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1 : Stalin establishes the NKVD to help him secure his control over the Soviet Union

2 : Stalin used the NKVD in order to prosecute and imprison people ( mainly innocent people or those that posed a threat to him, in regards to power) .

3 : Stalins Gulags greatly yielded large amounts of coal , grains , ores etc (without the need to pay millions of prisoners).

4 :

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“It was as if the herald of death had appeared in our cell, and we had heard his message.”

Bodhan Kazanivs’kyi, survivor of 1941 prison massacres

"Dictators must have enemies. They must have internal enemies to justify their secret police and external enemies to justify their military police." Richard Perle

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1. The show trials were when Stalin embarked on a purge of the party, removing all those who dared to challenge his authority. in 1934 alone almost 1 million members were expelled from the communist party. following the assassination of a leading communist official the purges took on a more lethal form. the Cheka or the NKVD were the secret police that arrested all those suspected of being enemies of the state.
2. The trials were held against Stalin’s political enemies, such as the Trotskyists and those involved with the Right Opposition of the Communist Party. The trials were shams that led to the execution of most defendants.

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1: by the end of the show trials, almost all important living bolsheviks were arrested and executed
2: in total as many as 20 million people were either shot, killed or sent to forced labour camps
3: people now understood that traitors will be found guilty

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the trial of 16 targeted 16 former prominent party members of the Bolshevik party and the trial of 17 targeted Trotsky supporters and for conspiring with Japan and German against the soviet union.

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1 Photos were used to rewrite history and Stalin used them to rewrite history with party officials.  In one photograph, three of Stalin's deputies were snipped out until only Stalin remained.
2 Stalin's Show Trials were similar to other trials, except they had no rules of evidence and were published nationally and internationally.The most important idea is that anyone could be a traitor to the totalitarian state.
3 Workers were working in unsafe and dangerous conditions and had to be pressured to meet targets.
4 Education was dominated by Marxist ideology.

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1. First (1928-1932) -> focused on industry
- targets were set for production of coal,    oil, steel, and electricity.
- targets where unrealistic -> relied on slave labor -> from those imprisoned in gulags
-achievements where dramatic -> electricity tripled & coal doubled. The industrial work force went from 11 million - 22 million.

2. Second -> Announced in 1933
-maintain  increase in industry and focus on production of goods and transportation -> expansion of rail way.
-projects such as - Moscows underground & canals & rail links between capital. remote regions of the USSR were built.
- Near the end there was increased spending on millitary weapons in response to increase in international tensions

3. Third -> Set to run from 1938 and was interrupted by German invasion of soviet union in 1941.
-focused on rearmament
-government spending on armaments rose -> 16%-33% (1937-1940)
- the rate of industrial expansion under the 5 year plans were tremendous - by 1940 the USSR moved from 5th to 2nd most industrialised nation behind the US.

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agricultural -> industrial

by 1940 the USSR moved from 5th to 2nd most industrialised nation behind the US.

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1 Stalin wanted the soviet union to have more efficient farms, agriculture needed to embrace modern technologies.

2 With an aim of transforming agriculture so that it produced a surplus, the concept of collectivisation was introduced

3 collectivisation saw the creation of 'collective farms'. These are, called kolkhozes, would replace smallholdings held by peasants with larger farms.

4 The idea was to have large fields in which crops can be sown, grown and harvested using modern machinery. farm workers would live and work together.

5 richer farmers like the kulaks started to loose land and money so resisted fiercely- burning crops and killing livestock. these kulaks were either sent to work camps (gulags) or killed.

6. collectivisation can be generally seen as a disaster

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Young people were encouraged to join youth organisations, such as Little Octobrists, from the age of four.

The Soviet Union had one of the most organised state education systems in the world by the mid-1930s under Stalin.

Foreign observers were invited to attend show trials, but few left with the impression that they were fair and open.

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'enemies of the state'

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Andrey Vyshinsky Former Procurator General of the Soviet Union said "Shoot them like mad dogs "

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famine results- up to 7 million die and by 1939, 99% of Soviet farmland was collectivised, and 90% of all production went to the government.

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"The Moscow Trials were not court proceedings in any recognizable sense. They were pure and simple propaganda exercises, in which the 'evidence' and the verdict were given to the court from on high, and the role of the judges was merely to underline the predetermined conclusion." - Robert Conquest

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Alexey Stakhanov; "a hero of socialist labour"

"Under Stalin, the government controlled all education....school children learned virtues of the communist party"

"Education is a weapon whose effects depend on who holds it in his hands and at whom it is aimed." - Joseph Stalin

"The amount and detail of documentation on retouching is astounding," writes Plamper. "

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'Without farmers there can be no strong national movement. This is what we mean when we say that the nationalist question, is actually, the farmers' question.' ~ Stalin

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https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbth.com%2Fhistory%2F331031-how-foreign-propaganda-mocked-stalin&psig=AOvVaw002rTiHHHWrCQYKoLgJEaD&ust=1684331995544000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CA4QjRxqFwoTCNjgv-v_-f4CFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lLlp-LmXm3s

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Collectivisation and the Ukrainian Famine - History Matters (Short Animated Documentary)

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Between 28,326,000 and 126,891,000 people were killed by the Communist Party of the soviet Union from 1917 to 1987.

Historians estimate the total number of Gulag prisoners at 15-18 million, of whom at least 1.5 million did not survive their incarceration.
https://gulag.online/articles/historie-gulagu?locale=en

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How the Gulag changed

1917

Russia's Bolshevik putsch creates a new kind of prisoner: the "class enemy," a tag than can be applied to practically anybody.

1918

Trotsky and Lenin explore the idea of setting up concentration camps for class enemies where convicts will carry out manual labour. Camps that have housed POWs freed under the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk are used for this purpose. The Cheka secret police, the precursor of the NKVD and KGB, is tasked with administering the camps.

1919

The All-Russian Central Executive Committee passes a decree on the creation of forced labour camps; it comes into force on 15 April 1919.

1920

The first model camp of the future Gulag system is created in the White Sea region, making use of former Orthodox monastery buildings on the Solovetsky Islands. The first prisoners are genuine political opponents of the Bolsheviks (members of anti-Bolshevik, mostly left-wing, parties, intellectuals, and members of the White Army).

1923

The Solovetsky Islands become the centre of the camp system in northern Russia, which receives the name "Northern Camps of Special Significance" (SLON). At that time it was the only camp complex administered by the GPU secret police.

1929

Stalin announces a programme of rapid industrialisation and five-year plans. The Politburo decides to establish a unified network of camps to replace the hitherto dual prison system for class enemies and criminals. The secret police administer the camps.

1931/2

Archipelagos of camps grow up at the sites of enormous economic projects such as a canal from the White Sea to the Baltic Sea, gold mining in Kolyma, communications constructions, the Baikal-Amur Mainline in the second half of the 1930s, etc.

1934

Creation of the Main Camp Administration (Glavnoye upravleniye lagerey, GULAG - an acronym that has appeared sporadically since 1930) under the USSR's People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs, which takes over the management of practically all Soviet prison facilities. The acronym of this administrative body gradually catches on as a general term for Soviet prisons and camps (the Soviet penal system).

1936/8

The period of Stalin's Great Terror. The highest echelons of the Communist Party, the army, the civil service and also the Gulag management are particularly hit by the purges. Many people are executed while the remainder are sent to the camps, which are unable to handle the mass influx of prisoners. The death rate among prisoners increases by up to threefold.

1939/40

The start of WWII sees both an influx of prisoners deported from territory freshly occupied by the Soviet Union (Eastern Poland, the Baltics, Bessarabia) and the release of certain categories of prisoner to meet the needs of the Red Army.

1945

There is a fresh wave of arrests among the ranks of the Red Army, former German POWs and ethnic minorities, including Soviet Jews.

1948/9

Stalin launches the construction of new megalomaniacal projects, including the Volga-Don Canal, new power stations, dams, and communications. Among them are the Dead Road and a tunnel and railway to Sakhalin Island; both are halted immediately after Stalin's death.

1953

Stalin dies. Lavrentiy Beria briefly takes control and announces an amnesty that concerns those convicted of minor criminal activities and completely overlooks political prisoners.

1954

Under Nikita Khrushchev widespread releases take place and almost four million political crime cases are reviewed. A period referred to as the Khrushchev Thaw begins.

1957

The Gulag system is abolished on the basis of a reform. Many labour camps are shut down. The Soviet economy is no longer based on the slave labour of prisoners.

1960

Political prisoners have not disappeared but their number falls markedly and now dissidents are only imprisoned for genuine opposition to the regime. They are most frequently sent to labour camps in Mordovia or around Perm in the Urals. They too serve their sentences in terrible conditions (hunger, disease, rape) but the camps do not have such high death rates. Many dissidents are placed in psychiatric hospital where they undergo cruel "medical" procedures.

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The creation of a system of concentration and correctional labour camps began in the Soviet Union in 1919 but "blossomed" during Stalin's reign of terror. The word Gulag is actually an acronym (used from 1930) for (Glavnoye Upravleniye LAGerey), or Main Camp Administration, which was a special

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On the trial of 16 the defendants were to learn their lines of on the night before the show trials confess the next day and were killed the following morning, Zinoviev and Kamenev  were torched and had their families threatened by the NKVD and they were responsible for helping Stalin retain  his position as a general secretary of the central committee.
on the trial of seventeen, 14 people were executed and 3 people were sent to labor camps