2014). Moreover, by focusing on the concept of the mode of production, Althusser and his collaboratorsLouis Althusser, Etienne Balibar, Roger Establet, Pierre Macherey, and Jacques Ranciere, Reading Capital (London: Verso, 2015). introduced a model of structural causality in which economic, political, and ideological levels interacted in a way that excluded direct or linear determination by the economic. This counteracted the Stalinist orthodoxy to the effect that changes in the ideological superstructure followed necessarily from a revolution in the base.

The 1970s marked the last major wave of developments in Marxist analyses of the state to date. The famous Miliband-Poulantzas debateRalph Miliband, The State in Capitalist Society (New York: Basic Books, 1969); Ralph Miliband, "The Capitalist State - Reply to N. Poulantzas" (1970) 59 New Left Review 53; Ralph Miliband, "Poulantzas and the Capitalist State" (1973) 82 New Left Review 83; Nicos Poulantzas, "The Problem of the Capitalist State" (1969) 58 New Left Review 74; Nicos Poulantzas, Political Power and Social Classes (London: New Left Books, 1973); Nicos Poulantzas, "The Capitalist State: A Reply to Miliband and Laclau" (1976) 95 New Left Review 63. revolved around the question of the state's relative autonomy from the capitalist class. However, its reception in the Anglosphere schematically separated them into competing "instrumentalist" and "structuralist" approaches to the capitalist state, in which the capitalist class either controlled the state through the influence of personal networks or the state's independence was structurally guaranteed by its role in the capitalist mode of production.David A. Gold, Clarence Y. H. Lo, and Erik Olin Wright, "Recent Developments in Marxist Theories of the Capitalist State" (1975) 27 Monthly Review 29. In the wake of the debate, scholars in the United States attempted to supplement the perceived shortcomings of Marxist theory with insights from Weberian sociology.Fred Block, "The Ruling Class Does Not Rule: Notes on the Marxist Theory of the State" (1977) 33 Socialist Revolution 6; Theda Skocpol, "Political Response to Capitalist Crisis: Neo-Marxist Theories of the State and the Case of the New Deal" (1980) 10 Politics & Society 155; Ira Katznelson, "Lenin or Weber? Choices in Marxist Theories of Politics" (1981) 29 Political Studies 632; Peter B. Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol (eds), Bringing the State Back In (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985). In Germany two separate but concurrent lines of inquiry unfolded. One involved the second generation of Frankfurt School critical theory, which focused on questions of crisis and state legitimacy.Jürgen Habermas, Legitimation Crisis, trans. Thomas McCarthy (Boston: Beacon Press, 1975); Claus Offe, Contradictions of the Welfare State, ed. John Keane (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1984). The other was the "capital logic" school, which sought to derive the form of the capitalist state from a starting point with the category of capital.John Holloway and Sol Picciotto (eds), State and Capital: A Marxist Debate (London: Edward Arnold, 1978). Despite this general proliferation of interest in Marxist critiques of pluralist and elitist theories of power, by the mid-1980s, the research framework entered a period of decline alongside the New Left.Rafael Khachaturian, "Bringing What State Back In? Neo-Marxism and the Origin of the Committee on States and Social Structures" (2019) 72 Political Research Quarterly 714.

State Theory in the Twenty-First Century

Reevaluations of the legacy of Marxist debates about the state from the 1990s onward have attempted to forge a more coherent account on the basis of existing theories or else to clarify divisions between these theories.Bob Jessop, State Theory: Putting the Capitalist State in Its Place (Cambridge: Wiley, 1990); Bob Jessop, The Future of the Capitalist State (Cambridge: Wiley, 2002); Bob Jessop, The State: Past, Present, Future (Cambridge: Polity, 2016); Stanley Aronowitz and Peter Bratsis (eds), Paradigm Lost: State Theory Reconsidered (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002); Clyde W. Barrow, Critical Theories of the State: Marxist, Neomarxist, Postmarxist (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1993); Clyde W. Barrow, Toward a Critical Theory of States: The Poulantzas-Miliband Debate after Globalization (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2016); Raju J. Das, "State Theories: A Critical Analysis" (1996) 60 Science & Society 27-57. However, an overarching consensus that reconciles the internal diversity of Marxist positions on the state has remained difficult to achieve, not least because plausible textual evidence in Marx's writings can be found for a variety of theoretical positions.Clyde W. Barrow, "The Marx Problem in Marxian State Theory" (2000) 64 Science & Society 87.

Today, Marxist state theory is largely an open-ended and intellectually pluralistic research framework. What almost all accounts share, however, is a rejection of the positivist view of the state as a juridical entity circumscribed by its formal constitution. There is agreement that the state has a material existence, as a set of institutions but also as a collection of political, ideological, legal, economic, and social practices. These practices secure the state's claim to legitimacy by reproducing it as the representative of the general social interest while continuing to facilitate capital accumulation, mediating relations between competing fractions of the capitalist class and integrating these fractions into the global circulation of capital.

In the present, at least four new theoretical frontiers are being opened to supplement previous omissions. First, growing interest in social reproductionLise Vogel, Marxism and the Oppression of Women: Toward a Unitary Theory (Leiden: Brill, 2013 [1983]); Tithi Bhattacharya (ed), Social Reproduction Theory: Remapping Class, Recentering Oppression (London: Pluto Press, 2017); Kirstin Munro, "'Social Reproduction Theory', Social Reproduction, and Household Production" (2019) 83 Science & Society 451. has opened up debate about the state's role in reproducing gender roles and the coordination of the non-waged labour necessary for capital accumulation. Second, recent discussions of "authoritarian neoliberalism" have explored how the neoliberal governance of the past several decades has rested on the reconfiguration of state power toward less democratic oversight.Cemal Burak Tansel (ed), States of Discipline: Authoritarian Neoliberalism and the Contested Reproduction of the Capitalist Order (London: Rowman & Littlefield, 2017); Ian Bruff and Cemal Burak Tansel (eds), Authoritarian Neoliberalism: Philosophies, Practices, Contestations (London: Taylor & Francis, 2019). As a corollary, this has also led to increased interest in the role played by the state's coercive apparatuses, especially in relation to incarceration.Ruth Wilson Gilmore, Golden Gulag: Prisons, Surplus, Crisis, and Opposition in Globalizing California (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007); Loïc Wacquant, Punishing the Poor: The Neoliberal Government of Social Insecurity (Durham: Duke University Press, 2009); Mark Neocleous, Critique of Security (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2008); Brendan McQuade, Pacifying the Homeland: Intelligence Fusion and Mass Supervision (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2019). Lastly, the urgency of the climate crisis has drawn the focus of many researchers to the state as a site of struggle over resource extraction and future policies for climate change mitigation.Thea Riofrancos, Resource Radicals: From Petro-Nationalism to Post-Extractivism in Ecuador (Durham: Duke University Press, 2020). Together these strands of research continue to revamp and adapt the tradition of Marxist thinking about the state, contributing to its ongoing development as an explanatory theoretical framework.

Rafael Khachaturian is Lecturer at the University of Pennsylvania, Associate Faculty at the Brooklyn Institute for Social Research, and on the editorial committee of Socialist Forum.

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This is part of a series of key concepts in Marxist legal theory organized in collaboration with our friends at Legal Form: A Forum for Marxist Analysis of Law . All articles in this series, including the present one, will appear concurrently on Legal Form and Critical Legal Thinking.

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The Human Sexuality Collection is building a strong historical collection of printed works concerning cross-dressing and transvestitism, intersex and hermaphroditism, transsexualism, and transgender issues. Here is a partial list, including some early titles from Cornell's Rare Books and History of Science collections.
Find additional titles by searching Cornell's online catalog in the author field for "Human Sexuality Collection Transgender Books".
Ackroyd, Peter. Dressing up; transvestism and drag: the history of an obsession, London: Thames and Hudson, 1979.

Aléra, Don Brennus. Frédérique : the true story of a youth transformed into a girl, London: Delectus, 1998. (English translation of Fridoline)

Aléra, Don Brennus. Fridoline; histoire veridique d'un jeune homme devenu actrice, Sceaux: Select Bibliotheqe, 1926. Select Bibliothèque was one of several publishers specializing in fetish material that flourished in Paris during the first half of the twentieth century.

Aléra, Don Brennus. Tu deviendras fille..! Sceaux: Select Bibliotheque, 1935. Scarce copy of transvestite domination novel about a 16-year old boy forced into his sister's clothing.

Allen, J.J. The man in the Red Velvet Dress. New York: Carol Publishing Group, 1996.

Allen, Mariette Pathy. Transformations: crossdressers and those who love them. 1st ed. New York: Dutton, c1989.

Allen, Robert. But for the Grace. London: W.H. Allen, 1954.

Anti-lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender violence in 1997 : a report of The National Coalition of Anti-Violence Programs (4th ed.) Detroit: the Triangle Foundation, 1998.

Beaton, Cecil. Quail in Aspic. Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1963.

Brown, Geoff. I Want What I Want. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1966. With dust jacket.

Buliet, C.J. Venus Castina: Famous Female Impersonations Celestial and Human. New York: Covici, Friede, 1928. With dust jacket.

Buliet, C.J. Venus Castina: Famous Female Impersonations Celestial and Human. New York: Covici, Friede, 1933. With dust jacket.

Cappon, Daniel. Toward an Understanding of Homosexuality. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1965. With dust jacket.

Caprio, Frank S. and Donald R. Brenner. Sexual Behavior: Psycho-Legal Aspects. New York: Citadel Press, 1961. With dust jacket.

Castle, Stephanie. Feelings: a transexual's explanation of a baffling condition. Vancouver, B.C.: Perception Press, 1992.

Cauldwell, David O., ed. Transvestism...Men in Female Dress. New York: Sexology Corp., 1956.

Charles-Etienne. La Bouche Fardee. Paris: Editions Curio, 1926.

Chesser, Eustace. Strange Loves: The Human Aspects of Sexual Deviation. New York: William Morrow and Company, 1971.

Chideckel, Maurice. Female Sex Perversion. New York: Eugenics, 1935. 3 copies: 1 with dust jacket.

Choisy, abbe de. Aventures de l'abbe de Choisy habille en femme. Paris. J. Gay, 1862.

Chrysalis quarterly. Decatur, Ga.: Atlanta Educational Gender Information Service, c1991-.

Community pride reporter. Portland, ME: Community Pride Reporter, (1994:June).

Cowell, Roberta. Roberta Cowell's Story: An Autobiography. New York: British Book Centre, 1954. 2 copies with dust jackets.

Crew, Louise edt. The Gay Academic. California: ETC, 1978. With dust jacket.

Crisp, Quentin. The Naked Civil Servant. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1968. With dust jacket.

Crossroads: a publication of the American Friends Service Committee's Bridges Project. Philadelphia, PA: The Bridges Project, 1992.

Danny and Doc Present the New Jewel Box Revue. New York: Jewel Box Revue, Inc., [between 1958-1969?].

Davenport, John. Curiosities of Erotic Psychology. New York: Robin Hood House, 1932.

Dee, Kathy. Travelling. Paris: Pierre Belfond, 1974.

de Erauso, Catalina. Lieutenant Nun. Boston: Beacon Press, 1996.

Dennis, Allen. The Gay B C Book. San Francisco: D. Redmond Designs, 1966.

Desmond, Perry. Perry: A Transformed Transsexual. Ironton, MO. Metamporphis Books, 1978.

Dullak, Sylvanie. Je Serais...Elle. Paris: Frances Loisirs, 1983.

Ellis, Albert. The Folklore of Sex. New York: Charles Boni, 1951. With dust jacket.

Eugeni, Lattanzio. De Maris, & Foemellae Generatione Opusculum. Ancone: Per Astulphum de Grandis, 1568.

Female Impersonators News 1-2, 42-43. Belmar, NJ, 1970 [?].

Female Impersonators 1-4. New York and Belmar, NJ, 1969-1970.

Femmemirror. Los Angeles: Chevalier Publishing Company-3 issues, 1961-1962.

Fielding, William J. Homo-Sexual Life. Kansas: Haldemans-Julius Company, n.d. Paperback.

Farrer, Peter, ed. Borrowed Plumes: Letters from Edwardian Newspapers on Male Cross Dressing. Liverpool: Karn Publications Garston, 1994.

Farrer, Peter, ed. Confidential Correspondence: On Cross Dressing 1911-1915. Liverpool: Karn Publications Garston, 1997.

Farrer, Peter, ed. Confidential Correspondence: On Cross Dressing Pt. II 1916-1920. Liverpool: Karn Publications Garston, 1998.

Farrer, Peter, ed. Cross Dressing between the Wars: Selections from London Life 1923-1933. Liverpool: Karn Publications Garston, 2000.

Farrer, Peter. In Female Disguise. Liverpool: Karn Publications Garston, 1992.

Farrer, Peter. The Life of Maurice Pollack: 1885-1918: a Birmingham Actor. Liverpool: Karn Publications Garston, 1998.

Farrer, Peter, ed. Men in Petticoats: A Selection of Letters from Victorian Newspapers. Liverpool: Karn Publications Garston, 1987.

Farrer, Peter and Christine-Jane Wilson. My First Party Frock and Other Contributions to The Glad Rag 1985-1991. Liverpool: Karn Publications Garston, 1997.

Farrer, Peter, ed. The Regime of the Stay-Lace: A Further Selection of Letters from Victorian Newspapers. Liverpool: Karn Publications Garston, 1995.

Farrer, Peter. Tight Lacing: A bibliography of articles and letters concerning Stays and Corsets for Men and Women: Part I 1828-1880. Liverpool: Karn Publications Garston, 1999.

Goldberg, Vicki. ' La Cage aux Folles'; Male to Female.. Edition Stemmle, 1995.

Grant, Julia. George and Julia. London: New English Library Limited, 1980. Paperback.

Green, Richard. Sexual Identity Conflict. London: Gerald Duckworth & Co. Ltd., 1974. 2 copies both paperback.

Grossman, Paula. A handbook for transsexuals. Plainfield: Broadview Enterprises, Inc., 1979.

Hollick, Frederick. The Marriage Guide, of Natural History of Generation; a Private Instructor for Married Persons and Those About to Marry. New York: American News Company, 1860. (Chapter III. Doubtful or Double Sex; Singular Case of Female Hermaphrodism)

Hollyday, Roger. Pederasty and Sodomy. California: Oasis Publishers, 1970.

Hoyer, Niels ed. Man into Woman: An Authentic Record of a Change of Sex. London: Jarrolds, n.d.

Humphreys, Laud. Out of the Closets: The Sociology of Homosexual Liberation. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1972. With dust jacket.

James, Antony. The Abnormal World of Transvestites and Sex Changes. New York. L.S. Publications, 1965.

Jay, Karla and Allen Young. Out of the Closets: Voices of Gay Liberation. New York: Douglas/Links, 1972. 2 copies both paperback.

Jerslid, Jens. De Paedofile. Denmark: NYT Nordisk Forlag, 1964. Paperback.

Johnson, Chris, Cathy Brown and Wendy Nelson. The Gender Trap. London: Proteus, 1982. With dust jacket.

Jorgensen, Christine. Christine Jorgensen: A Personal Autobiography. New York: Paul Eriksson, 1967. With dust jacket.

Judd, Ralph. Drag Gags. San Francisco: Ralph Judd Communications, 1991.

Katz, Jonathan Ned. Gay/Lesbian Almanac: A New Documentary. New York: Harper & Row, 1983. Paperback.

Kling, Samuel G. Sexual Behavior and the Law. USA: Bernard Geis, 1985. With dust jacket.

Lavender magazine. Minneapolis, Minn.: Lavender Lifestyles, [Jun.30,2000 -

Leland, Charles Godfrey. The Alternate Sex or The Female Intellect in Man, and the Masculine in Woman. London: Philip Welby, Covent Garden, W.C., 1904.

Liberace. Liberace: An Autobiography. New York: G.P. Putnam's Son's, 1973. With dust jacket.

Lothstein, Leslie Martin. Female-to-male transsexualism, Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1983.

Madden, David. The New Orleans of Possibilities. USA; Louisiana State University Press, 1982. With dust jacket.

Marañón, Gregorio. The evolution of sex and intersexual conditions, London: George Allen & Unwin, 1932.

McClain, Jerri. To be a woman. Provinceton, Mass.: Differnt Path Press, [c1992].

Möller, Jacob, d. 1693. Discursus duo philologico-juridici: prior de cornutis, posterior de hermaphroditis, eorumque jure ... Francofurti : typis C. A. Zeitleri, 1692.

Traces the history from earliest mythological sources to anatomical description and medical consideration. Möller seriously attempts to understand and explain the phenomenon, though it was not until Albrecht von Haller, 1708-1777, that hermaphrodism was scientifically studied.

Morris, Jan. Conundrum. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1974. 2 copies: 1 paperback, 1 with dust jacket.

Nixon, Edna. Royal Spy: The Strange Case of the Chevalier D'Eon. New York: Reynal & Company, 1965. With dust jacket.

Nocturnal Dream Shows Presents...John Rothermel. San Francisco: Nocturnal Dream Shows, 1972

Ollendorff, Robert. The Juvenile Homosexual Experience and its Effect on Adult Sexuality. New York: Julian Press, 1966. With dust jacket.

Outspoken. Ithaca, N.Y.: OUT Spoken, Issue 1 (11-24 Nov. 1993)-

Outword newsmagazine. Sacramento, CA: Outword Pub., [1995-

Pepper, John. A Man's Tale. London: Quartet Books Limited, 1982. With dust jacket.

Peratoner, Amancio. Higiene y fisiología del amor en los dos sexos: afrodisia y anafrodisia, los dos polos de la pasion amorosa. Barcelona: Moderna Maravilla, 1880.

Phi Pi Epsilon: A New International Sorority for Femmepersonators... Los Angeles: Alpha Chapter, 1962.

Podolsky, Edward and Carlson Wade. Transvestism Today: the phenomena of men who dress as women.

Prince, Virginia Charles. The Transvestite and His Wife. Los Angeles: Charles Prince, 1967. 2 copies both paperback.

Ramsey, Gerald. Transsexuals : candid answers to private questions. Freedom, CA : Crossing Press, c1996.

Raskin, Lyn. Diary of a Transsexual. New York: Olympia Press, 1971. 2 copies both paperback.

Raymond, Janice G. The Transsexual Empire: The Making of the She-Male. Boston: Beacon Press, 1979. With dust jacket.

Rowan, Robert L. and Paul J. Gillete. The Gay Health Guide. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1978. With dust jacket.

Rupaul. Lettin' It All Hang Out. London: Warner Books, 1995.

Saxon, Vin. Whisper of Silk. San Diego: Publishers Export Co., 1966.

Scott, R.H.F. trl. The Transvestite Memoirs of the Abbe de Choisy. London: Peter Owen Limited, 1973. With dust jacket.

She Male Husband. New York: Star Distributors, 1980. Paperback.

Sinclair, Abby. I was male. Plus Seville, Latina. I want to be male again. Chicago, Ill.: Novel Books, c1965.

Sister Mary Elizabeth. Legal aspects of transsexualism. Wayland, Mass.: International Foundation for Gender Education, 1990.

Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence. Who are the Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence. Petersham, Australia: the Sisters, 1987.

Star, Hedy Jo and Carl Hammonds. My unique change. Chicago: Novel Books, [c1965].

Stevens, Jennifer Anne. From masculine to feminine and all points in between: a practical guide for transvestites, cross-dressers, transgenderists, transsexuals, or those who choose to develop a more feminine image ... and for all others who are interested, concerned, or curious. Cambridge, MA: Different Path Press, c1990.

Stringer, JoAnn Altman. The transsexual's survival guide II to transition & beyond: family, friends, & employers. King of Prussia, Pa.: CDS, c1992.

Suaras, J.C. Hollywood Drag. Charlottesville: Thomasson-Grant, 1994.

Sullivan, Louis. From female to male : the life of Jack Bee Garland. Boston: Alyson Publications, c1990.

Sullivan, Louis. Information for the female to male cross dresser and transsexual (2nd ed). Seattle, Wash.: Ingersoll Gender Center, 1985.

Sullivan, Louis. Information for the Female-to-Male. San Francisco: the author, 1985.

Tapestry. Wayland, Mass.: Tiffany Club, [1983- .

Tardieu, Ambrose. Question medico-legale de l'identite: dans ses rapports avec

les vices de confromation des organs sexuels... Paris: J.B. Bailliere, 1984.

Rare RC883 .T18 1874.

Tavern Guild of San Francisco. Coronation Ball 1971, San Francisco, California. San Francisco: the Guild, 1971.

The Barr Girls. San Antonio: Antarctic Press, Issue 1 (1996).

Thomas, Bob. Liberace: The True Story. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987. With dust jacket.

Thornton, Nathaniel. Problems in Abnormal Behavior. New York: Blakiston, 1946.

Transgender. Waltham, MA: IFGE, Issue 74 (winter 1995).

Transgender tapestry. Waltham, MA: IFGE, Issue 75 (spring 1996)-.

Transsisters. Kansas City: Skyclad Publishing. Issue 1 (Sept./Oct. 1993)-issue 10 (autumn 1995).

Transvestia. Los Angeles: Chevalier Publications, 1960-.

Tressner, William B. Queens of the Quarter. California: Publishers Export Co., Inc., 1968. Paperback.

Tripp, C.A. The Homosexual Matrix. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1975. 2 copies: 1 paperback, 1 with dust jacket.

Van der Meide, Wayne. Legislating equality : a review of laws affecting gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered people in the United States. New York, NY: Policy Institute of the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force, c2000.

Vizetelly, Ernest. The True Story of the Chevalier D'Eon. London: Tylston and Edwards and A.P. Marsden, n.d.

Wade, Carlson. Panty Raid. New York: Selbee Publications, 1963. Paperback.

Warren, Carol A.B. Identity & Community in the Gay World. USA: John Wiley & Sons, 1974. With dust jacket.

Wolfgang, Michael S. Male and Female Sexual Deviations. Los Angeles: Sherbourne, 1964. Paperback.

Wysor, Bettie. The Lesbian Myth. New York: Random House, 1974. With dust jacket.

Your Soffa Voice. Smyrna, TN: American Boyz, [1998-2001].

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Human Sexuality Collection is building a strong historical collection of printed works concerning cross-dressing and transvestitism, intersex and hermaphroditism, transsexualism, and transgender issues. Here is a partial list, including some early titles from Cornell's Rare Books and History of Science collections.

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The following bibliographies highlight key scholarship in North American trans cinema and audiovisual media studies. They are not meant to be comprehensive. To suggest additional works, please email us.
Quick Links:

TMS: A Bibliography of Transgender Media Studies by communications scholar Thomas J. Billard (University of Southern California)

Digital Trans Reading List by information studies scholar Oliver Haimson (University of Michigan)

"Keywords" Issue. TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly 1, no. 1-2 (May 1, 2014).

Hale, Jacob. " Suggested Rules for Non-Transsexuals Writing about Transsexuals, Transsexuality, Transsexualism, or Trans." SandyStone.com, November 18, 2009.

Stryker, Susan. "Terms and Concepts." In Transgender History: The Roots of Today's Revolution, 2nd ed, 10-40. Berkeley: Seal Press, 2017.

Bailey, Moya, micha cárdenas, Laura Horak, Lokeilani Kaimana, Cáel M. Keegan, Geneveive Newman, Roxanne Samer, and Raffi Sarkissian. " Sense8 Roundtable

Two-Spirit Mexica Youth and Transgender Mixtec/Muxe Media: La Mission (2009), Two Spirit Injunuity (2013), and Libertad (2015).

"I Wanna Know Where the Rule Book Is": YouTube as a Site of Counternarratives to Transnormativity

Making Trans Cinema: A Roundtable Discussion with Felix Endara, Reina Gossett, Chase Joynt, Jess Mac and Madsen Minax

Bastian Cole, Joshua. "
Passing Glances: Recognizing the Trans Gaze in Mulholland Drive." Somatechnics 8, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 79-94. https://doi.org/10.3366/soma.2018.0238.

Copier, Laura, and Eliza Steinbock. " On Not Really Being There: Trans*Presence/Absence in Dallas Buyers Club

Halberstam, Jack. "Trans* Representations." In Trans*: A Quick and Quirky Account of Gender Variability, 84-106. Oakland, CA: University of California Press, 2018.

Morrison, Josh. " Cutting Camp with Killing: 'Bad' Feelings, Refusing Respectability, and Homeopathic Camp." Somatechnics 8, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 95-112. https://doi.org/10.3366/soma.2018.0239.

Namaste, Viviane. "Beyond Image Content: Examining Transsexuals' Access to the Media." In Sex Change, Social Change: Reflections on Identity, Institutions, and Imperialism, 41-59. Toronto: Women's Press, 2005.
Reading Realness: Paris is Burning, Wildness, and Queer and Transgender Documentary Practice
Richards, Jen. " Matt Bomer Playing A Trans Woman Is More Than Problematic-It's Dangerous. " NewNowNext, June 16, 2017. http://www.newnownext.com/matt-bomer-anything-transgender/06/2017/.

Sasala, An. " Panic! Humanity's Cis-Heteronormative Fear of the Transgender Android." Somatechnics 8, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 64-78. https://doi.org/10.3366/soma.2018.0237.

Snorton, C. Riley. "DeVine's Cut: Public Memory and the Politics of Martyrdom." In Black on Both Sides: A Racial History of Trans Identity. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2017.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The following bibliographies highlight key scholarship in North American trans cinema and audiovisual media studies. They are not meant to be comprehensive. To suggest additional works, please email us. Quick Links: TMS: A Bibliography of Transgender Media Studies by communications scholar Thomas J.

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Bibliography of Transgender Studies in Media, Communication, and Technology

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Bibliography of Transgender Studies in Media, Communication, and Technology

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Abbott, Traci B. 2022. The History of Trans Representation in American Television and Film Genres. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.

Adams, Mary Alice. 2015. "Traversing the Transcape: A Brief Etymological History of Trans* Terminology." In Transgender Communication Studies: Histories, Trends, and Trajectories, edited by Leland G. Spencer and Jamie C. Capuzza. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.

Ahmed, Alex A. 2018. "Trans Competent Interaction Design: A Qualitative Study on Voice, Identity, and Technology." Interacting with Computers 30 (1): 53-71. doi: 10.1093/iwc/iwx018

Aizura, Aren Z. 2018. Mobile Subjects: Transnational Imaginaries of Gender Reassignment. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

Åkerlund, Mathilda. 2019. "Representations of Trans People in Swedish Newspapers." Journalism Studies 20 (9): 1319-38. doi: 10.1080/1461670X.2018.1513816

Arune, Willow. 2006. "Transgender Images in the Media." In News and Sexuality: Media Portraits of Diversity, edited by Laura Casteñada and Shannon B. Campbell, 110-33. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Bailey, Moya, micha cárdenas, Laura Horak, Lokeilani Kaimana, Cáel M. Keegan, Geneveive Newman, Roxane Samer, and Raffi Sarkissian. 2017. " Sense8: A Roundtable." The Spectator 37 (2): 58-64.

Banks, Beck. 2021. " A Visible Absence: Trans-Masculine People on the Screen." Participations: Journal of Audience and Reception Studies 18 (1), 46-65.

Banks, Beck, and Miche Dreiling. 2021. " Queer and Trans Filmmaking: A New Pedagogy." Jump Cut 60.

Barcelos, Chris A. 2019. "'Bye-bye Boobies': Normativity, Deservingness and Medicalisation in Transgender Medical Crowdfunding." Culture, Health & Sexuality 21 (12): 1394-408. doi: 10.1080/13691058.2019.1566971

Baril, Alexandre. 2017. " Temporalité Trans: Identité de Genre, Temps Transitoire et Éthique Médiatique." Enfances Familles Générations 27.

Baril, Alexandre. 2018. "Confessing Society, Confessing Cis-tem: Rethinking Consent through Intimate Images of Trans* People in the Media." Frontiers 39 (2): 1-25. doi: 10.5250/fronjwomestud.39.2.0001

Barker-Plummer, Bernadette. 2013. "Fixing Gwen: News and the Mediation of (Trans)gender Challenges." Feminist Media Studies 13 (4): 710-24. doi: 10.1080/14680777.2012.679289

Barnett, Joshua Trey. 2015. "Fleshy Metamorphosis: Temporal Pedagogies of Transsexual Counterpublics." In Transgender Communication Studies: Histories, Trends, and Trajectories, edited by Leland G. Spencer and Jamie C. Capuzza. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.

Beemyn, Genny, and Susan Rankin. 2011. The Lives of Transgender People. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.

Bettcher, Talia Mae. 2007. "Evil Deceivers and Make‐Believers: On Transphobic Violence and the Politics of Illusion." Hypatia 22 (3): 43-65. doi: 10.1111/j.1527-2001.2007.tb01090.x

Billard, Thomas J. 2016. " Writing in the Margins: Mainstream News Media Representations of Transgenderism." International Journal of Communication 10: 4193-218.

Billard, Thomas J. 2019. " Out of the Tower and Into the Field: Fieldwork as Public Scholarship in the Face of Social Injustice." International Journal of Communication 13: 3512-3528.

Billard, Thomas J. 2019. " 'Passing' and the Politics of Deception: Transgender Bodies, Cisgender Aesthetics, and the Policing of Inconspicuous Marginal Identities." In The Palgrave Handbook of Deceptive Communication, edited by Tony Docan-Morgan, 463-477. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.

Billard, Thomas J, and Brian L. MacAuley. 2017. " 'It's a Bird! It's a Plane! It's a Transgender Superhero!': Transgender Characters in Marvel, DC, and Image Comics." In Heroes, Heroines, and Everything in Between: Challenging Gender and Sexuality Stereotypes in Children's Entertainment Media, edited by CarrieLynn D. Reinhard and Christopher J. Olson, 233-52. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.

Billard, Thomas J, and Sam Nesfield. 2020. "(Re)making 'Transgender' Identities in Global Media and Popular Culture." In Trans Lives in a Globalizing World: Rights, Identities, and Politics, edited by J. Michael Ryan. New York, NY: Routledge.

Billard, Thomas J, Traci B. Abbott, Oliver L. Haimson, Kelsey N. Whipple, Stephenson Brooks Whitestone, and Erique Zhang. 2020. " Rethinking (and Retheorizing) Transgender Media Representation: A Roundtable Discussion." International Journal of Communication 14: 4494-4507.

Birrell, Susan, and Cheryl L. Cole. 1990. "Double Fault: Renee Richards and the Construction and Naturalization of Difference." Sociology of Sport Journal 7 (1): 1-21. doi: 10.1123/ssj.7.1.1

Bivens, Rena. 2017. "The Gender Binary Will Not be Deprogrammed: Ten Years of Coding Gender on Facebook." New Media & Society 19 (6): 880-98. doi: 10.1177/1461444815621527

Bivens, Rena, and Oliver L. Haimson. 2016. "Baking Gender Into Social Media Design: How Platforms Shape Categories for Users and Advertisers." Social Media + Society. doi: 10.1177/2056305116672486

Bloomfield, Emma Frances. 2018. "Argumentation in the Identity Politics of the Trans Selfie: Recovering Greek Mythology to Analyze Contemporary Gender Arguments." In Recovering Argument, edited by Randall Lake, 281-86. New York, NY: Routledge.

Bode, Leticia, and Timothy Hildebrandt. "The Next Trans-Atlantic Frontier: Examining the Impact of Language Choice on Support for Transgender Policies in the United Kingdom and the United States." Atlantic Journal of Communication 26 (4): 240-50. doi: 10.1080/15456870.2018.1494178

Booth, E. Tristan. 2015. "The Provisional Acknowledgment of Identity Claims in Televised Documentary." In Transgender Communication Studies: Histories, Trends, and Trajectories, edited by Leland G. Spencer and Jamie C. Capuzza. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.

Booth, E. Tristan, and Leland G. Spencer. 2016. "Sitting in Silence: Managing Aural Body Rhetoric in Public Restrooms." Communication Studies 67 (2): 209-26. doi: 10.1080/10510974.2015.1122657

Borba, Rodrigo. 2019. "The Interactional Making of a "True Transsexual": Language and (Dis)identification in Trans-specific Healthcare." International Journal of the Sociology of Language 256: 21-56. doi: 10.1515/ijsl-2018-2011

Brady, Anita. "Keeping Away from the Kardashians: Celebrity Worth and the Re-masculinising of Caitlyn Jenner." Celebrity Studies 7 (1): 115-18. doi: 10.1080/19392397.2016.1131011

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Zimman, Lal. 2009. "'The Other Kind of Coming Out': Transgender People and the Coming Out Narrative Genre." Gender and Language 3 (1). doi: 10.1558/genl.v3i1.53

Zimman, Lal. 2019. "Trans Self-identification and the Language of Neoliberal Selfhood: Agency, Power, and the Limits of Monologic Discourse." International Journal of the Sociology of Language 256: 147-76. doi: 10.1515/ijsl-2018-2016

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TMS: A Bibliography of Transgender Studies in Media, Communication & Technology — Thomas J Billard

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Abbott, Traci B. 2013. “The Trans/Romance Dilemma in Transamerica and Other Films.” Journal of American Culture 36 (1): 32–41. doi:10.1111/jacc.12011

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Postcolonial Theory and Criticism: A Bibliography

Serafín Roldan-Santiago, M.A., M.L.S., C.A.S.; formerly U. of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras, now at Santa Fe Community College, Gainesville, Florida

Aboul Ela, Hosam Mohamed. "Post-Colonial Faulkner." Diss. U of Texas at Austin, 1994. Ann Arbor: UMI, 1995. 9519234.

Achebe, Chinue. Hopes and Impediments. London: Doubleday, 1988.

Adam, Ian. "Oracy and Literacy: A Postcolonial Dilemma?" The Journal of Commonwealth Literature 31.1 (1996): 97-109.

Adam, Ian, and Helen Tifflin, eds. Past the Last Post: Theorizing Post-Colonialism and Post-Modernism. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991.

Adams, Mary Robyn. "A Post-Colonial Assessment of Rural Teacher Characters in Australian, Canadian and American Novels." Diss. U of North Carolina, 1998. Ann Arbor: UMI, 1999. 9919171.

Adjarian, Maude Madeleine. "Looking for Home: Postcolonial Women's Writing and the Displaced Female Self." Diss. U of Michigan, 1994. Ann Arbor: UMI, 1995. 951328

Adler, Heidrun, and Kati Rottger, eds. Performance, Pathos, Politica De Los Sexos: Teatro Postcolonial De Autoras Latinoamericanas. Frankfurt, Ger.: Vervuert, 1999.

Adorno, Rolena. "Reconsidering Colonial Discourse for Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century Spanish America". Latin-American-Research-Review 28.3 (1993): 135-45.

Adorno, Rolena, and Walter D. Mignolo, eds. "Colonial Discourse." Dispositio: American Journal of Cultural Histories and Theories 14 (1989): 36-38.

Aegerter, Lindsay Pentolfe. "A Pedagogy of Postcolonial Literature." College Literature 24.2 (1997): 142-50.

Afzal-Khan, Fawzia, ed. Conference on Critical Theory, Literature, and Philosophy: Proceedings. Upper Montclair, NJ: Montclair State U, 1992.

Afzal-Khan, Fawzia, and Kalpana Seshadri-Crooks. The Pre-Occupation of Postcolonial Studies. Durham, NC: Duke UP, 2000.

Ahluwalia, D.P.S. Politics and Post-Colonial Theory: African Inflections. London: Routledge, 2000.

Ahmad, Aijaz. In Theory: Classes, Nations, Literatures. London: Verso, 1992.

_____. "Jameson's Rhetoric of Otherness and the 'National Allegory'." Social Text 17 (1987): 3-25.

_____. Lineages of the Present: Political Essays. New Delhi: Tulika, 1996.

_____. "The Politics of Literary Postcoloniality." Race and Class 36.3 (1995): 1-20.

Ahmad, Hena Zafar. Postnational Feminism in Third World Women's Literature. Boston: University of Massachusetts P, 1998.

Ahrens, Rudiger, and Laurenz Volkmann, eds. Why Literature Matters: Theories and Functions of Literature. Heidelberg, Ger.: Winter, 1996.

Al Khaldi, Mubarak Rashed. "Other Narratives: Representations of History in Four Postcolonial Native American Novels." Diss. Ohio State U, 1998. Ann Arbor: UMI, 1999.

Albrow, Martin. Globalization: Myths and Realities. London: Roehampton Institute, 1994.

Alessandrini, Anthony C. "Fanon and the Post-Colonial Future." Jouvert: A Journal of Postcolonial Studies 1.2 (1997): 22 pars.

Alexander, Neville. "Mainstreaming by Confluence: The Multilingual Context of Literature in South Africa." World Literature Today 70.1 (1996): 9-11.

Altbach, Philip G. "Literary Colonialism: Books in the Third World." Harvard Education Review 15.2 (1975): 226-36.

_____. "Publishing and the Intellectual System." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 421 (1975): 1-13.

Alter, Stephen. Post-Colonial Discourse in South Asia. Cairo, Egypt: American U in Cairo P, 1998.

Althusser, Louis. Essays on Ideology. London: Verso, 1984.

Amin, Samir. Imperialism and Unequal Development. New York: Monthly Review P, 1977.

Amuta, Chidi. The Theory of African Literature. London: Zed Books, 1989.

Andrea, Bernadette. "Early Modern Women, 'Race,' and (Post)Colonial Writing." Ariel 27.3 (1996): 127-49.

Angus, Ian. A Border Within: National Identity, Cultural Plurality, and Wilderness. Montreal, Quebec: McGill Queen's University P, 1997.

Anniah Gowda, H. H. The Colonial and the Neo-Colonial: Encounters in Commonwealth Literature. Papers Delivered at the Seminar, 21-25 September, 1981. Mysore: U of Mysore P, 1983.

Ansell, Pearson Keith, Benita Parry, and Judith Squires, eds. Cultural Readings of Imperialism: Edward Said and the Gravity of History. New York, NY: St. Martin's, 1997.

Antor, Heinz, and Kevin L. Cope, eds. Intercultural Encounters: Studies in English Literatures. Heidelberg, Ger.: Carl Winter U, 1999.

Appiah, Kwame Anthony. In My Father's House: Africa in the Philosophy of Culture. London: Methuen, 1992.

_____. "Is the Post- in Postmodernism the Post- in Postcolonial." Critical Inquiry 17.2 (1991): 336-57.

Apter, Emily S. "French Colonial Studies and Postcolonial Theory". Sub-Stance 24.76-77 (1995): 169-80.

Asad, Tolal, ed. Anthropology and the Colonial Encounter. London: Ithaca, 1973.

Ash, Susan. "Having It Both Ways: Reading Related Short Fiction by Post-Colonial Women Writers." SPAN: Journal of the South Pacific Association for Commonwealth Literature and Language Studies 28 (1989): 40-55.

Ashcroft, William D. "Africa and Australia: The Post-Colonial Connection." Research in African Literatures 25.3 (1994): 161-70.

_____. "Constitutive Graphonomy: A Post-Colonial Theory of Literary Writing." Kunapipi 11.1 (1989): 58-73.

_____. "Intersecting Marginalities: Post-Colonialism and Feminism." Kunapipi 11.2 (1989): 23-35.

_____. "Is that the Congo? Language as Metonymy in the Post-Colonial Text." World Literature Written in English 29.2 (1989): 3-10.

_____. "Modernity's First Born: Latin America and Postcolonial Transformation." Ariel 29.2 (1998): 7-29.

Ashcroft, William D., Gareth Griffith, and Helen Tiffin, eds. The Empire Writes Back: Theory and Practice in Post-Colonial Literatures. London: Routledge, 1989.

_____. Key Concepts in Post-Colonial Studies. London: Routledge, 1998.

_____. The Post-Colonial Studies Reader. London: Routledge, 1995.

Ask, Karin, and Marit Tjomsland, eds. Women and Islamization: Contemporary Dimensions of Discourse on Gender Relations. Oxford: Berg, 1998.

Atkinson, Adrian. Principles of Political Ecology. London: Belhaven Press, 1991.

Attridge, Derek, and Rosemary Jolly, eds. Writing South Africa: Literature, Apartheid, and Democracy, 1970-1995. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UP, 1998.

Attwell, David. "Reprisals of Modernity in Black South African 'Mission' Writing." Journal of Southern African Studies 25.2 (1999): 267-85.

Azim, Firdous. The Colonial Rise of the Novel. London: Routledge, 1993.

Babiak, Peter. "The Torture of Articulation: Teaching Slow Reading in the Postcolonial Classroom." Jouvert: A Journal of Postcolonial Studies 3.3 (1999): 47 pars.

Badia, Mindy. "Performance Theory, Postcolonial Projects and Marta La Piadosa." On Stage Studies 21 (1998): 52-61.

Bahri, Deepika. "Once More With Feeling: What Is Postcolonialism?" Ariel 26.1 (1995): 51-82.

Bahri, Deepika, and Mary Vasudeva, eds. Between the Lines: South Asians and Post-Coloniality. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University P, 1996.

Bailey, Peter. "Theatres of Entertainment/Spaces of Modernity: Rethinking the British Popular Stage, 1890-1914." Nineteenth Century Theatre 20 (1997): 18-21.

Baker, Houston A., Manthai Diawara, and Ruth H. Lindeborg, eds. Black British Cultural Studies: A Reader. Chicago, IL: U of Chicago P, 1996.

Baker, Suzanne. "Binarisms and Duality: Magic Realism and Postcolonialism." SPAN: Journal of the South Pacific Association for Commonwealth Literature and Language Studies 36 (1993): 82-87.

Bakhtin, Mijail M. The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays. Austin: University of Texas P, 1981.

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Balibar, Etienne, and Emmanuel Wallerstein. Race, Nation, Class: Ambiguous Identities. London: Verso Publications, 1991.

Ball, John Clement. "Satire and the Post-Colonial Novel: V. S. Naipaul, Chinua Achebe, Salman Rushdie." Diss. U of Toronto, 1995. Ann Arbor: UMI, 1997.

Balme, Christopher B. Decolonizing the Stage Theatrical Syncretism and Post-Colonial Drama. Oxford: Oxford University P, 1999.

Balogun, F. Odun. Ngugi and African Postcolonial Narrative: The Novel as Oral Narrative in Multigenre Performance. Quebec, Can.: World Heritage, 1997.

Bammer, Angelika. Displacements: Cultural Identities in Question. Bloomington: Indiana University P, 1994.

Banerjee, Debjani. "Nationalist and Feminist Identities: Moments of Confrontation and Complicity in Post-Colonial Fiction and Film." Diss. State U of New York, 1995. Ann Arbor: UMI, 1996. 9605286.

Bannerji, Himani, ed. Returning the Gaze. Toronto: Sister Vision P, 1993.

Barber, Karin. "African Language, Literature and Postcolonial Criticism." Research in African Literatures. 26.4 (1995): 3-30.

Barbour, Douglas. "Postcolonial Theorizing Achieves Academic Acceptance." Mosaic: A Journal for the Interdisciplinary Study of Literature. 29.3 (1996): 129-39.

Barfoot, Cedric C., and Theo d'Haen. Oriental prospects, western literature and the lure of the East. Amsterdam, Atlanta, Georgia: Rodopi; 1998.

_____. Shades of Empire in Colonial and Post-Colonial Literatures. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1993.

Barker, Francis, and Peter Hulme. Colonial Discourse, Postcolonial Theory. New York: Manchester UP, 1994.

Barker, Francis, Peter Hulme, and Margaret Iverson, eds. Cannibalism and the Colonial World. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1998.

Barker, Francis, Peter Hulme, and Margaret Iversen, eds. Europe and Its Others. U of Essex P, 1985.

Barker, Martin. The New Racism: Conservatives and the Ideology of the Tribes. London: Junction Books, 1981.

Barlow, Tani, ed. Colonial Modernity. Durham, NC: Duke UP, 1993.

Barnes, Fiona Ruthven. "Explorations in Geography, Gender and Genre: Decolonizing Women's Novels of Development." Diss. U of Wisconsin, 1992. Ann Arbor: UMI, 1993. 9309496.

Barret, Leonard E. The Rastafarians: The Dreadlocks of Jamaica. Kingston: Sangster's Book Store, 1977.

_____. The Rastafarians: Sounds of Cultural Dissonance. Boston: Beacon P, 1988.

Barth, Frederick. Ethnic Groups and Bou Daries: the Social Organisation of Culture Difference. Boston: Little and Brown, 1969.

Barthes, Roland. Empire of Signs. London: Jonathan Cape, 1970.

_____. Mythologies. London: Jonathan Cape, 1972.

Bass, Margaret. "The State of Commonwealth Literature." Journal of Commonwealth and Postcolonial Studies 1.1 (1993): 1-5.

Basu, Biman. "Hybridity and the Dialogic in Black Women's Fiction." Minneapolis, MN: U of Minnesota P, 1993.

Bauer, Ralph. "Criticism on the Boundary: Postcoloniality and the 'Worlding' of Literature." Centennial-Review. 42.3 (1998): 401-16.

Beckles, Hilary McD. "Capitalism, Slavery and Caribbean Modernity." Callaloo 20.4 (1997): 777-89.

Behdad, Ali. Belated Travelers: Orientalism in the Age of Colonial Dissolution. Durham, NC: Duke UP, 1994.

Belnap, Jeffrey Grant. The Post-Colonial State and the 'Hybrid' Intellect: Carpentier, Ngugi, and Spivak. Irvine, CA: U of California P, 1993.

Bell, Michael Mayerfeld, and Michael Gardiner, eds. Bakhtin and the Human Sciences: No Last Words. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1998.

Bennett, Bruce, Jeff Doyle, and Satendra Nandan, eds. Crossing Cultures: Essays on Literature and Culture of the Asia-Pacific. London : U of Western Australia P, 1996.

Bennett, Donna. "English Canada's Postcolonial Complexities." Essays on Canadian Writing 51-52 (1993-94): 164-210.

Benson, Eugene. Encyclopedia of Post-Colonial Literatures in English. London: Routledge, 1994.

Berkhofer, Robert F. The White Man's Indian: Images of the American Indian from Columbus to the Present. New York: Alfred Knopf, 1978.

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Bery, Ashok, and Patricia Murray, eds. Comparing Postcolonial Literatures. London: Macmillan, 2000.

Betts, Gregory K. "Wanted Women, Woman's Wants: The Colonial Harem and Post-Colonial Discourse." Canadian Review of Comparative Literature 22.3-4 (1995): 527-555.

Bessiere, Jean, and Jean Marc Moura, eds. Litteratures Postcoloniales et Representations de l'Ailleurs: Afrique, Caraibe, Canada. Paris, Fr.: Champion, 1999.

Beverley, John "The Margin at the Center: On Testimonio." Modern Fiction Studies 35.1 (1989): 11-28.

Bhabha, Homi K. Locations of Culture: Discussing Post-Colonial Culture. London: Routledge, 1996.

_____. Nation and Narration. New York: Routledge, 1990.

_____. "Of Mimicry and Man: The Ambivalence of Colonial Discourse." October 28 (1984): 125-33.

_____. "The Postcolonial Critics Homi Bhabha Interviewed by David Bennett and Terry Collits." Arena 96 (1991): 47-63

Bhabha, Homi, and J. Hassan. Aladin's Gift. Ontario, Can.: York UP, 1996.

Bharucha, Rustom. "Somebody's Other: Disorientations in the Cultural Politics of Our Times". Third Text 26 (1995):3-10.

Bindella, Maria Teresa, and Geoffrey V. Davis, eds. Imagination and the Creative Impulse in the New Literatures in English. Amsterdam, Neth.: Rodopi, 1993.

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Blodgett, Edward Dickinson. "Towards an Ethnic Style." Canadian Review of Comparative Literature 22.3-4 (1995): 623-38.

Blunt, Allison, and Gillian Rose, eds. Writing Women and Space: Colonial and Postcolonial Geographies. New York: Guilford P, 1994.

Bock, Hedwig, and Albert Wertheim. Essays on Contemporary Post-colonial Fiction. München: Max Hueber Verlag; 1986.

Boehmer, Elleke. Colonial and Postcolonial Literature: Migrant Metaphors. Oxford, UK: Oxford UP, 1995

Boelhower, William. Through a Glass Darkly: Ethnic Semiosis in American Literature. New York: Oxford, 1987.

Boland, Eavan. "Daughters of Colony: A Personal Interpretation of the Place of Gender Issues in the Postcolonial Interpretation of Irish Literature." Eire Ireland: A Journal of Irish Studies 32.2-3 (1997): 9-20.

Boltwood, Scott Matthew Peter. "A Despotism of Myths: Nationalism, Post-Colonialism, and Identity in Irish Drama, 1850-1990." Diss. U of Virginia, 1996. Ann Arbor: UMI, 1997. 9708590.

Bongie, Chris. Islands and Exiles: the Creole Identities of Post Colonial Literature. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 1998.

Booker, M. Keith. "African Literature and the World System: Dystopian Fiction, Collective Experience, and the Postcolonial Condition." Research in African Literatures 26.4 (1995): 58-75

Booker, M. Keith, and Dubrayka Juraga. "The Reds and the Blacks: The Historical Novel in the Soviet Union and Postcolonial Africa." Studies in the Novel 29.3 (1997): 274-96.

Boon, Richard, and Jane Plastow, eds. Theatre Matters: Performance and Culture on the World Stage. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UP, 1998.

Bose, Brinda. "Re-Writing the Empire: Gender, Race and Silence in Colonial and Postcolonial Fiction." Diss. Boston U, 1995. Ann Arbor: UMI, 1995. 9513927.

Boss, Joyce Elaine. "The Politics of Post-Colonialism: Africa, the West, and Critical Representation." Diss. U of California, 1995. Ann Arbor: UMI, 1996. 9604194.

Bradford, Clare. "Representing Indigeneity: Aborigines and Australian Children's Literature Then and Now." Ariel 28.1 (1997): 89-99.

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Brantlinger, Patrick. "History and Empire." Journal of Victorian Literature and Culture 1992 (19) 317-327.

_____. Rule of Darkness: British Literature and Imperialism, 1830-1914. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1988.

Brathwaite, Edward K. The Development of Creole Society in Jamaica, 1770-1820. Oxford, UK: Oxford UP, 1971

_____. Contradictory Omens: Cultural Diversity and Integration in the Caribbean. Mona, Jamaica: Savacou Publications, 1974.

_____. History of the Voice: The Development of Nation Language in Anglophone Caribbean Poetry. London: New Beacon Books, 1984

Breckenridge, Carol and Peter Van der Veer, eds. Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament: Perspectives on South Asia. Philadelphia, PA: U of Pennsylvania P, 1994.

Bremer, Rose. "Screening Race, Class and Gender: Postcolonial Texts and Contexts." Diss. Ohio State U, 1996. Ann Arbor: UMI, 1997.

Brennan, Tim. "Rushdie, Islam, and Postcolonial Criticism." Social Text 10.2-3 (1992): 271-75.

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_____. "Re-writing The Tempest." World Literature Written in English. 23.1 (1984): 75-88.

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_____. "On Latin Americanism and the Postcolonial Turn." Canadian Review of Comparative Literature 22.3-4 (1995): 745-71.

_____, ed. Late Imperial Culture. New York: Verso, 1995

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_____. "Provincializing Europe: Postcoloniality and the Critique of History." Cultural Studies 6.3 (1992): 337-57.

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_____. Nation and its Fragments: Colonial and Postcolonial Histories. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 1993.

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_____. Writing Diaspora: Tactics of Intervention in Contemporary Cultural Studies. Bloomington, IN: Indiana UP, 1993.

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Weisman, Adam Paul. "Post-Colonialism in North America: Imaginative Colonization in Henry Thoreau's 'A Yankee in Canada' and Jacques Poulin's 'Volkswagen Blues'." Diss. Harvard U, 1995. Ann Arbor, UMI, 1995. 9539060.

Werbner, Richard, ed. Memory and the Postcolony: African Anthropology and the Critique of Power. New York: Zed Books, 1998

West, Cornel. Keeping Faith: Philosophy and Race in America. London: Routledge, 1993.

_____. Race Matters. Boston, MA: Beacon, 1993.

Wetherell, Margaret, and Jonathan Potter. Mapping the Language of Racism: Discourse and the Legitimation of Exploitation. New York: Columbia UP, 1992.

White, Jonathan. Recasting the World: Writing After Colonialism. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins UP, 1993.

Whitlock, Gillian. Outlaws of the Text: Women's Bodies and the Organisation of Gender in Imperial Space. Calgary, Can.: Calgary Institute for the Humanities, 1995.

Whitlock, Gillian, Helen Tiffin, and John Pengwerne Mathews, eds. Re-siting Queen's English Text and Tradition in Post-Colonial Literatures. Amsterdam, Neth.: Rodopi, 1992.

Williams, Barbara. In Other Words: Interviews With Australian Poets. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1998.

Williams, Mark. Post-Colonial Literatures in English: Southeast Asia, New Zealand, and the Pacific, 1970-199 2. New York: Hall, 1996.

Williams, Patrick. "'Like Wounded Birds'?: Ngugi and the Intellectuals." Yearbook of English Studies 27 (1997): 201-18.

Williams, Patrick, and Laura Chrisman, eds. Colonial Discourse and Post-Colonial Theory New York: Columbia UP, 1994.

Wilson, George M. "Edward Said on Contrapuntal Reading." Philosophy and Literature 18.2 (1994): 265-73.

Wilson Tagoe, Nana. "Post-Colonial Literary Theory and the Theorizing of African Literature." Yearbook of Comparative and General Literature 43 (1995): 110-19.

Wise, Christopher, ed. "Third World Literature, Postcolonial Studies, and Christianity." Spec. issue of Christianity and Literature 45.1 (1995).

Wisker, Gina. A Critical Introduction to Post-Colonial and African American Women's Writing. New York: St. Martin's P, 2000.

Woddis, Jack. Introduction to Neo-Colonialism. London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1967.

_____. New Theories of Revolution: A Commentary on the Views of Frantz Fanon, Regis Debray and Herbert Marcuse. London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1972.

Wright, Derek. "Pre- and Post-Modernity in Recent West African Fiction." Commonwealth Essays and Studies 21.2 (1999): 5-17.

Wright, Edmond. "An Illusion with a Future: Religion, Epistemology, Narrative." Jouvert: A Journal of Postcolonial Studies 3.1-2 (1999): 19 pars.

Wright, Laurence. "Some Thoughts on African Nationalism, Literary Education and the Post-Colonial University." Theoria: A Journal of Studies in the Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences 80 (1992): 25-30.

Yelvington, Kevin A. and Bridget Brereton. The Colonial Caribbean in Transition: Essays on Post-Emancipation Social and Cultureal History. Barbados: U of the West Indies P, 1999.

Xie, Ming. "The Postmodern as the Postcolonial: Re-Cognizing Chinese Modernity." Ariel 28.4 (1997): 11-32.

Xie, Shaobo. "Rethinking the Problem of Postcolonialism." New Literary History 28.1 (1997): 7-19.

_____. "Writing on Boundaries: Homi Bhabha's Recent Essays." Ariel 27.4 (1996): 155-66.

Yaziji, Najd Isber. "Questioning the Nationalist Paradigm: Toward a Postcolonial Narrative Critique." Diss. U of Texas at Austin, 1994. Ann Arbor: UMI, 1994. 9428706.

Yegenoglu, Meyda. Colonial Fantasies: Towards a Feminist Reading of Orientalism. New York: Cambridge UP, 1998

Yelvington, Kevin A., and Bridget Brereton. The Colonial Caribbean in Transition: Essays on Post-Emancipation Social and Cultural History. Gainesville, FL: UP of Florida, 1999.

Young, Robert. White Mythologies: Writing History and the West. London: Routledge, 1990

_____. Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory, Culture and Race. London: Routledge, 1995.

Younis, Raymond Aaron. "Apropos the Last 'Post-': Contemporary Literature, Theory, and Interpretation." Literature and Theology: An International Journal of Theory, Criticism and Culture 10.3 (1996): 280-89.

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Zach, Wolfgang, ed. Nationalism Vs. Internationalism: (Inter)National Dimensions of Literatures in English. Tubingen, Ger.: Stauffenburg, 1996.

Zavala, Iris M. Colonialism and Culture: Hispanic Modernisms and the Social Imaginary. Bloomington, IN: Indiana UP, 1992.

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Zoppi, Isabella Maria, ed. Routes of the Roots: Geography and Literature in the English-Speaking Countries. Rome, Italy: Bulzoni, 1998.

Last modified: 13 February 2005

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Postcolonial Theory and Criticiam: A Bibliography

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Serafín Roldan-Santiago, M.A., M.L.S., C.A.S.; formerly U. of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras, now at Santa Fe Community College, Gainesville, Florida Aboul Ela, Hosam Mohamed. "Post-Colonial Faulkner." Diss. U of Texas at Austin, 1994. Ann Arbor: UMI, 1995. 9519234. Achebe, Chinue. Hopes and Impediments. London: Doubleday, 1988. Adam, Ian.

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Overview

This module is designed to provide an understanding of the interrelationship between postcolonial theory and law in modernity (late nineteenth century to the present). More specifically, drawing upon postcolonial theory and critique it explores the historical relationships of power, domination, practices of imperialism, colonialism and globalization and the role of law in this context. In particular, the module pays attention mainly to two aspects of the relationship between law and postcolonial studies: the ways in which law and legal technique have been utilised in the context of European colonization and what the contemporary implications of this may be, and the ways in which postcolonial theory has influenced critical legal studies, and aided in the development of post-colonial legal theory.
The objective is to build a solid understanding of the relationship between postcolonial theory and law through some of the key texts that have shaped the field of postcolonial studies and law from the Subaltern Studies School to postcoloniality, and to more recent approaches such as globalization and decolonization. The texts used in the module are situated in a diverse range of disciplines, including history, social theory, philosophy, literature, cultural studies and law. They cover key themes such as race, community, identity, 'otherness' gender, sexuality, sovereignty/border making, governmentality, bio-politics, epistemic violence of western regimes of knowledge including legal knowledge, and justice. To students who are interested in undertaking research in the areas of human rights, international law, indigenous rights, jurisprudence and critical legal theory, an understanding of these texts is indispensable.

Details

Contact hours

The module is allocated 300 hours of study (consisting of 40 contact hours and 260 hours of private study)
There will be a two-hour seminar per week (excluding reading and writing weeks). These will serve the purpose of exploring and applying the core elements and themes and will contribute to the module's intended learning outcomes by developing and consolidating the knowledge and understandings listed in the learning outcomes.
The remaining 260 hours will be allocated to private study and will contribute to the module's intended learning outcomes by allowing students to develop and consolidate their knowledge, understandings, and their own perspectives, through preparing for the seminars and pursuing the subject by following the directed readings and conducting their own research. Some of this time will also be directed at preparation for and completing the module assessments.

Availability

Law LLB; International Legal Studies with a Year Abroad LLB; Politics and Law BA; Law and Sociology BA; Law and Social Anthropology BA.

Method of assessment

Main assessment methods

100% Coursework
1. An in-class test (worth 20%) at the end of the first term
2. An essay outline which will count for 20% of the marks
3. An essay of 5000 words (including footnotes), which will count for 60%

Reassessment methods

The module will be reassessed by a reassessment instrument of an essay.

Indicative reading

Cesaire, A. (1972) Discourse on Colonialism, (New York: Monthly Review Press).
Chakrabarty, D. (2007) Provincializing Europe: Postcolonial Thought and Historical Difference, (New Jersey: Princeton University Press).
De Castro, E.V. (2015) The Relative Native Essays on Indigenous Conceptual Worlds, (Chicago: Hau Books).
Haldar, P. (2007) Law, Orientalism and Postcolonialism: Jurisdiction of the Lotus Eater, (London: Cavendish).
Harries, C. (1993) 'Whiteness as Property' Harvard Law Review vol. 106, no 8, pp.1707-91.
Fanon, F. (2001) The Wretched of the Earth, (London: Penguin Classics).
Mbembe, A. (2001) On the Postcolony, (Berkeley: University of California Press)
Said, E. (1978) Orientalism, (London: Penguin).
Spivak, G. (1987) 'Can the Subaltern Speak' in C. Grossberg and L. Nelson (eds.), Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture (Illinois: University of Illinois Press), pp. 271-315.
Stoller, A. (2016) Duress Imperial Durabilities in our Times, (London: Duke University Press)

Learning outcomes

The intended subject specific learning outcomes.
On successfully completing the module students will have:

1. An appreciation of the significance of postcolonial theory and its principle areas of application;
2. A systematic understanding of the juridical and political ideas central to postcolonial theory,
3. A detailed understanding of how legal concepts, techniques and practices shape the relationship between the 'Global North' and 'Global
South';
4. A detailed understanding of the epistemological evolution of the field of post-colonial studies, notably those developments emerging in the
Global South, such as the 'de-colonial' perspective;
5. An ability to apply their detailed knowledge and understanding of postcolonial theory to a critical analysis of law;
6. Enhanced their study skills that are of particular relevance and value to post-colonial studies and research.

The intended generic learning outcomes.
On successfully completing the module students will be able to:

1. Critically read and understand materials drawn from a range of disciplines (e.g. law, history, politics, sociology)
2. Critically read and understand complex theoretical arguments;
3. Analyse relevant contemporary topics using the methods and techniques learned in this module;
4. Demonstrate independent research and draw on different sources to produce an analysis of juridical and political issues;
5. Formulate research questions and independently identify and analyse contemporary issues that can be examined through the application
of (postcolonial) theory.

Notes

1. Credit level 6. Higher level module usually taken in Stage 3 of an undergraduate degree.

2. ECTS credits are recognised throughout the EU and allow you to transfer credit easily from one university to another.

3. The named convenor is the convenor for the current academic session.

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University of Kent makes every effort to ensure that module information is accurate for the relevant academic session and to provide educational services as described. However, courses, services and other matters may be subject to change. Please read our full disclaimer.

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This module is designed to provide an understanding of the interrelationship between postcolonial theory and law in modernity (late nineteenth century to the present). More specifically, drawing upon postcolonial theory and critique it explores the historical relationships of power, domination, practices of imperialism, colonialism and globalization and the role of law in this context.

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Postcolonial Theories of Law (Darian-Smith)

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Postcolonial Theories of Law (Darian-Smith)

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Term

The academic field of postcolonial legal criticism looks at the repercussions of colonialism and imperialism today. In this context, law is seen as a social and cultural construct which changes over time. During the period of colonialization by European states, national and international law developed in a way that made it possible to legitimize for example slavery and genocide. European law, with its often racist elements, spread to many parts of the world in the course of colonialization.

Postcolonial theoreticians show how imperial laws served to cover up colonial violence and how injustice was legitimized through the fig leaf of law. The law was used, for example, to deny indigenous populations in the colonies their status as legal persons. The development of international law was also closely interwoven with colonialization. Postcolonial legal criticism today tries to uncover and challenge colonial continuities in both national and international law.

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Term The academic field of postcolonial legal criticism looks at the repercussions of colonialism and imperialism today. In this context, law is seen as a social and cultural construct which changes over time. During the period of colonialization by European states, national and international law developed in a way that made it possible to legitimize for example slavery and genocide.

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The Critical Legal Collective (CLC) Curriculum & Pedagogy Committee created this public-access pedagogy bank in 2023 to promote access to critical inquiry resources. This page contains bibliographies as well as other relevant resources that teachers might assign or suggest for students. Some of the bibliographies are subject-specific. Others are more broad and help provide suggestions for various theoretical approaches that might support "crit" pedagogy.

A companion CLC Critical Theory Syllabi padlet offers up-to-date syllabi for Critical Race Theory (CRT), Race and the Law, and adjacent courses; and materials for various levels, including 1L courses, upper-level courses and seminars, as well as clinical materials.

Additional materials address inclusivity skills in the classroom, strategies for developing anti-racist pedagogy and a pro-CRT tool kit for educators.

Navigation: Scroll horizontally and vertically to view more materials.

Questions & Contributions: If you have any questions about this CLC project, would like to request support as an educator or student, or wish you submit your own materials for potential inclusion, please complete this Form.

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A Partially-Annotated Critical Tax Bibliography

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A Partially-Annotated Critical Tax Bibliography

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Queer Theory Reading List (Brown University)

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Queer Theory Reading List (Brown University)

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Queer and Genderqueer Literature Queer Cinema
A living list of queer scholarship...

Anzaldúa, Gloria. " To(o) Queer the Writer-Loca, escritor y chicana," in AnaLouise Keating, The Gloria Anzaldúa Reader, 163-175.

Anzaldua, Gloria. "La conciencia de la mestiza: Towards a New Consciousness."

Berlant, Lauren. The Queen of America Goes to Washington City.

Bornstein, Kate and S. Bear Bergman. Gender Outlaws, The Next Generation.

Butler, Judith. Gender Trouble and Excitable Speech.

Califia, Pat. "Trashing the Clinic and Burning Down the Beauty Parlor: Activism Transmutes Pitiable Patients into Feisty Gender Radicals"

Christian, Barbara. " The Race for Theory," Cultural Critique 6 (Spring 1987): 51-63.

Clare, Eli. Exile and Pride.

Cohen, Cathy. " Punks, Bulldagers, and Queens: The Radical Potential of Queer Politics," GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies vol. 3., no. 4 (1997): 437-465.

Cvetkovitch, Ann. An Archive of Feeling: Trauma, Sexuality, and Lesbian Public Cultures

Cruz, Ariane. The Color of Kink: Black Women, BDSM, and Pornography.

Delany, Samuel. Times Square Red, Times Square Blue.

Driskill, Qwo-Li, Daniel Heath Justice, and Deborah Miranda, eds. Sovereign Erotics: A Collection of Two-Spirit Literature.

Duggan, Lisa. " Queering the State."

Fawaz, Ramzi. The New Mutants: Superheroes and the Radical Imagination of American Comics

Ferguson, Roderick. Aberrations in Black: Toward a Queer of Color Critique.

Fung, Richard. "Looking for My Penis: The Eroticized Asian in Gay Video Porn," How Do I Look? Queer Film (145-61).

Gaines, Malik. Black Performance on the Outskirts of the Left.

Gopinath, Gayatri. Impossible Desires: Queer Diasporas and South Asian Public Cultures.

Halberstam, J. Jack. Gaga Feminism: Sex, Gender, and the End of Normal.

Halberstam, J. Jack. In a Queer Time and Place: Transgender Bodies, Subcultural Lives

Halberstam, J. Jack. The Queer Art of Failure.

Halperin, David M. " Is There a History of Sexuality?"

Hames-García, Michael. " Queer Theory Revisited," in Gay Latino Studies: A Critical Reader.

Hammonds, Evelynn. "Black (W)holes and the Geometry of Black Female Sexuality," differences 6.2+3 (1994): 126-145.

Herring, Scott. Another Country: Queer Anti-Urbanism.

Heyes, Cressida. " Feminist Solidarity after Queer Theory: The Case of Transgender."

Holland, Sharon The Erotic Life of Racism.

Johnson, Patrick. "' Quare' Studies, or (Almost) Everything I Know About Queer Studies I Learned from My Grandmother", Text and Performance Quarterly Vol. 21 Issue 1(January 2001), 1-25.

Lee, Rachel C. The Exquisite Corpse of Asian America: Biopolitics, Biosociality, and Posthuman Ecologies.

Lim, Eng-Beng. Brown Boys and Rice Queens: Spellbinding Performance in the Asias.

Lorde, Audre. " I Am Your Sister: Black Women Organizing across Sexualities," in Lorde, A Burst of Light: Essays (Ithaca, NY: Firebrand Books, 1988): 19-26.

Lorde, Audre. Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches.

Manalansan IV, Martin F. Global Divas: Filipino Gay Men in the Diaspora.

McCruer, Robert. " Compulsory Able-Bodiedness and Queer/Disabled Existence."

McCruer, Robert. Crip Theory: Cultural Signs of Queerness and Disability.

McKay, Corina. " Is Sex Work Queer?"

McMillan, Uri. Embodied Avatars: Genealogies of Black Feminist Art and Performance.

Meyerowitz, Joanne. " Sex Change and the Popular Press: Historical Notes on Transsexuality in the United States, 1930-1955 "

Muñoz, José. " Feeling Brown, Feeling Down: Latina Affect, The Performativity of Race, and the Depressive Position," Signs Vol. 31, No. 3, (Spring 2006), pp. 675-688.

Muñoz, José and Lisa Duggan, " Hope and Hopelessness: A Dialogue," Women and Performance: a journal of feminist theory, Vol. 19, No. 2, July 2009, pp. 275-283.

Muñoz, José. Cruising Utopia: The Then and There of Queer Futurity.

Muñoz, José. Disidentifications: Queers of Color and the Performance of Politics.

Musser, Amber.Sensational Flesh: Race, Power, and Masochism.

Namaste, Vivian K. Invisible Lives: The Erasure of Transexual and Transgendered People.

Nash, Jennifer. The Black Body in Ecstasy: Reading Race, Reading Pornography.

Nestle, Joan, Clare Howell, and Riki Wilchins, eds. GENDERqUEER: voices from beyond the sexual binary.

Nguyen, Hoang Tan. A View From the Bottom: Asian American Masculinity and Sexual Representation.

Pérez, Hiram. A Taste for Brown Bodies: Gay Modernity and Cosmopolitan Desire.

Quiroga, José A. Tropics of Desire: Interventions from Queer Latino America.

Reddy, Chandan. Freedom with Violence: Race, Sexuality, and the US State.

Reid-Pharr, Robert F. Archives of Flesh: African America, Spain, and Post-Humanist Critique.

Rich, Adrienne. "Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence."

Rodríguez, Juana María. Queer Latinidad: Identity Practices, Discursive Spaces.

Rodríguez, Juana María. Sexual Futures, Queer Gestures, and Other Latina Longings.

Rubin, Gayle. " Thinking Sex: Notes for a Radical Theory of the Politics of Sexuality "

Scott, Darieck. Extravagant Abjection: Blackness, Power, and Sexuality in the African American Literary Imagination.

Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky. The Epistemology of the Closet.

Serrano, Julia. Whipping Girl: A Transsexual Woman on Sexism and the Scapegoating of Femininity.

Snorton, Riley. Nobody Is Supposed to Know: Black Sexuality on the Down Low.

Somerville, Siobhan B. Queering the Color Line: Race and the Intervention of Homosexuality in American Culture.

Spade, Dean. Normal Life: Administrative Violence, Critical Trans Politics and the Limits of Law

Stanley, Eric A. and Nat Smith, eds. Captive Genders: Trans Embodiment and the Prison Industrial Complex.

Stockton, Kathryn Bond. Beautiful Bottom, Beautiful Shame: Where "Black" Meets "Queer."

Stone, Sandy. " The Empire Strikes Back: A Posttranssexual Manifesto."

Stryker, Susan. Transgender History.

Sycamore, Matt Bernstein (Mattilda), ed. Passes: Rejecting the Rules of Gender and Conformity.

Tongson, Karen. Relocations: Queer Suburban Imaginaries.

Vaid, Urvashi. Irresistible Revolution: Confronting Race, Class and the Assumptions of LGBT Politics.

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Queer and Genderqueer Literature Queer Cinema A living list of queer scholarship... Anzaldúa, Gloria. " To(o) Queer the Writer-Loca, escritor y chicana," in AnaLouise Keating, The Gloria Anzaldúa Reader, 163-175. Anzaldua, Gloria. "La conciencia de la mestiza: Towards a New Consciousness." Berlant, Lauren. The Queen of America Goes to Washington City.

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Queer theory is a rapidly growing field in the critical theory tradition. Often examining the intersection of capitalism, gender, heterosexism and the state, queer theory is constantly seeking to break down norms and question the status quo. We spoke to a few queer theory aficionados and came up with this list of 20 must-read queer theory texts.

We've provided links to articles where available. All book links are to Amazon.

#1 Rosemary Hennessy - Profit and Pleasure: Sexual Identities in Late Capitalism

"Profit and Pleasure" is a groundbreaking attempt to understand the relationship between capitalism and sexual identity. Rosemary Hennessy boldly reorients queer theory away from its preoccupation with psychoanalysis, language, and performance, instead insisting upon close analysis of the structures of late capitalism, labor, and commodification. She argues that sexual identity has always been linked to gender, race, and nationality, but these identities themselves arise from capitalism. As globalization transforms capitalism, it also transforms sexual identity, opening up both new forms of commodification and new opportunities for agency. On the one hand, middle-class gays and lesbians are enjoying unprecedented visibility, but on the other, society still relies on the gendered division of labor that renders certain subjects unequal. Drawing on an international range of examples, from Che Guevarra to "The Crying Game," "Profit and Pleasure" leads the discussion of sexuality to a consideration of material reality and the substance of men and women's everyday lives.

#2 Judith Butler - Gender Trouble

Arguing that traditional feminism is wrong to look to a natural, 'essential' notion of the female, or indeed of sex or gender, Butler starts by questioning the category 'woman' and continues in this vein with examinations of 'the masculine' and 'the feminine'. Best known however, but also most often misinterpreted, is Butler's concept of gender as a reiterated social performance rather than the expression of a prior reality.

#3 Nancy Fraser - "Heterosexism, Misrecognition and Capitalism: A Response to Judith Butler"

Nancy Fraser, while agreeing with Judith Butler, diverges from the queer theorist in several important ways.

Read the article here.

#4 Kevin Floyd, The Reification of Desire

A new theoretical approach to the relationship between Marxism and queer studies the "Reification of Desire" takes two critical perspectives rarely analyzed together-formative arguments for Marxism and those that have been the basis for queer theory-and productively scrutinizes these ideas both with and against each other to put forth a new theoretical connection between Marxism and queer studies.

The "Reification of Desire" makes surprising and important connections between Marxism and queer theory, and Kevin Floyd's analyses are to be commended for their ability to move skillfully from abstract theory to the most detailed histories of socio-economic dynamics and masculine culture.

#5 Jasbir Puar - Terrorist Assemblages

In this pathbreaking work, Jasbir K. Puar argues that configurations of sexuality, race, gender, nation, class, and ethnicity are realigning in relation to contemporary forces of securitization, counterterrorism, and nationalism. She examines how liberal politics incorporate certain queer subjects into the fold of the nation-state, through developments including the legal recognition inherent in the overturning of anti-sodomy laws and the proliferation of more mainstream representation. These incorporations have shifted many queers from their construction as figures of death (via the AIDS epidemic) to subjects tied to ideas of life and productivity (gay marriage and reproductive kinship). Puar contends, however, that this tenuous inclusion of some queer subjects depends on the production of populations of Orientalized terrorist bodies. Heteronormative ideologies that the U.S. nation-state has long relied on are now accompanied by homonormative ideologies that replicate narrow racial, class, gender, and national ideals. These "homonationalisms" are deployed to distinguish upright "properly hetero," and now "properly homo," U.S. patriots from perversely sexualized and racialized terrorist look-a-likes-especially Sikhs, Muslims, and Arabs-who are cordoned off for detention and deportation.

Puar combines transnational feminist and queer theory, Foucauldian biopolitics, Deleuzian philosophy, and technoscience criticism, and draws from an extraordinary range of sources, including governmental texts, legal decisions, films, television, ethnographic data, queer media, and activist organizing materials and manifestos. Looking at various cultural events and phenomena, she highlights troublesome links between terrorism and sexuality: in feminist and queer responses to the Abu Ghraib photographs, in the triumphal responses to the Supreme Court's Lawrence decision repealing anti-sodomy laws, in the measures Sikh Americans and South Asian diasporic queers take to avoid being profiled as terrorists, and in what Puar argues is a growing Islamophobia within global queer organizing.

#6 Andrea Smith - "Queer Theory and Native Studies: The Heteronormativity of Settler Colonialism"

Queer studies highlights the importance of developing analyses that go beyond identity and representational politics. For Native studies in particular, queer theory points to the possibility of going beyond representing the voices of Native peoples, a project that can quickly become co-opted into providing Native commodities for consumption in the multicultural academic-industrial complex. The subjectless critique of queer theory can assist Native studies in critically interrogating how it could unwittingly re-create colonial hierarchies even within projects of decolonization. This critique also sheds light on how Native peoples function within the colonial imaginary-including the colonial imaginary of scholars and movements that claim to be radical. At the same time, Native studies can build on queer of color critique's engagement with subjectless critique. In the move to go "postidentity," queer theory often reinstantiates a white supremacist, settler colonialism by disappearing the indigenous peoples colonized in this land who become the foils for the emergence of postcolonial, postmodern, diasporic, and queer subjects. With respect to Native studies, even queer of color critique does not necessarily mark how identities are shaped by settler colonialism. Thus a conversation between Native studies and queer theory is important, because the logics of settler colonialism and decolonization must be queered in order to properly speak to the genocidal present that not only continues to disappear indigenous peoples but reinforces the structures of white supremacy, settler colonialism, and heteropatriarchy that affect all peoples.

More info here.

#7 Cathy Cohen - "Punks, Bulldaggers, and Welfare Queens: The Radical Potential of Queer Politics?"

From Queer Strokes:

Cohen looks at the failed features of queer political activism, as evolved from queer theory, and discusses how intersectionality is the key to not merely ushering in inclusive political activism, but forming collectives based on transformational agendas. In other words, for queer to really do the work, it must transform not just heteronormative oppression, but systemic domination that overlaps sexuality, race, gender, economic class, etc. "We must reject a queer politics which seems to ignore, in its analysis of the usefulness of traditionally named categories, the roles of identity and community as paths to survival, using shared experiences of oppression and resistance to build indigenous resources, shape consciousness, and act collectively. Instead, I would suggest that it is the multiplicity and interconnectedness of our identities which provide the most promising avenue for the destabilization and radical politicalization of these same categories" (

Read it here.

#8 Jose Esteban Muñoz - Disidentification

There is more to identity than identifying with one's culture or standing solidly against it. José Esteban Muñoz looks at how those outside the racial and sexual mainstream negotiate majority culture-not by aligning themselves with or against exclusionary works but rather by transforming these works for their own cultural purposes. Muñoz calls this process "disidentification," and through a study of its workings, he develops a new perspective on minority performance, survival, and activism.

Disidentifications is also something of a performance in its own right, an attempt to fashion a queer world by working on, with, and against dominant ideology. By examining the process of identification in the work of filmmakers, performance artists, ethnographers, Cuban choteo, forms of gay male mass culture (such as pornography), museums, art photography, camp and drag, and television, Muñoz persistently points to the intersecting and short-circuiting of identities and desires that result from misalignments with the cultural and ideological mainstream in contemporary urban America.

#9 Roderick Ferguson - Aberrations In Black: Toward A Queer Of Color Critique

The sociology of race relations in America typically describes an intersection of poverty, race, and economic discrimination. But what is missing from the picture-sexual difference-can be as instructive as what is present. In this ambitious work, Roderick A. Ferguson reveals how the discourses of sexuality are used to articulate theories of racial difference in the field of sociology. He shows how canonical sociology-Gunnar Myrdal, Ernest Burgess, Robert Park, Daniel Patrick Moynihan, and William Julius Wilson-has measured African Americans's unsuitability for a liberal capitalist order in terms of their adherence to the norms of a heterosexual and patriarchal nuclear family model. In short, to the extent that African Americans's culture and behavior deviated from those norms, they would not achieve economic and racial equality.

#10 Lee Edelman - No Future

In this searing polemic, Lee Edelman outlines a radically uncompromising new ethics of queer theory. His main target is the all-pervasive figure of the child, which he reads as the linchpin of our universal politics of "reproductive futurism." Edelman argues that the child, understood as innocence in need of protection, represents the possibility of the future against which the queer is positioned as the embodiment of a relentlessly narcissistic, antisocial, and future-negating drive. He boldly insists that the efficacy of queerness lies in its very willingness to embrace this refusal of the social and political order. In No Future, Edelman urges queers to abandon the stance of accommodation and accede to their status as figures for the force of a negativity that he links with irony, jouissance, and, ultimately, the death drive itself.

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Queer theory is a rapidly growing field in the critical theory tradition. Often examining the intersection of capitalism, gender, heterosexism and the state, queer theory is constantly seeking to break down norms and question the status quo. We spoke to a few queer theory aficionados and came up with this list of 20 must-read queer theory texts.

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David Harvey: Accumulation by Dispossession

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David Harvey: Accumulation by Dispossession

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A key movement in postcolonial studies was the 1980 intervention of the subaltern studies group. Within "subaltern studies," a term first used by Ranajit Guha, the word "subaltern" stands as "a name for the general attribute of subordination in South Asian society whether this is expressed in terms of class, caste, age, gender and office or in any other way" ("Preface" 35). Subaltern studies analyzes the "binary relationship" of the subaltern and ruling classes, and thus studies the interplay of dominance and subordination in colonial systems, most notably India, though the methods of the movement have since been applied to other nations, spaces, and historical moments.

Subaltern studies as a whole aims to uncover the histories of groups that within the colonial and nationalist archives went largely shunted to the margins or undocumented altogether. Turning towards popular accounts of public history and memory in order to combat what Guha terms as "elitism," the subaltern studies group's primary focus was and is to recover, examine, and privilege the agency of the underclass within the networks of capitalism, colonialism, and nationalism.

Taking cue from the "history from below" methods of cultural studies scholars and historians such as E. P. Thompson, Raymond Williams, and Eric Hobsbawm that circulated in the 1960s, the subaltern studies group aims to focus on working class and particularly "peasant" historical accounts in post/colonial and post-imperial South Asia, specifically India. This group of scholars emerged out of the University of Sussex under the academic guidance of professors Ranajit Guha and Eric Stokes, and largely involved the following scholars: Shahid Amin, David Arnold (joined later), Gautam Bhadra, Dipesh Chakrabarty, N. K. Chandra, Partha Chatterjee, Arvind N. Das, David Hardiman (joined later), Stephen Henningham (joined later), Gyanendra Pandey, and Sumit Sarkar. In 1982, these collaborators produced the Subaltern Studies journal, writing on South Asian history and society in a way that they felt had not been done; this project thus birthed "subaltern studies" as a field.

The formulation of the term "subaltern" used by the group is not taken from the British colonial rank of the "subaltern," which referred to military officers who were subordinate. Instead, the term "subaltern" is taken from Italian Marxist scholar Antonio Gramsci 's own use of the word in his prison notebooks (English translations of which appeared in 1966). In its original Gramscian context, "subaltern" referred solely to peasants who had not been integrated into Marx's conception of the industrial capitalist system. Subaltern studies then seeks to fill the gap in historiography between the people's history and the perceived history of India-between what has been archived in a narrative of power by the British Raj and what has been regarded as popular history. The scholars of the subaltern studies group sought, and still seek in the group's subsequent iterations, to give the subaltern, peasant domain autonomy as the voice that facilitated political action despite imperial dominance. Dipesh Chakrabarty notes that subaltern studies emerged out of "anti-colonial" thought rather than "postcolonial," but cites Gayatri Spivak's work and membership with the group as integrating "postcolonial" studies into the movement ("Postcolonial Studies and the Challenge of Climate Change" 4).

According to Ranajit Guha, subaltern studies intervened in historical schools of thought that could not represent the history of nationalism in India without celebrating the role the elites played in bringing the larger nation into the discourse. This existing version of history, Guha argues, discounted subaltern contributions, and so the subaltern studies group sought "to rectify the elitist bias" in a field "dominated by elitism - colonialist elitism and bourgeois-nationalist elitism" (403).
KEY CONCEPTS
Dipesh Chakrabarty states that "the declared aim of Subaltern Studies was to produce historical analyses in which the subaltern groups were viewed as the subjects of history" rather than the objects of it (15). The subaltern class was not homogeneous, nor was it an object that history "happened to," but a living group of people comprised of active participants in society. Ranajit Guha, in what is considered a hallmark work of subaltern studies, Elementary Aspects of Peasant Insurgency in Colonial India, pluralizes the discourses of power by refusing to conflate capital and modernity in the extant histories. Capital and power can be considered as separate variables in understanding systems of subordination in colonial India in a way that European Marxist scholars like the Cambridge School of historiography (including John Gallagher and Ronald Robinson) did not theorize as separate. Subjecthood is a large concern with the subaltern studies group's analyses of colonial society. Dipesh Chakrabarty discusses how the initial configurations of the subject in subaltern studies worked from an understanding of subjecthood as driven by social justice and political rebellion:

"The human in our anticolonial mode of thinking was a figure of sovereignty. We wanted to make the peasant or the subaltern the subject of his or her history, period. And we thought of this subject in the image of the autonomous rights-bearing person with the same access to representation in national and other histories as others from more privileged backgrounds enjoyed" ("Postcolonial Studies and the Challenge of Climate Change" 4).

However, Chakrabarty states that Spivak's involvement led the group to think of the discursive figure of the subject as an unstable category and invited them to "write deconstructive histories of subjecthood" (4).

Another critical tenet of subaltern studies at its conception was the rejection of a teleological understanding of progress. European historians, usually those of the "history from below" movement, writing on India often referenced the peasant consciousness as that of "pre-political," "feudal," or "pre-modern," suggesting that it could progress into political consciousness. Guha and the rest of the initiative rejected such evolutionary formulations of political consciousness. Instead of considering the peasant consciousness as a "backward" anachronism in the face of the "modern" political world, subaltern studies argues that the peasant was contemporaneous with colonialism and had equal and important participation in the political realm.

Dipesh Chakrabarty in retrospect later saw the two main sub-themes of subaltern studies as "the archaic in the modern, and the subject of history" ("Subaltern Studies in Retrospect and Reminiscence" 13).Tracing the systems of silencing and oppression is another key aspect of the subaltern studies intervention. The interrogation of systems of what Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak calls "worlding" (where a colonial or imperial narrative separates the colonized as "Third World," fetishizes the "Third World" as exotic, and thus legitimizes colonial domination) is a primary concern of subaltern studies work, especially in how these systems of worlding appear in the historical archive and narrative. In this vein, rather than focusing on highly visible displays of political consciousness like documented riots or uprising, subaltern studies seeks to discover the discourses of dissent and resistance arising from everyday political action. Since archival documents necessarily privilege the elite and ruling class and completely occlude the illiterate, interrogations of such systemic and documented imbalance are crucial to a fuller understanding of the subaltern.
CRITIQUE OF SUBALTERN STUDIES
Though the original subaltern studies group emerged out of historical and cultural studies, the concept of the subaltern has expanded in interpretation from the original configuration to apply to any population that is disenfranchised and unreachable due to hegemonic oppression. Subaltern turns in other fields, specifically literature, anthropology, and women's, gender, and sexuality studies, have been made by scholars across the globe. Subaltern studies often overlaps with postcolonial studies as having similar aims and projects.

Gayatri Spivak intervened in postcolonial literary studies with her seminal essay "Can the Subaltern Speak?" and, alongside Rosalind O'Hanlon, critiqued the subaltern studies collective for not going far enough in their consideration of gender in questions of subalternity. This comes up most markedly in Spivak's book A Critique of Postcolonial Reason, where in the chapter "History" she embarks on an effort to find the Rani of Sirmur in the colonial archive and determines that even women considered "elite" were rarely traceable in the colonial narrative.

Subaltern studies has also been accused of reducing understandings of class to oversimplified dichotomies. David Ludden takes this up in his introduction to Reading Subaltern Studies:

Even readers who applauded Subaltern Studies found two features troubling. First and foremost, the new substance of subalternity emerged only on the underside of a rigid theoretical barrier between "elite" and "subaltern," which resembles a concrete slab separating upper and lower space in a two-storey building. This hard dichotomy alienated subalternity from social histories that include more than two storeys or which move among them; and not only histories rendered through the lens of class analysis, because subaltern social mobility disappeared along with class differentiation. Secondly, because subaltern politics was confined theoretically to the lower storey, it could not threaten a political structure. This alienated subalternity from political histories of popular movements and alienated subaltern groups from organized, transformative politics, in the past and in the present. (16)

While praising the subaltern studies movement as yielding interesting insights from the dismantling of elitist historiography," Darshan Perusek has simultaneously critiqued the movement as "at best, problematic, and at worst, tediously neo-antiquarian and remarkably unremarkable in their banality" due to contradictions in the notion of "subalternity" (1931). After Edward Said's seminal work Orientalism, subaltern studies moved to deconstruct the binary of self/Other prominent in discourses of nationalism (the us versus them mentality, the rhetoric of inclusion that is inevitably twinned with exclusion). Scholars of the collective, including Gyanendra Pandey, Partha Chatterjee, and Shahid Amin, have responded to this by using the methods of subaltern studies to interrogate the idea of a "whole" nation or a "total" narrative of belonging to nationalism itself into more plural representations and defending the "fragment" (as in Gyanendra Pandey's work of similar title).

Aside from contemporary critiques of the subaltern studies group's 1980s publications, Vivek Chibber's 2014 volume Postcolonial Theory and the Specter of Capital is one of the most comprehensive critiques of subaltern studies as a theory. Taking up not only the issue of binarism as previously discussed, but also subaltern studies' place within Marxism writ large, Chibber's critique of the baseline of subaltern studies as a theoretical enterprise is that its reliance on binaries "fails to deliver on its two basic promises-that it has developed an explanatory framework adequate for understanding the nature of modernity in the East, and that it is a platform for radical critique" (23).
SUMMARIES OF SELECT TEXTS Amin, Shahid. Event, Metaphor, Memory
Similar to Guha's project of looking at colonial revolt, Amin examines the singular event of the infamous 1922 arson of the Chauri Chaura thana (police station) that a mob of "peasants" enacted in the name of Mahatma Gandhi and the Non-Cooperation Movement. In his book, Amin seeks to examine the circumstances and context surrounding the actual Chauri Chaura rather than the metonymic word that has become synonymous with nationalism. To do this, Amin returns to the area of the Chauri Chaura event and interrogates the colonial, the judicial, and the national accounts of the event alongside oral histories of surviving residents or relatives of those involved in the incident. In doing so, he expands the narrative to include multiple viewpoints and interpretations of the event itself and the local political context preceding it.
Chakrabarty, Dipesh. Provincializing Europe.
Chakrabarty seeks to reinvestigate the writing of Indian histories by situating the entire body of that writing so far as existing in a state of subalternity, where both India and Europe are "hyperreal" imaginary constructs with Europe given the upper hand. Europe is a "silent referent" that symbolizes a completeness, a modernity, and a bourgeoisie present, thus positing India, even within subaltern studies' framework, as a symbol of lack, historical primitivism, and peasantry. He associates this state of Europe as referent as associating strongly with capitalism, citing Marx as laying forth a temporal framework that focuses on developmental stages where Europe comes before the Other. The modern bourgeoisie subject of capitalism thus becomes the default assumption of history, and all histories are then taught and written with that default in mind. Europe comes to signify not only a region but an entire body of scholarship and thought system grounded in historicist liberalism. Chakrabarty traces several texts through the British Indian colonial example that illustrate not only the European-driven production of the idea that a European future is the only one worth aspiring to, but also the Indian upholding of such Eurocentric historicism.

Because of this, the Indian colonized subject exists as a split subject between modern elite and not-yet-civilized peasantry, constantly in "transition." Chakrabarty examines the antinomies of the Indian experience in comparison to the Eurocentric model, specifically problematizing notions of freedom, equality, the Habermasian public/private spheres, and the cohesive nation-state, rejecting the narrative of development and linear temporality. Most memorably, Chakrabarty proposes a "provincialization of Europe," a move to incorporate feminist, poststructural, and late Marxist theory in order to better understand the marginalized voices that have been relegated to the subaltern position in history. However, he acknowledges that such a move necessarily comes from academic institutions whose foundations are based on Eurocentric hegemonic knowledge. This "politics of despair" will in Chakrabarty's model make visible the systems of propping up the modern citizen and nation-state narrative and dismantle those systems to make a heterogeneous understanding of history possible.
Guha, Ranajit. Elementary Aspects of Peasant Insurgency in Colonial India.
Elementary Aspects of Peasant Insurgency in Colonial India is considered one of the inaugural works of the subaltern studies group. In Peasant Insurgency, Guha marks not only the bias of the historiography and archive of colonial India's government documents, but also the bias of the folklore, which has traditionally been perceived and touted by nationalist groups as authentic and untainted by the colonizer Britain. Thus, for Guha, any colonial historiography of the peasant in India is necessarily tainted by a bourgeois lens, either through the colonial agenda or through the nationalist agenda. Guha's intervention is then to trace the mounting everyday actions that are silenced in favor of the larger event. In this intervention, he moves to dispel the notion that Indian colonial subjects were powerless during the colonial rule, specifically from 1783-1900, and instead seeks to describe from the peasants' point of view the complex relations of subordination, dominance, and subsequent rebellion.
Pandey, Gyanendra. Unarchived Histories: The "Mad" and the "Trifling" in the Postcolonial World.
Gyanendra Pandey takes up the opposite side of Spivak's project, moving not to merely trace what the archive considers reasonable but to account for the "unarchived" unreasonable, what he terms the "trifling" and the "mad." The archive, he remarks, is not only a space of remembering, but "also at the same time a project of forgetting" things and people deemed trivial, inconsequential, and thus unhistorical (4). The background noise from which the archive moves to distinguish itself is unreason. Pandey turns his attention to the "trifling," the commonplace that happens so often in the everyday that it is forgettable, namely domestic abuse, domestic labor, and microaggressions as they concern subaltern women in lower castes and classes. Such acts are so forgettable that even the women writing the narratives Pandey examines do not think to include them, like the way Viola Andrews "never remember[s] to mention" race relations in her 1960s Atlanta memoirs (10) and how Baby Kondiba Kamble's memoirs do not include her husband beating her because she didn't know how to talk about something so commonplace that happened to everyone (14). The ephemeral, fleeting acts of the everyday thus cannot register as evidential or as reasonable, and thus are cast into the domain of unreason, not to be taken into account by the archive, but still extant for the historian to locate.
Works Cited

Amin, Shahid. Event, Metaphor, Memory: Chauri Chaura, 1922-1992. U of California Press, 1995.

Chakrabarty, Dipesh. "Postcolonial Studies and the Challenge of Climate Change." New Literary History vol. 43, no. 1, 2012, pp. 1-18.

Chakrabarty, Dipesh. "Provincializing Europe: Postcoloniality and the Critique of History." Cultural Studies, vol. 6, no. 3, 1992, pp. 337-357.

Chakrabarty, Dipesh. "Subaltern Studies and Postcolonial Historiography." Nepantla: Views from South, vol. 1, no. 1, 2000, pp. 9-32.

Chakrabarty, Dipesh. "Subaltern Studies in Retrospect and Reminiscence," South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies, vol. 38, no. 1, 2015, pp. 10-18.

Chibber, Vivek. Postcolonial Theory and the Specter of Capital. Verso Books, 2014.

Guha, Ranajit. Elementary Aspects of Peasant Insurgency in Colonial India. Duke UP, 1999.

Guha, Ranajit. "On Some Aspects of the Historiography of Colonial India." Postcolonialisms: An Anthology of Cultural Theory and Criticism, 1982, pp. 403-409.

Ludden, David. "Introduction." Reading Subaltern Studies: Critical History, Contested Meaning and the Globalization of South Asia. Anthem Press, 2002.

Pandey, Gyanendra. "In Defense of the Fragment: Writing about Hindu-Muslim Riots in India Today." Representations, no. 37, 1992, pp. 27-55.

Pandey, Gyanendra. Introduction. Unarchived Histories: The "Mad" and the "Trifling" in the Colonial and Postcolonial World, Routledge, pp. 3-19.

Perusek, Darshan. "Subaltern Consciousness and Historiography of Indian Rebellion of 1857." Economic and Political Weekly, 1993, pp. 1931-1936.

Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty. "Can the Subaltern Speak?." Can the Subaltern Speak? Reflections on the History of an Idea, 1988, pp. 21-78.

Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty. "History." A Critique of Postcolonial Reason: Toward a History of the Vanishing Present, Harvard UP, 1999, pp. 198-311.

Further Reading

Chakrabarty, Dipesh. Habitations of Modernity : Essays in the Wake of Subaltern Studies. University of Chicago Press, 2002.

Chatterjee, Partha, and Pradeep Jeganathan. Community, Gender and Violence. Hurst, 2000.

Chibber, Vivek, et al. The Debate on Postcolonial theory and the Specter of Capital. Verso Books, 2016.

Guha, Ranajit. A Subaltern Studies Reader, 1986-1995. University of Minnesota Press, 1997.

Guha, Ranajit., and Gayatri Chakravorty. Spivak. Selected Subaltern Studies. Oxford University Press, 1988.

Ludden, David E. Reading Subaltern Studies: Critical History, Contested Meaning, and the Globalisation of South Asia. Permanent Black, 2001.

Author: Bailey Betik, Spring 2020
Last edited: Spring 2020

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A key movement in postcolonial studies was the 1980 intervention of the subaltern studies group. Within "subaltern studies," a term first used by Ranajit Guha, the word "subaltern" stands as "a name for the general attribute of subordination in South Asian society whether this is expressed in terms of class, caste, age, gender and office or in any other way" ("Preface" 35).

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Engagement with advanced interdisciplinary research and scholarship on race and inequality is central to CLEAR's goals of advancing understanding and advocating for justice. Below is a sampling of work of particular relevance to the center, concentrated in the study of empirical methods and critical race theory. For questions or to recommend other studies for the bibliography, please email clear@law.uci.edu.

﻿﻿Law Review Articles

Kim Shayo Buchanan, Our Prisons, Ourselves: Race, Gender and the Rule of Law, 29 Yale L. & Pol'y Rev. 1 (2010).

Ming Hsu Chen, Alienated: A Reworking of the Racialization Thesis After September 11, 18 Am. U. J. Gender, Soc. Pol'y & L. 411 (2010).

Meera E. Deo, Ebbs and Flows: The Courts in Racial Context, 8 Rutgers Race & L. Rev. 167 (2007).

Meera E. Deo, Separate, Unequal, and Seeking Support, 28 Harv. J. Racial & Ethnic Just. 9 (2012).

Meera E. Deo, Maria Woodruff & Rican Vue, Paint By Number? How the Race and Gender of Law School Faculty Affect the First-Year Curriculum, 29 Chicano-Latino L. Rev. 1 (2010).

Tracey E. George, An Empirical Study of the Empirical Legal Scholarship: The Top Ten Law Schools, 81 Ind. L. J. 142 (2006).

Paul Gowder, Critical Race Science and Critical Race Philosophy of Science, 83 Fordham L. Rev. 3155 (2015).

Jerry Kang, Rethinking Intent and Impact: Some Behavioral Realism About Equal Protection, 66 la. L. Rev. 627 (2015).

Jerry Kang, Mark Bennett, Devon Carbado, Pam Casey, Nilanjana Dasgupta, David Faigman, Rachel Godsil, Anthony G. Greenwald, Justin Levinson & Jennifer Mnookin, Implicit Bias in the Courtroom, 59 UCLA L. Rev. 1124 (2012).

Justin D. Levinson, Robert J. Smith & Zoe Robinson, Implicit White Favoritism in the Criminal Justice System, 66 La. L. Rev. 871 (2015).

Angela Onwuachi-Willig & William C. Kidder, Still Hazy after All These Years: The Data and Theory Behind 'Mismatch' 92 Tex. L. Rev. 895 (2014).

john a. powell, Affirmative Action: Where Do We Go From Here?, 48 U.S.F. L. Rev. 281 (2013).

john a. powell & Stephen Menendian, Fisher v. Texas: The Limits of Exhaustion and the Future of Race Conscious University Admissions, 47 U. Mich. J.L. Reform 899 (2014).

L. Song Richardson & Phillip Atiba Goff, Self-Defense and the Suspicion Heuristic, 98 Iowa L. Rev. 293 (2012).

Dorothy E. Roberts, Complicating the Triangle of Race, Class, and State: The Insights of Black Feminists, 37 Ethnic & Racial Stud. 1776 (2014).

Dorothy E. Roberts, Loving v. Virginia as a Civil Rights Decision, 59 N.Y.L. Sch. L. Rev. 175 (2014-2015).

Ruqaiijah Yearby, Breaking The Cycle of 'Unequal Treatment' with Health Care Reform: Acknowledging and Addressing the Continuation of Racial Bias, 44 Conn. L. Rev. 1281 (2012).

﻿﻿Peer-Reviewed/Non-Law Review Articles

Devon Carbado & Mitu Gulati, Airport Profiling: Cost-Benefit Calculus and Beyond, 37 Econ. & P. Wk. 2373 (2002).

Devon Carbado,Catherine Fisk & Mitu Gulati, 4 Ann. Rev. L. & Soc. Sci. 83 (2008).

Meera E. Deo, The Promise of Grutter: Diverse Interactions at the University of Michigan Law School, 17 Mich. J. Race & L. 63 (2011).

Meera E. Deo, Separate, Unequal, and Seeking Support, 28 Harv. J. Racial & Ethnic Just. 9 (2012).

Meera E. Deo, Maria Woodruff & Rican Vue, Paint By Number? How the Race and Gender of Law School Faculty Affect the First-Year Curriculum, 29 Chicano-Latino L. Rev. 1 (2010).

Phillip Atiba Goff, Not Yet Human: Implicit Knowledge, Historical Dehumanization, and Contemporary Consequences, 94 J. Personality & Soc. Psychol. 292 (2008).

Markus Kemmelmeier, The Effects of Race and Social Dominance Orientation in Simulated Juror Decision Making, 35 J. Applied Soc. Psychol. 1030 (2005).

Aaron Kupchik & Geoff Ward, Race, Poverty, and Exclusionary School Security: An Empirical Analysis of U.S. Elementary, Middle, and High Schools, 0 Youth Violence & Juv. Just. 1 (2013).

Ann Morning, T owards a Sociology of Racial Conceptualization for the 21st Century, 87 Social Forces 1167 (2009).

Myron Orfield, Regional Strategies for Racial Integration of Schools and Housing Post-Parents Involved, 29 L. & Inequality 149 (2011).

Victoria Plaut, Diversity Science: Why and How Difference Makes a Difference, 21 Psychol. Inquiry 77 (2010).

john a. powell & Caitlin Watt, Negotiating the New Political and Racial Environment, 11 J.L. Soc'y 31 (2009-2010).

Victor D. Quintanilla, Critical Race Empiricism: A New Means to Measure Civil Procedure, 3 U.C. Irvine L. Rev. 187 (2013).

Jennifer A. Richeson & Maureen A. Craig, Intra-Minority Intergroup Relations in the Twenty-First Century, 140 Daedalus 166 (2011).

Sanford F. Schram, Joe Soss, Richard Fording & Linda Houser, Deciding to Discipline: Race, Choice, and Punishment on the Frontlines of Welfare Reform, 74 Am. Soc. Rev. 398 (2009).

Samuel R. Sommers & Phoebe C. Ellsworth (2009). "Samuel R. Sommers & Phoebe C. Ellsworth (2009). "Race" Salience in Juror Decision-Making: Misconceptions, Clarifications, and Unanswered Questions, 27 Behav. Sci. & L. 599 (2009).

﻿Book Chapters

Kim Shayo Buchanan, E-race-ing Gender: The Racial Construction of Prison Rape, in Masculinities and the Law: A Multidimensional Approach (Frank R. Cooper & Ann C. McGinley, eds., N.Y.U. Press, 2012).

﻿﻿﻿Books

Jeannine Bell, Hate Thy Neighbor: Move-In Violence And The Persistence Of Racial Segregation In American Housing (NYU Press, 2013).

Devon W. Carbado & Mitu Gulati, Acting White? Rethinking Race in Post-Racial America (Oxford U. Press, 2013).

Richard Delgado, Charles R. Lawrence, Mari J. Matsuda & Kimberle W. Crenshaw, Words that Wound: Critical Race Theory, Assaultive Speech and the First Amendment (Westview, 1993).

Laura E. Gómez & Nancy Lopez, eds., Mapping "Race": Critical Approaches to Health Disparities Research (Rutgers U. Press, 2013).

Laura E. Gómez, Manifest Destinies: The Making of the Mexican American Race (N.Y.U. Press, 2007).

Kaaryn Gustafson, Cheating Welfare: Public Assistance and the Criminalization of Poverty (N.Y.U. Press, 2011).

Ian Haney Lopez, Dog Whistle Politics (Oxford U. Press, 2013).

Ann Morning, The Nature of Race: How Scientists Think and Teach about Human Difference (U.C. Press, 2011).

Osagie A. Obasogie, Blinded By Sight: Seeing Race Through the Eyes of the Blind (Stan. U. Press, 2014).

Devah Pager, Marked: Race, Crime, and Finding Work in an Era of Mass Incarceration (U. Chi. Press, 2007).

Becky Pettit, Invisible Men: Mass Incarceration and the Myth of Black Progress (Russell Sage Foundation, 2012).

Dorothy E. Roberts, Fatal Invention: How Science, Politics, and Big Business Re-Create Race in the Twenty-First Century (The New Press, 2012).

Daria Roithmayr, Reproducing Racism: How Everyday Choices Lock in White Advantage (N.Y.U. Press, 2014).

Katheryn Russell, The Color of Crime (N.Y.U. Press, 1998).

Nicole Gonzalez Van Cleve, Crook County: Racism and Injustice in America's Largest Criminal Court (Stanford University Press, 2016).

Geoff Ward, The Black Child Savers (U. Chi. Press, 2012).

﻿Reports

Jerry Kang, Implicit Bias Primer for Courts (National Center for State Courts, 2009).

Carolyn A. Liebler, Sonya Rastogi, Leticia E. Fernandez, James M. Noon & Sharon R. Ennis, America's Churning Races: Race and Ethnic Response Changes between Census 2000 and the 2010 Census (Center for Administrative Records Research and Applications, U.S. Census Bureau, 2014).

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Catherine Albiston & Laura Beth Nielsen, The Procedural Attack on Civil Rights: The Empirical Reality of Buckhannon for the Private Attorney General, 54 UCLA L. Rev. 1087 (2007).

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Critical Race Theory (UNC Library Guide, 2022)

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Critical Race Theory (UNC Library Guide, 2022)

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LibGuides: Critical Race Theory: Introduction to CRT

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This guide provides an overview of research strategies and resources on the topic of Critical Race Theory at the UNC School of Law.

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Khiara M. Bridges Explains Critical Race Theory

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Khiara M. Bridges Explains Critical Race Theory

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critical race theory a primer khiara bridges - Google Search

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The academic framework has become a flashpoint as conservative politicians use the term as a catch-all phrase for nearly any examination of…

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Derrick Bell: An Overview of Critical Race Theory

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Derrick Bell: An Overview of Critical Race Theory

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Queer Theory: Finding Books (Illinois Library)

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Queer Theory: Finding Books (Illinois Library)

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To find books through the Library catalog:

1. There are two ways to search the UIUC Library catalog. Both have the same content but the way of searching and the way the results are given varies.

a. Through the VU Find Catalog. This catalog requires you to register with a login and a password. It also lets you search books in I-Share. If you need help creating the account, head over to this page: Create a Library Account.

b. Through the Classic Search. This interface lets you search only the catalog for the university. It does have the advantage of letting you search by subject headings.

2.If you don't find your item in the UIUC catalog, search the I-Share system, which has the resources of many statewide academic libraries available.

3.If you've searched both the UIUC catalog and the I-Share catalog and still haven't found the item you're looking for, then you can request the item through Interlibrary Loan.
Some useful subject headings/key words to use when looking for books:
Queer theory

Gay and lesbian studies

Homosexuality in literature

Homosexuality and literature

Homosexuality and art

Gays in/and literature

Gays' writings - History and criticism

Lesbianism/Lesbians in literature

Using these phrases as key words works as well, but if you want more narrow results the subject headings are best. Searching through subject headings will give you materials that are specifically about that topic. Keep in mind that these headings are pre-selected, so using both broad and specific terms will help you discover different subjects you might want to search.

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To find books through the Library catalog: 1. There are two ways to search the UIUC Library catalog. Both have the same content but the way of searching and the way the results are given varies. a. Through the VU Find Catalog . This catalog requires you to register with a login and a password.

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American slavery began 400 years ago this month. This is referred to as the country’s original sin, but it is more than that: It is the country’s true origin.

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A wonderful and comprehensive set of bibliographies for a range of theoretical approaches.

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As academic disciplines become more and more interdisciplinary, many embrace critical theories into their methodologies. Therefore is is not uncommon to find critical thinking within such varied fields as medicine, education, literary studies, philosophy, management, communication/media studies, international relations, political science, geography, language studies, sociology, and psychology.

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As academic disciplines become more and more interdisciplinary, many embrace critical theories into their methodologies. Therefore is is not uncommon to find critical thinking within such varied fields as medicine, education, literary studies, philosophy, management, communication/media studies, international relations, political science, geography, language studies, sociology, and psychology.

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About this Course

About the Course

In this course, Professor Ania Loomba (University of Pennsylvania) provides a broad introduction to the field of postcolonial studies. In the first module, we think about the scope of postcolonial studies, including running through some key definitions. In the second module, we consider the intersection of race and class in colonial societies, before turning in the third module to the concept of 'colonial discourse', especially the work of Michel Foucault (1926-84) and Edward Said (1935-2003). In the fourth module, we think about the concept of knowledge itself was transformed by the colonial encounter, before turning in the fifth and sixth modules to think about responses to colonialism and postcolonialism in literature. In the seventh and eighth modules, we think about the concepts of nationalism and pan-nationalism in a colonial and postcolonial context, before turning in the ninth module to think about the interaction of gender and nationalism. Finally, in the tenth module, we think about recent developments in postcolonial studies, including the shift to non-European perspectives and the interaction of postcolonial studies with environmental activism.

About the Lecturer

Ania Loomba is the Catherine Bryson Professor of English at the University of Pennsylvania. She researches and teaches early modern literature, histories of race and colonialism, postcolonial studies, feminist theory, and contemporary Indian literature and culture. Her writings include Gender, Race, Renaissance Drama (1989), Colonialism/Postcolonialism (1998), and Shakespeare, Race, and Colonialism (2002). She has co-edited Post-Colonial Shakespeares (1998), Postcolonial Studies and Beyond (2005), Race in Early Modern England: A Documentary Companion (2007) and South Asian Feminisms (co-edited with Ritty A. Lukose, 2012). She has also produced a critical edition of Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra (2011)

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Prof. Ania Loomba at University of Pennsylvania discusses Postcolonialism | High-quality, curriculum-linked video lectures for GCSE, A Level and IB, produced by MASSOLIT.