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1. https://fvptrade.com/ethereum-vs-bitcoin-which-one-do-you-invest-in/?lang=zh-hant

2. Virtual currency become national investment , understand the difference and similarities between different virtual currency can help people judgement the information’s true or false and protect people’s money rob by scam syndicate.

3. Ethereum and Bitcoin operate on different protocols, and the operation process is independent of each other. This means that certain transactions that are allowed on one platform may not be allowed on another. This presents a barrier to consideration of licensed and license-less transactions.

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以太坊和比特幣：哪一個更適合投資?

加密貨幣可能對普羅大眾來說還是很模糊。它們究竟偏向數字貨幣還是類似於黃金？它們是一種網購新方式，抑或是一種保值方式？不同種類的加密貨幣讓這些問題難以解答。不過，當你只關注以太坊和比特幣，你會發現它們之間有一些明顯的區別。

比特幣在2009年作為全球首個加密貨幣誕生，以太坊則在2015年作為富有潛力的加密貨幣面世。儘管以太坊相較比特幣顯得有些不足，但以太坊有一些不錯的功能，使它在某些主要領域更有潛力。

在本指南中，我們將介紹加密貨幣的兩個眾所周知的面貌，以及它們的特殊性。
作安全港用途
用於保值的最佳加密貨幣仍然是比特幣。比特幣不僅是全球範圍內最有價值的貨幣，也是整個加密貨幣革命的先驅，其價值已被認可。比特幣的認可度比任何其他貨幣都來得高，因此交易變得更為簡單。

這並不表示以太坊和以太幣是不成功的。作為新晉貨幣，以太坊已成為最受歡迎的貨幣之一。其市值和日交易量僅次於比特幣。然而，與比特幣相比，一枚以太幣的實際價值很小，所以擁有幾枚以太幣不如持有幾枚比特幣來得有吸引力。

這在某種程度上要歸功於比特幣的內置供應。比特幣的總數量是有限制的，當它的數量達到2100萬上限時，礦工的獎勵會變少。屆時無論數量多少，比特幣總有一天將不復存在。理論上，比特幣會因供求關係而升值。

相比之下，由於以太坊會定期釋出特定數量的以太幣，其供應將保持不變並不斷擴大。
作交易貨幣用途
儘管比特幣比以太坊更保值，但目前以太坊已經迅速成為人們轉賬的首選貨幣。 2017年，以太坊在日常交易量上超越比特幣，並且日趨上升，持續保持在三倍以上。

兩者在交易量上的差異主要因為以太坊可以充當其他加密貨幣的平台，而且以太幣交易的區塊確認時間更短。以太坊比比特幣來得更高效，主要因為它是一種更新、更優化的加密貨幣。以太坊的細節更加複雜，因此網絡上不乏有關以太坊的文章。

與比特幣相比，以太坊在交易方面的另一個優勢是交易費用較低。隨著規模的擴大，以太坊面臨增加交易費用的可能性。然而，這種情況不太可能發生，因此在可預見的未來，以太坊可能會保持低費用。
易用性
雖然以太坊和以太幣的主要用途不同於比特幣，但最重要的區別在於這兩個加密貨幣背後的底層技術，以及這對其他加密貨幣的意義。技術上，以太坊並不是一種加密貨幣，而是一種獨特的區塊鏈技術。這項技術不僅賦能人們進行以太幣轉賬，還可以用來創建其他的加密貨幣。

許多加密貨幣都是建立在以太坊的底層技術上，甚至在某些情況下可說是完全依賴於該技術，這也是加密貨幣市場百花齊放的原因。或許你會認為這些細節過於深入，但正因以太坊擁有一個比特幣不具備的主要特性--智能合約。

相對而言，比特幣使用的是更簡化的腳本，而以太坊使用的智能合約則能夠處理更複雜的問題。該系統能夠制定基本規則並強制執行合約，這是在實際合約和沒有中間人的情況下是不可能發生的。
投資哪一個?
儘管很多人會向你推薦他們認為更好的加密貨幣，但這對其他加密貨幣非常不公平。比特幣和以太坊都各有優勢，一個適合你的加密貨幣將取決於你的財務狀況和你理想的投資回報。

如果你想購買最成功且最受歡迎的加密貨幣，那麼比特幣會是更好的選擇。雖然比特幣價格昂貴且交易費用高，但如果你想從投資中獲得豐厚利潤，就必須投入一定的資本和耐心。

最近幾週，比特幣價格反复波動，為巨額投資者帶來毀滅性衝擊。但正如一些專家所說，我們只能"堅持"。

若你想進行更常規的交易，如購買商品和服務，或向轉賬加密貨幣，以太坊會更適合你。以太坊區塊鏈因伸縮性較小的關係而更加開放，確認交易的速度也更快速，交易費用也較低。以太坊雖不完美，但在這方面比比特幣要好得多。

這篇文章並不是財務建議，因此在購買比特幣或以太坊前務必做好研究。加密貨幣仍然是一個新的冒險，其前景仍充滿不確定性。

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以太坊和比特幣：哪一個更適合投資? - FVP Trade

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以太坊和比特幣：哪一個更適合投資? 加密貨幣可能對普羅大眾來說還是很模糊。它們究竟偏向數字貨幣還是類似於黃金？它們是一種網購新方式，抑或是一種保值方式？不同種類的加密貨幣讓這些問題難以解答。不過，當你只關注以太坊和比特幣，你會發現它們之間有一些明顯的區別。 ...

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1. https://www.vedantu.com/question-answer/write-differences-between-real-gas-and-ideal-gas-class-11-chemistry-cbse-5f223e3750cc4741d8c2e059
2. Compare the properties of  ideal gas with non-ideal gas.
3. In comparison  to ideal gas, real gas is much more complicated.

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Write differences between real gas and ideal gas.

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Write differences between real gas and ideal gas.. Ans: Hint: Real gas is the different gases around us. Ideal gas is an imaginary concept developed to enhance our thinking on how gases behave. In reality, no gas is ideal. Complete step by step answe...

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2.To realize how Taiwan and Hong Kong governments cope with the same knotty issue of high housing price.
3.Both countries have the same problem which is about high housing price. Nevertheless,the measures they make are ineffective.

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近年來台灣物價、房價居高不下，連租金也連續翻漲，讓許多離鄉工作的青年吃不消。近期就有網友熱議，雙北現在的生活壓力是否已慘過香港？
[啟動LINE推播] 每日重大新聞通知
一名網友在ptt發文指出，台灣物價、房價這幾年大飆，實質薪資卻是倒退， 「別說房子愈買愈小，就連租屋也因租金飆漲愈租愈小」，更有許多人連價格不合理高的雅房都搶租。 這樣的現況也讓原PO想起同樣高壓的香港，不禁也讓他好奇，「若就生活壓力來說，雙北現在是否已經慘過同樣深受高物價高房價，與實質薪資停滯不前的香港？」

雙北房價比香港高？從房價所得比可看出答案

貼文一出引發熱議，留言機喝一面倒的描述香港慘況，像是「不會，台北市租金非常低」、「你真的知道香港嗎？還差得遠呢～～」、 「香港基本已經沒救了，高房價現在連民主都沒了」、「等你住過廁所再來跟香港比」、「香港超扯 根本棺材房」、 「你知道香港議員連套房都買不起嗎」。

實際上，根據國際權威資料庫《Numbeo》公布的全球 2023年房價所得比排名， 台灣為20.1倍、排名第16，而香港則以44.9倍排名第3，數值是台灣的兩倍之高。 台灣附近的亞洲國家，中國也以34.6倍排行第5名，南韓以26.0倍排行第11名。可見台灣比起香港以及鄰近國家，還算是小巫見大巫了。

不過，內政部2022年的貸款負擔率顯示，下半年第三季已經來到41％， 代表民眾買房後有41％的收入是要用來付房貸，台北市更高達67％，幾乎過半的收入都要拿來繳房貸！ 因此，買房對於一班民眾、尤其是小資年輕族群來說，依然是種遙不可及的夢想。

更多討論：[閒聊] 雙北現在的生活壓力是否已慘過香港?

責任編輯／趙鳳玲

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台灣房價狂飆，雙北生活壓力比香港還大？內行人點出真相，從1數據可看出端倪-風傳媒

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台灣房價狂飆，雙北生活壓力比香港還大？內行人點出真相，從1數據可看出端倪-風傳媒

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近年來台灣物價、房價居高不下，連租金也連續翻漲，讓許多離鄉工作的青年吃不消。近期就有網友熱議，雙北現在的生活壓力是否已慘過香港？ [啟動LINE推播] 每日重大新聞通知 一名網友在ptt發文指出，台灣物價、房價這幾年大飆，實質薪資卻是倒退， 「別說房子愈買愈小，就連租屋也因租金飆漲愈租愈小」，更有許多人連價格不合理高的雅房都搶租。 ...

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Renewable energy vs non-renewable energy
2.Purpose: To show the pros and cons of the two energy sources ,and understand current usage of the energy.
3.similarity:both of them can produce energy
difference: renewable energy is inexhaustible  but it has lower efficiency.Non-renewable energy will exhaust one day but it has higher efficiency.

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能源的分類

能源可以大約分為初級能源與次級能源兩種，如＜圖一＞所示。

➤初級能源（Primary Energy）：又稱為「一次能源」，是指天然形成的能源，又可以分為「再生能源」與「非再生能源」兩大類：

1. 再生能源：可以隨著大自然的運轉而永不枯竭的能源，早期因為再生能源穩定度低、成本又高，因此發展困難，例如：風力能、水力能、太陽能、地熱能、生質能、海洋能等。

2. 非再生能源：必須消耗掉的能源，所以蘊藏量有限，與再生能源相對穩定度高、成本較低，但是使用時卻會造成環境污染，例如：石油、天然氣、煤炭、核燃料等。

➤次級能源（Secondary Energy）：又稱為「二次能源」，是指由初級能源經過處理或轉換以後所形成的能源，例如：電能是由發電機產生；汽油、柴油、燃料油、液化石油氣、煤氣等是由石油提煉而來。

圖一、能源可以大約分為初級能源與次級能源

能源的消耗

目前全球能源消耗情形如＜圖二＞所示，前三名依序為石油（38%）、煤炭（26%）、天然氣（24%），核能發電與水力發電則並列第四名，由圖中可以看出目前人類 88% 的能源都是依賴燃燒能源，不幸的是，人類目前使用的燃燒能源都是屬於「非再生能源」，所以蘊藏量有限，在可以預見的未來，非再生能源會慢慢枯竭，價格也會慢慢上漲，發展其他替代能源刻不容緩。

圖二、目前全球能源消耗情形 （資料來源：經濟部能源局、BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2004）

移動式的能源

使用在移動的設備上，例如：汽車、火車、飛機、甚至太空梭（2440-TW）等，移動式的能源通常必須考慮可攜帶性，所以必須滿足體積小、移動性高、馬力充足等特性才行。

➤由化學能產生機械能(化學能-熱能-機械能)
通常都是使用汽油或柴油進行化學燃燒反應(化學能)，利用燃料點火產生爆炸(熱能)，最後推動引擎(機械能)，機車、汽車、飛機等移動式的交通工具大多使用這種能源，因為燃燒汽油或柴油的引擎體積小，而且補充燃料也很容易(只要到加油站和工讀生說：95加滿！就可以了，怎麼樣，夠容易了吧！)，燃燒汽油或柴油也可以提供足夠的馬力，讓人享受風馳電轍的感覺，不過別忘了，這種方式必須使用內燃機(熱機)，因此產生的能量受到卡諾定理的限制，能量轉換效率只有20%~30%。

➤由電能產生機械能(電能-機械能)
通常都是使用電池或高壓電力線(電能)直接推動電動馬達(機械能)，電動機車、捷運系統、高速鐵路等移動式的交通工具大多使用這種能源，不過使用電池推動車輛常常會有馬力不足的問題，必須提高電壓串聯許多電池，早期由於使用鉛儲電池能量密度較低，因此電動機車馬力不足，近年來由於鋰電池技術成熟，使得電動車產品日漸成熟。

固定式的能源

使用在固定的設備上，例如：家庭、學校、工廠等，固定式的能源通常不必考慮可攜帶性，所以大多是直接以電力系統提供電力，大部分是屬於「二次能源」，基本上只要有電源插座可以使用就好，不需要考慮到移動性與馬力是否充足的問題。

➤經由化學能產生電能（化學能-熱能-機械能-電能）
以瓦特發明的蒸氣機為代表，火力發電廠、核能發電廠等就是使用這種方式提供能源，通常都是使用石化燃料或核燃料進行化學反應（化學能）產生高溫（熱能），再利用熱能推動蒸氣機與發電機（機械能），最後才能產生電能，這種方式仍然必須使用外燃機（熱機），因此產生的能量受到卡諾定理的限制，能量轉換效率只有 20%～30%。

➤經由機械能產生電能（機械能-電能）
水力發電、風力發電、潮汐發電等就是使用這種方式提供能源，通常都是使用大自然的力量直接推動發電機（機械能）產生電能，使用這種方式產生的能量轉換效率不受卡諾定理的限制，但是由於水力、風力、潮汐等都是屬於大自然的現象，並不是任何地方都可以使用。

高效率的能源

傳統電池、燃料電池等都是直接由化學能產生電能，通常都是使用陽極與陰極進行化學反應（化學能），直接產生電子（電能），這種能源可以使用在固定式的設備做為發電機，也可以使用在移動式的設備，例如：小型的移動式電子產品可以使用電池推動積體電路（IC）工作，大型的電動汽車也可以使用電池推動馬達。

此外，使用這種方式產生的能量轉換效率不受卡諾定理的限制，理論上可以達到 90% 以上，不過由於目前科學家還沒辦法讓化學反應完全進行，所以實際上的能量轉換效率只能達到 50%～60% 左右，傳統電池與燃料電池的原理類似，但是產生化學反應的方法不同，由於燃料電池是未來很重要的一種能源，後面將會詳細介紹。

【請注意】上述內容經過適當簡化以適合大眾閱讀，與產業現狀可能會有差異，若您是這個領域的專家想要提供意見，請自行聯絡作者；若有產業與技術問題請參與社群討論。

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能源的種類：再生能源與其他能源的差異 - StockFeel 股感

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能源的分類 能源可以大約分為初級能源與次級能源兩種，如＜圖一＞所示。 ➤初級能源（Primary Energy）：又稱為「一次能源」，是指天然形成的能源，又可以分為「再生能源」與「非再生能源」兩大類： 再生能源：可以隨著大自然的運轉而永不枯竭的能源，早期因為再生能源穩定度低、成本又高，因此發展困難，例如：風力能、水力能、太陽能、地熱能、生質能、海洋能等。 ...

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1. https://802.mnd.gov.tw/comm/resource/P0200129/Resource1_1275977172828.pdf
2. 了解在什麼樣的受傷情況適用於何種治療緩和傷勢
3. comparing to hot compress, ice compress involves vasoconstriction.

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2. Introduce the differences and similarities between soap and synthetic detergent.
3. Soap and synthetic detergent have different elements and properties, and they suit in different situations. However, they have the same principle of clean power.

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A detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with cleansing properties when in dilute solutions. There are a large variety of detergents, a common family being the alkylbenzene sulfonates, which are soap-like compounds that are more soluble in hard water, because the polar sulfonate (of detergents) is less likely than the polar carboxylate (of soap) to bind to calcium and other ions found in hard water.

The word detergent is derived from the Latin adjective detergens, from the verb detergere, meaning to wipe or polish off. Detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with cleansing properties when in dilute solutions. However, conventionally, detergent is used to mean synthetic cleaning compounds as opposed to soap (a salt of the natural fatty acid), even though soap is also a detergent in the true sense. In domestic contexts, the term detergent refers to household cleaning products such as laundry detergent or dish detergent, which are in fact complex mixtures of different compounds, not all of which are by themselves detergents.

Detergency is the ability to remove unwanted substances termed 'soils' from a substrate (e.g clothing).

Detergents are a group of compounds with an amphiphilic structure, where each molecule has a hydrophilic (polar) head and a long hydrophobic (non-polar) tail. The hydrophobic portion of these molecules may be straight- or branched-chain hydrocarbons, or it may have a steroid structure. The hydrophilic portion is more varied, they may be ionic or non-ionic, and can range from a simple or a relatively elaborate structure. Detergents are surfactants since they can decrease the surface tension of water. Their dual nature facilitates the mixture of hydrophobic compounds (like oil and grease) with water. Because air is not hydrophilic, detergents are also foaming agents to varying degrees.

Detergent molecules aggregate to form micelles, which makes them soluble in water. The hydrophobic group of the detergent is the main driving force of micelle formation, its aggregation forms the hydrophobic core of the micelles. The micelle can remove grease, protein or soiling particles. The concentration at which micelles start to form is the critical micelle concentration (CMC), and the temperature at which the micelles further aggregate to separate the solution into two phases is the cloud point when the solution becomes cloudy and detergency is optimal.

Detergents work better in an alkaline pH. The properties of detergents are dependent on the molecular structure of the monomer. The ability to foam may be determined by the head group, for example anionic surfactants are high-foaming, while nonionic surfactants may be non-foaming or low-foaming.

Detergents are classified into four broad groupings, depending on the electrical charge of the surfactants.

Typical anionic detergents are alkylbenzene sulfonates. The alkylbenzene portion of these anions is lipophilic and the sulfonate is hydrophilic. Two varieties have been popularized, those with branched alkyl groups and those with linear alkyl groups. The former were largely phased out in economically advanced societies because they are poorly biodegradable.

Anionic detergents is the most common form of detergents, and an estimated 6 billion kilograms of anionic detergents are produced annually for the domestic markets.

Bile acids, such as deoxycholic acid (DOC), are anionic detergents produced by the liver to aid in digestion and absorption of fats and oils.

Cationic detergents are similar to anionic ones, but quaternary ammonium replaces the hydrophilic anionic sulfonate group. The ammonium sulfate center is positively charged. Cationic surfactants generally have poor detergency.

Non-ionic detergents are characterized by their uncharged, hydrophilic headgroups. Typical non-ionic detergents are based on polyoxyethylene or a glycoside. Common examples of the former include Tween, Triton, and the Brij series. These materials are also known as ethoxylates or PEGylates and their metabolites, nonylphenol. Glycosides have a sugar as their uncharged hydrophilic headgroup. Examples include octyl thioglucoside and maltosides. HEGA and MEGA series detergents are similar, possessing a sugar alcohol as headgroup.

Amphoteric or zwitterionic detergents have zwitterions within a particular pH range, and possess a net zero charge arising from the presence of equal numbers of +1 and −1 charged chemical groups. Examples include CHAPS.

Soap is known to have been used as a surfactant for washing clothes since the Sumerian time in 2,500 B.C. In ancient Egypt, soda was used as a wash additive. In the 19th century, synthetic surfactants began to be created, for example from olive oil. Sodium silicate (water glass) was used in soap-making in the United States in the 1860s, and in 1876, Henkel sold a sodium silicate-based product that can be used with soap and marketed as a "universal detergent" ( Universalwaschmittel) in Germany. Soda was then mixed with sodium silicate to produce Germany's first brand name detergent Bleichsoda. In 1907 Henkel also added a bleaching agent sodium perborate to launch the first 'self-acting' laundry detergent Persil to eliminate the laborious rubbing of laundry by hand.

During the First World War, there was a shortage of oils and fats needed to make soap. In order find alternatives for soap, synthetic detergents were made in Germany by chemists using raw material derived from coal tar. These early products, however, did not provide sufficient detergency. In 1928, effective detergent was made through the sulfation of fatty alcohol, but large-scale production was not feasible until low-cost fatty alcohols become available in the early 1930s. The synthetic detergent created was more effective and less likely to form scum than soap in hard water, and can also eliminate acid and alkaline reactions and decompose dirt. Commercial detergent products with fatty alcohol sulphates began to be sold, initially in 1932 in Germany by Henkel. In the United States, detergents were sold in 1933 by Procter & Gamble ( Dreft) primarily in areas with hard water. However, sales in the US grew slowly until the introduction of 'built' detergents with the addition of effective phosphate builder developed in the early 1940s. The builder improves the performance of the surfactants by softening the water through the chelation of calcium and magnesium ions, helping to maintain an alkaline pH, as well as dispersing and keeping the soiling particles in solution. The development of the petrochemical industry after the Second World War also yielded material for the production of a range of synthetic surfactants, and alkylbenzene sulfonates became the most important detergent surfactants used. By the 1950s, laundry detergents had become widespread, and largely replaced soap for cleaning clothes in developed countries.

Over the years, many types of detergents have been developed for a variety of purposes, for example, low-sudsing detergents for use in front-loading washing machines, heavy-duty detergents effective in removing grease and dirt, all-purpose detergents and specialty detergents. They become incorporated in various products outside of laundry use, for example in dishwasher detergents, shampoo, toothpaste, industrial cleaners, and in lubricants and fuels to reduce or prevent the formation of sludge or deposits. The formulation of detergent products may include bleach, fragrances, dyes and other additives. The use of phosphates in detergent, however, led to concerns over nutrient pollution and demand for changes to the formulation of the detergents. Concerns were also raised over the use of surfactants such as branched alkylbenzene sulfonate (tetrapropylenebenzene sulfonate) that lingers in the environment, which led to their replacement by surfactants that are more biodegradable, such as linear alkylbenzene sulfonate. Developments over the years have included the use of enzymes, substitutes for phosphates such as zeolite A and NTA, TAED as bleach activator, sugar-based surfactants which are biodegradable and milder to skin, and other green friendly products, as well as changes to the form of delivery such as tablets, gels and pods.

One of the largest applications of detergents is for household and shop cleaning including dish washing and washing laundry. These detergents are commonly available as powders or concentrated solutions, and the formulations of these detergents are often complex mixtures of a variety of chemicals aside from surfactants, reflecting the diverse demands of the application and the highly competitive consumer market. These detergents may contain the following components:

Both carburetors and fuel injector components of internal combustion engines benefit from detergents in the fuels to prevent fouling. Concentrations are about 300 ppm. Typical detergents are long-chain amines and amides such as polyisobuteneamine and polyisobuteneamide/ succinimide.

Reagent grade detergents are employed for the isolation and purification of integral membrane proteins found in biological cells. Solubilization of cell membrane bilayers requires a detergent that can enter the inner membrane monolayer. Advancements in the purity and sophistication of detergents have facilitated structural and biophysical characterization of important membrane proteins such as ion channels also the disrupt membrane by binding lipopolysaccharide, transporters, signaling receptors, and photosystem II.

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A detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with cleansing properties when in dilute solutions. There are a large variety of detergents, a common family being the alkylbenzene sulfonates, which are soap-like compounds that are more soluble in hard water, because the polar sulfonate (of detergents) is less likely than the polar carboxylate (of soap) to bind to calcium and other ions found in hard water.

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2.I want to discuss about this topic is because in my department, my teacher had briefly introduced a few kinds of 3D printers before. This really interest me and make me want to have a more realization with different 3D printer.
3.FDM is a more cost-effective option with faster printing speeds, but it lacks the precision and surface finish comparing with SLA, which is more suitable for intricate and detailed parts.

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See how to go from design to 3D print with the Form 3+ SLA 3D printer. This 5-minute video covers the basics of how to use the Form 3, from the software and materials to printing and post-processing.
The workflow for both FDM and SLA 3D printing consist of three steps: designing, 3D printing, and post-processing.

First, use any CAD software or 3D scan data to design a model, and export it in a 3D printable file format (STL or OBJ). 3D printers then require print preparation or slicer software to specify printing settings and slice the digital model into layers for printing.

Low-cost FDM or SLA 3D printers are not really user friendly and often require many hours of tweaking and experimenting to dial-in the correct print settings. Still, the results might change with each new design or material and the chance of failed prints remains high. This not only delays projects, but can also lead to messy failures that require a lengthy cleanup process.

Professional SLA 3D printers, like the Form 3, and some other professional FDM printers come with their own proprietary software and predefined settings for each material that have been thoroughly tested to ensure the highest print success rate.
Setting up prints with advanced print preparation tools like PreForm is plug and play. PreForm is a free download, try it now.
The final step of the workflow is post-processing. SLA parts require rinsing in isopropyl alcohol (IPA) or alternative solvents to remove any uncured resin from their surface. Using the standard workflow, this involves first removing parts from the build platform, then manually soaking them in a bath of solvent to clean off excess resin.

The FDM process has the benefit that it doesn't require cleaning; unsupported finished parts are ready for use or further post-processing once the printing process is complete.

Both FDM and SLA processes use support structures to facilitate 3D printing more complex geometries and their removal represents the last step in post-processing.

Supports on FDM parts need to be manually torn away or dissolved in water, depending on the support material.

When further post-processing is required, both FDM and SLA parts can be machined, primed, painted, and assembled for specific applications or finishes. FDM parts, however, require additional sanding before priming or painting and need higher infill levels to be machined or bored.

How much does an FDM or SLA 3D printer cost and how much time and cost can you actually save with it for your business? Calculating cost per part requires accounting for the costs of equipment ownership, material, and labor. It's helpful to understand the factors that influence each of these cost components, and the questions to ask to evaluate alternative production methods and uncover hidden costs.

One of the main selling points for FDM 3D printers is the low machine cost. With entry-level FDM printers available for only a few hundred dollars, hobbyists and small businesses can try FDM to see if 3D printing is something worth adding to their toolset. For those unsure of where to start, the lower cost of an entry-level FDM machine is often persuasive enough to justify a purchase. However, these low-cost FDM printers can be unreliable and often require an expert to keep running in the long term.

Professional desktop FDM printers are easier to use and more tailored to businesses, with prices ranging from $2,000-$8,000. These 3D printers generally provide better reliability, higher print quality, and larger build volumes. While these machines are suitable for producing functional parts, competition at this price point is fierce, as SLA machines offer a wider range of applications and better quality prints.

In terms of materials, FDM filaments are also relatively low cost compared to materials for other 3D printing technologies. Common FDM materials like ABS, PLA, and their various blends generally start around $50/kg, while specialized FDM filaments for engineering applications can be $100-150/kg. Soluble support materials for dual extrusion FDM 3D printers sell for $100-200/kg. In comparison, most standard and engineering resins for SLA 3D printers cost $149-$200/L.

Labor costs are the final-often forgotten-part of the equation. For simple designs that require no supports to print, FDM requires almost no post-processing. Supported FDM prints and parts that require a high-quality finish, however, require lengthy manual post-processing.

As a rule of thumb, FDM 3D printers will create the cheapest parts if you're printing only relatively simple prototypes in limited numbers. SLA resin 3D printers offer higher resolution, better quality, and a wide variety of 3D printing materials at a slight premium, but the difference quickly diminishes when you print complex designs or larger batches due to the less labor-intensive post-processing.

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FDM vs. SLA: Compare Filament and Resin 3D Printers

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See how to go from design to 3D print with the Form 3+ SLA 3D printer. This 5-minute video covers the basics of how to use the Form 3, from the software and materials to printing and post-processing. The workflow for both FDM and SLA 3D printing consist of three steps: designing, 3D printing, and post-processing.

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2.The purpose is to let everyone know how the food shortage affect our lives,not only on hunger crisis but also on economy.
3.Compare the egg shortage to the wheat shortage,both of them due to the climate change and contribute to the increasing price.In contrast,the wheat shortage deeply affect all over the world.

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While climate change heightens competition for already limited resources, many non-climate stressors are also putting immense pressure on our food system. Recently, all eyes are on the -wheat shortage, as experts warn it could spark a global food crisis. The world's wheat supply is under immense pressure as the conflict in Ukraine as well as increasingly devastating weather events threaten production around the world. What sparked the issue and how are countries dealing with the shortage?
Why Is Everyone Concerned About Wheat?

Following corn and soybeans, wheat is the third most common and widespread crop. As one of the oldest, cheapest, and most versatile grains, it remains today a critical component of food security.

This nutritious grain is essential in ensuring a sustainable global food supply for current and future generations. For centuries, wheat has been a staple ingredient not only in industrialised nations but especially in developing countries. Today, over 80% of the world's wheat is used for flour.
Figure 1: World's Largest Exporters of Wheat, 2020
Despite being so widespread around the world, wheat production is in the hands of just a few countries. A staggering 86% of global wheat exports come from only seven countries, while just three of them hold nearly 68% of the world's wheat reserves, with some of the world's most vulnerable and impoverished countries relying on them for more than half of their wheat imports.
You might also like: 3 Biggest Threats to Global Food Security
Both Ukraine and Russia are key players in the highly concentrated international wheat market. Described by many as the breadbaskets for much of the world, these two nations alone account for just under 30% of the world's wheat exports. Most of the wheat they produce is sent to North Africa, the Middle East, and Asia, with countries like Egypt, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Turkey, and Yemen among the largest importers . In 2020, Russia and Ukraine also contributed 20% to the total food commodities procured by the World Food Programme, playing a key role in protecting food security in developing nations around the world.

How did the War in Ukraine Spark a Global Wheat Crisis?

Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 drastically changed the situation. Since the beginning of the war, experts have been warning about the possibility of wheat shortages. They initially feared that Ukrainian farmers might not be able to harvest all existing crops or even plant new ones this year, leading to the disruption of both local and national supply chains . However, n early four months into the conflict, it is now clear that the impact could be much larger than anticipated and could potentially compromise wheat supplies worldwide. Indeed, while armed conflicts lead to immediate food shortages in the countries directly involved, the effects of wars on the food chain will always eventually be felt on a larger scale .

We are on the brink of a global food crisis. However, the situation we find ourselves in is more complicated than we might think. As The Atlantic writer Robinson Meyer puts it : "There isn't a global wheat shortage. There's a global wheat-in-the-wrong-places problem." Indeed, Ukraine is - at least for now - still producing the grain. However, according to estimates, the destiny of more than 55 million tons of wheat - the total amount produced by Russia and Ukraine combined - is uncertain because of the ongoing conflict. And the biggest problem the war-torn country is facing is not how to produce it but how to get it out. More than 90% of Ukraine's wheat exports make it out of the nation through the Black Sea. However, Russian soldiers have now sieged the ports, forcing the country to export its commodities by rail, barge, or truck, which, however, can only handle a small fraction of the exports in comparison to cargo ships.

The War Isn't the Only Issue
Figure 2: Countries Mostly Affected by Export Restrictions Amid Ukraine Conflict You might also like: How Can We Make the Global Food System More Sustainable?
Despite having devastating consequences on the global food supply chain, the war in Ukraine is only exacerbating an issue that existed long before the country was invaded. Climate change and the Covid-19 pandemic had already heavily compromised crops worldwide over the past two years, disrupting exports, sparking a rise in food prices, and increasing poverty and hunger in the world's least developed nations.

Climate change-related events play an increasingly crucial role in food insecurity. In summer 2021, the world faced a wheat shortage due to heatwaves and droughts that hit the US and Canada, the second and third-largest wheat exporters after Russia. Similarly, China faced the worst crop conditions ever due to climate change last year, when chart-topping rains damaged almost 30 million acres of crops and delayed planting on more than 18 million acres of land, about one-third of China's total winter wheat acreage.

India's decision to prioritise the domestic market by restricting exports was heavily criticised. While the country is not among the world's largest breadbaskets, experts believe that preventing other countries from accessing its stock at a time when wheat supplies are already heavily limited only exacerbates the issue.

The global supply shortage has already contributed to a spark in wheat prices, which rose 40% between February and April 2022. The economic instability and food insecurity triggered by the invasion have so far pushed 20 nations to impose restrictions on exports of wheat, maize, and other staples, covering around 17% of calories traded globally. Alongside India, Indonesia also recently imposed a ban on palm oil exports in a bid to protect domestic consumers from soaring vegetable oil prices amid the war. Yet, experts fear that such large-scale protectionism could potentially have a ripple effect and further drive up prices worldwide, fuelling poverty and hunger in the poorest countries and leading to a much-feared global food crisis which would, once again, affect those who can least afford it .

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How Wheat Shortage Is Sparking a Global Food Crisis | Earth.Org

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While climate change heightens competition for already limited resources, many non-climate stressors are also putting immense pressure on our food system. Recently, all eyes are on the - wheat shortage , as experts warn it could spark a global food crisis.

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1.https://www.thenewslens.com/article/184724
https://health.udn.com/health/story/6005/6724227
2.To known the different kinds of euthanasia, and hope the government can pass the bill that legalize voluntary euthanasia.

3.Similarily want to help patients can have a tranquil last day of life.
Different laws and implement method: injects drugs to die without pain; having treatments to lower their pain until they die naturally and no life-sustaining treatments.

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台灣國寶級雕刻大師朱銘4月22日晚間在住家輕生身亡，享壽85歲，警方根據現場及遺書研判可能是因為久病厭世，最後選擇尋短。一代大師的殞落，也讓生命自主權及安樂死議題再引起討論。

根據世界醫學會（World Medical Association）的定義，安樂死（Voluntary Euthanasia）是醫生透過藥物或器材，在病患自願請求下，由醫生進行干預並結束其生命。另一種時常會混淆的是醫生輔助自殺（Physician-assisted Suicide），是病患仍有決策能力時自願請求下，醫生根據病患要求開立或提供藥物，由病患自己結束生命。兩者最主要的差異為結束病患生命的行為是由醫生執行（安樂死），或是由病患自己執行（輔助自殺）。

根據 ProCon.org 及維基百科資料，2023年最新數據顯示，全球目前有7個國家通過安樂死合法化，荷蘭、比利時、盧森堡、哥倫比亞在2015年以前陸續通過法案，而加拿大、西班牙及紐西蘭則是在近年陸續通過。另外，澳洲有多數省份已經通過安樂死相關法制，陸續於2023年起開始實施。

瑞士、奧地利及美國部分區域則可以有條件的由醫生輔助自殺。需要釐清的是，瑞士雖然是許多報章媒體時常提及的安樂死地點，但實際上瑞士法制僅可以讓醫生合法輔助自殺，醫生主動干預病患生命的安樂死在當地並不合法。

除此之外，德國2020年最高法院解禁商業性安樂死行為、義大利2022年國會議員投票贊成應立法允許病患有自願協助死亡的權利。

正面臨高齡化社會的台灣，雖然有不少安樂死相關討論，但目前並無任何一條法律允許醫生可以經病患要求主動干預或提供藥物結束其生命。

《公視新聞網》 報導，國民黨立委溫玉霞表示台灣近年有近百件長照悲歌，要求衛福部重新考慮讓安樂死合法化。衛福部長薛瑞元回應，安樂死的最後執行工作會落在醫師身上，若由政府來啟動相關討論，可能會引起學界衝突，社會也尚未達成共識。

與生命自主權最相關的法條分別是2019年上路的 《病人自主權利法》及2000年《安寧緩和醫療條例》，根據台北市立聯合醫院 說明 ，前者可以讓病患簽署預立醫療決定書，來保障自己在未來符合末期病人、不可逆轉之昏迷、永久植物人、極重度失智以及多種罕病等臨床條件時，可以選擇拒絕維持生命治療、人工營養或流體餵養；後者則是僅有末期病人適用，可簽署意願書放棄急救，決定不施行心肺復甦術或維生醫療。

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【圖表】安樂死合法國家有哪些？安樂死跟醫生輔助自殺有什麼不同？ - The News Lens 關鍵評論網

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台灣國寶級雕刻大師朱銘4月22日晚間在住家輕生身亡，享壽85歲，警方根據現場及遺書研判可能是因為久病厭世，最後選擇尋短。一代大師的殞落，也讓生命自主權及安樂死議題再引起討論。 根據世界醫學會（World Medical Association）的定義，安樂死（Voluntary ...

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1.https://www.mobile01.com/topicdetail.php?f=375&t=6695192&p=3
2.Let people understand the difference between two platform, and let people choose which shopping platform is more suitable for them.
3.There are many aspects to choosing an online shopping platform, should it be based on the price? Or the security of the product?

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purpose: find out which power plant is the best from every aspect.
The efficiency of Nuclear Power Plant is higher than Thermal Power Station.

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Modern society cannot function without a reliable power system. We need energy for all our activities, and we utilize this energy in various forms such as thermal, electrical, mechanical etc. However, electrical energy can be considered as the most important of these since we can generate, transmit, distribute, convert and utilize it efficiently and economically.

The generation aspect is at the foremost of the chain and it is realized with the help of power plants. A set of equipments utilized to produce electrical power in large quantities (usually hundreds - thousands of MW) is called a generating station or a power plant. Such a power plant will convert one form of energy (nuclear, thermal, hydro, solar etc.) to electrical energy.

On the basis of this form of energy conversion, power plants are broadly classified as follows:

1. Thermal Power Station (Steam power plant)

2. Hydroelectric Power Station

3. Nuclear Power Station

There are other plants too, such as:

Solar Power Plant

Wind Power Plant

Tidal Power Plant

Geothermal Power Plant

Diesel Power Plant

However, they represent only a small part of the global scheme in terms of capacity and utilization.

Each of these power plants has its own set of features, requirements, advantages and disadvantages. They can be compared on the basis of several parameters. The salient points are given below:

Principle of operation: It works on Modified Rankine Cycle.

Location: It is located at a site where coal, water and transportation facilities are available easily. It is located near load centers.

Requirement of Space: Need a large space due to coal storage, turbine, boiler and other auxiliaries.

Efficiency: Overall efficiency is least compared to other plants. (30%-32%)

Fuel Used: Coal (mostly) or oil.

Availability of Fuel: Coal reserves are present all over the world. However, coal is non-renewable and limited.

Cost of Fuel: High. Coal is heavy and has to be transported to the plant.

Initial Cost of Plant: Lower than Hydroelectric and Nuclear power plants.

Running Costs: Higher than Hydroelectric and Nuclear power plants.

Maintenance Costs: High. Skilled engineers and staff are needed.

Transmission and Distribution Cost: Low. It is usually located near load centers.

Start-up Power: About 10% of unit capacity.

Starting time: Large

Standby Losses: More than hydroelectric and nuclear power plants. Boiler flame has to be kept burning, so some amount of coal is used constantly, even when the turbine is not in operation.

Cleanliness: Less clean. Smoke and ash are produced.

Environmental Considerations: Air pollution occurs and leads to acid rain. Greenhouse gases are also produced.

Life Time: 30 - 40 years.

Principle of operation: Potential energy of water is converted to Kinetic energy and used to rotate a turbine.

Location: Located where a large amount of water can be collected easily in a reservoir by constructing a dam. Usually in a hilly area at high altitude.

Requirement of Space: Very large space required. A dam is huge.

Efficiency: As high as 85% to 90%

Fuel Used: Water

Availability of Fuel: Availability of water is unreliable because it depends on the weather (rainfall.)

Cost of Fuel: Water is free.

Initial Cost of Plant: Very high. Construction of a dam and reservoir is expensive.

Running Costs: Zero, because no fuel is needed.

Maintenance Costs: Low.

Transmission and Distribution Cost: High. It is located in remote areas, away from load centers.

Start-up Power: 0.5% to 1% of unit capacity.

Starting time: Low. Can be started instantly.

Standby Losses: None.

Cleanliness: Clean.

Environmental Considerations: Affects marine life. People in the region have to be relocated.

Life Time: Large (50 to 100 years.)

Principle of operation: Thermonuclear fission.

Location: Located away from heavily populated areas.

Requirement of Space: Requires minimum space compared to other plants of the same capacity.

Efficiency: Higher than Thermal Power Station. About 55%

Fuel Used: Uranium (U235) and other radioactive metals.

Availability of Fuel: Deposits of nuclear fuel are present all over the world. Also, uranium can be extracted from sea water, but it's a complicated and complex process.

Cost of Fuel: Fuel (uranium) itself isn't too costly. However, if enriched uranium is used, then the cost of fuel increases considerably. A small amount of fuel is used, so transportation costs are less.

Initial Cost of Plant: Highest. A nuclear reactor is complex and requires the most skilled engineers.

Running Costs: Small amount of fuel used, so running cost is low.

Maintenance Costs: Very high. Skilled personnel are needed.

Transmission and Distribution Cost: Quite low. Such plants can be located near the load centers.

Start-up Power: 7% to 10% of unit capacity.

Starting time: Less than TPS. Can be started easily.

Standby Losses: Less.

Cleanliness: Radioactive waste is produced. Less clean than HPS.

Environmental Considerations: Disposal of radioactive wastes may affect the environment, especially if it is buried underground. Underwater contamination may occur.

Life Time: 40-60 years.

Author: Manoj Arora is an electrical engineering student and a writer from Gujarat, India. He writes poems and short stories whenever he's not immersed in a book.

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Modern society cannot function without a reliable power system. We need energy for all our activities, and we utilize this energy in various forms such as thermal, electrical, mechanical etc. However, electrical energy can be considered as the most important of these since we can generate, transmit, distribute, convert and utilize it efficiently and economically.

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2.To show that lithium-ion battery meet the need of the new tech more than traditional battery
3.Comparing to traditional battery,lithium-ion batteries may be a better choice for applications where energy density, cycle life, and charging time are more important factors.

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為何只監控，何不監控與管理兼具？

未來十年，隨著新的電池化學儲存材料和技術不斷演進與發展，緊急電力備援儲存領域將會是空前的振盪變化。

化學電池仍然是提供 緊急瞬時電力 的最可靠的唯一方案。

百年來，鉛酸電池技術的應用已經非常的成熟。但在2020年即將到來時刻，緊急電力備援儲存的材料選擇成為一重要課題，所討論的已經不是哪種鉛酸電池技術，而是哪種新的化學電池技術，但在這重要議題，面對著新的技術的確認與轉換的切入時間點，這多是需要多方面考量的問題。

接下來這幾年，可完全取代且應用於 緊急電力備援 的新電池材料技術成熟前，確實將會出現很有趣的一件事，因為很確信一點，需要給我們的老朋友鉛酸電池 (或可說是強勁的競爭者)，一個公平且更充分、更好的表現的機會空間。

本篇文章，探討一種與鉛酸電池技術有關但從未被重視、且連 電池製造商 也一樣忽略未採用的觀念，但這一觀念確在目前新的電池材料技術上應用非常廣泛(事實上它是一種非常重要觀念)。

我們會對鉛酸電池這麼熟悉、與應用這麼悠久，是因它擁有 合理的成本、 易於回收和 相對穩定 的鉛酸化學特性，在這所有一切已經成為更重要且完全被倚賴應用於瞬時緊急電力供應的運作。但在這個觀念未被重視下，現幾乎已經掩蓋了這些，越來越被認為鉛酸電池是一種高成本商品的主要因素。

就因為如此，大家就誤認為鉛酸電池它的使用壽命是非常短，且容易故障，所以常常需要花費大筆經費更換新的電池。往往這些被更換下來的電池，其真正使用壽命，卻只有短短幾年，約為電池設計使用年限的50%~60%，或是更短，就因為一個理由，確保沒有重大問題。

長久以來，演變成公認 鉛酸電池是一種消耗商品，造成 大量廢棄電池， 嚴重污染影響整體環境。而確沒有試圖嘗試改善，善用鉛酸電池的優點，延長它的使用年限，減輕 廢棄電池與 降低污染。或許即將的未來，當新的化學材料電池，進入市場競爭時，可能將會喚醒廣大鉛酸電池行業(客戶和製造商)，開始考慮發展鉛酸電池的延長壽命技術，讓鉛酸電池於 緊急電力備援 儲存的領域保守競爭力。

有關電池的電子控制與管理技術，雖然目前普遍認為，僅新的化學材料電池才需應用得到。但事實上，長久以來鉛酸電池製造商一直是抱持懷疑與抵制這種技術，相對的，對於銷售近百年來，確沒有去思考著將此技術應用於鉛酸電池，且一直沒有此類似的觀念。

撰寫本篇文章的初衷，在於緊急電力應用的市場，長期以來一直倚重鉛酸電池的技術。當轉換新的電池材料技術取代現今使用的鉛酸電池的這段期間，我們試圖以一個真相可行性，一種客觀的實用性與及成本效益等做為選項，來探討『增進鉛酸電池的運作效率甚而延長它的使用壽命年限』的解決方案。

鉛酸電池使用規範，工作環境溫度應該保持在25°C與及維持在電池設計要求的浮充電壓狀態。但在某些的應用環境，在某些電池製造商， 要求浮充電壓的精確度需在±1/100V範圍內 。

這樣的條件，對於將單顆電池配予專用的穩定電壓充電機使用情境下，是很容易達成與維持。

然而，於實際應用，我們不可能只使用壹顆電池，而是使用很多顆電池串聯起來，且每單顆均為同一品牌、型號和批號來組成的電池組再搭配穩定電壓充電機，如此每顆電池浮充電壓，是無法精確的控制，這還牽涉到製造商與化學材料成份比重混合比例的差異，致使每顆電池的電壓不一致產生電壓差。

電池組就是由很多顆鉛酸電池串聯組成，在此情境下每單顆電池將會出現個別變化的兩個現象：

過度充電/充電不足這兩個基本現象往往是 VRLA 鉛酸電池主要故障的原因。雖然當新的電池組建置安裝時，通常過度充電/充電不足的現象是比較輕微極小，但電池組隨著時間持續持續著運作，原本輕微的過度充電/充電不足的現象將會逐漸加深演變成嚴重，在這樣的持續使用情況下將會無法避免故障根本原因：

如果改善或解決過度充電/充電不足造成故障的主要原因，故障的機率將會大大降低甚至於被排除。

這樣電池組減少了故障，將會增加了電池組使用效率：

1) 每單顆電池電量將能個別儲存飽和，促使整體電池組電量處於完全儲存飽和狀態。
2) 整體電池組使用壽命相對下將被延長。
3) 因為排除了過度充電現象，也就減少熱量產生，降低電解液被蒸發機會，如此VLA電池在此情況下就會減少需要加水的問題。
4) 當電池組也不會因為更換某顆新的電池，而影響到其他電池的充電問題。

個別電池浮充電壓是最主要關鍵，會影響到整個電池組儲存容量飽和程度。一個緊急電力備援電池組的運作性能如果希能符合電池製造商建議要求，就必需提供電池組浮充電流來維持，且這浮充電流是微量的，如此才可避免個別電池電壓因為補充需求產生〝 相互補捨〞的現象，才可使電池組中每顆電池儲存容量均維持在飽和狀態，確保電池組在放電時能夠提供最大的電量釋放與防止電池組的〝 滯留能量 〞。

當串電壓要提高需求，鉛酸電池電池組勢必需更多的電池數量來串聯，但電池組的浮充電流不可能因而提升或產生額外的電流，仍然是維持微量浮充電流，如此狀況下更容易產生電池電壓彼此〝鎖定〞。 『BACS® 電池管理系統』能有效與能力〝 化解 〞這種的問題現象，確保電池組的儲存容量完全飽和，且可安全穩定瞬時放電，也不會發生過度的應力或電池反向。

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為何只監控，何不監控與管理兼具？ 未來十年，隨著新的電池化學儲存材料和技術不斷演進與發展，緊急電力備援儲存領域將會是空前的振盪變化。 化學電池仍然是提供 緊急瞬時電力 的最可靠的唯一方案。 ...

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1.https://esg.businesstoday.com.tw/article/category/180696/post/202209140025
2.I want to help you compare the pros and cons when you buy car in the future
3.

In all respects, both cars have their pros and cons, but in view of the advancement of technology and global warming, I tend to buy electric cars

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從結構來看，汽車的驅動系統是引擎，是將油箱中的燃料（汽柴油）點火產生的化學能（熱能），轉化為機械能（動能）的裝置，讓車子行駛；而電動車的驅動系統是馬達，由電池中的電力提供馬達運轉將「電能」轉化為「動能」。簡單來說，電動車是把油箱換成電池，以電能取代燃油，用馬達代替引擎，以電力驅動馬達，帶動車輪運轉。

從電動車的英文「Electric Vehicle」直譯，指的是電子化的運載車輛。廣義來說，只要配備電池及馬達系統，利用「電能」驅動的車子，都可稱為電動車（EV）。

在電動車發展演進過程中，研發出許多電能技術驅動馬達，加上電池研發技術的困難、電池電力持久問題等因素，而衍生不同形式的電動車，多元化的電動車類型可以概分為以下三大類型：

一、純電動車（BEV）

電池動力車（Battery Electric Vehicle, BEV），是指單純以電池供應動力的車輛，以電池的電能驅動馬達和變流器取代引擎，發揮傳輸動力的功能，這是一般狹義的電動車，或者稱為純電動車。

純電動車沒有引擎、不需要油箱，無需考慮進氣、排氣系統，不會排放廢氣，沒有空氣污染的問題，在環保意識高漲下，逐漸成為近年大多數車廠研發推出的主流車款。世界最知名的電動車大廠特斯拉，就是生產純電動車的代表廠商。

二、混合動力車（HV）

混合動力車（Hybrid Vehicle, HV），或稱複合動力車，是使用兩種以上能源產生動能驅動的車輛，可能同時擁有汽油引擎、電動馬達等兩種以上的驅動系統。常用的能量來源是燃料（包括汽油、柴油、液化石油氣等）、電池、燃料電池、太陽能電池、壓縮氣體等，常用的驅動系統包含內燃機、電動機、渦輪機等技術。
1. 油電混合車（HEV）
在混合動力電動車（Hybrid Electric Vehicle, HEV）中，油、電混合動力是最常見的，因此HEV 亦稱油電混合車（簡稱為油電車）。油電車同時運用「汽油引擎」和「電動馬達」兩種動力。但一般的油電車並不是透過電網充電，電能是倚賴引擎發電，並透過煞車減速時回收動能，轉換而成；因此，當油電車電量不足時，汽油引擎將自動啟動，帶動發電機充電，故車輛油箱裡一定要有油，不可在完全無油的狀態下行駛。

油電車在車輛起步時，或在市區低速行駛時，是使用電動馬達輔助動力，比起純燃油車，油電混合車的油耗少、加速快，相對也較環保；但由於採用油、電兩種動力系統，需要配備油箱、內燃機和電池等，占用車體空間較大。

對於混合動力的油電車技術發展來說， 保時捷（Porsche） 車廠創辦人斐迪南． 保時捷（Ferdinand Porsche）被譽為油電車發展的先鋒，他發明一輛配置在前輪輪轂上的兩具電動馬達所驅動的電動車。1901 年，這輛車被改良由汽油引擎發電，供電給電動馬達驅動，被視為油電混合車之始。

但油電車席捲全球的起點，卻推遲到二十世紀末。

故事要從1992 年1 月16 日說起。那一天，豐田汽車發表《地球憲章》（Earth Charter），宣示將發展低污染車輛。1997 年，豐田汽車成功推出全球第一款搭載油電混合動力系統的量產車，開啟了二十一世紀油電車款的新頁，豐田汽車也成為領先全球並集大成的油電車廠商代表。
2. 插電式油電混合車（PHEV）
隨著創新技術的演進，研發出既可加油，又可充電的插電式混合動力車（Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle,PHEV），或稱插電式油電混合車。插電式油電混合車最大的特色是，可加油，也可以外接電源，利用充電站或家用充電設備，從外部電網為車輛電池充電；換言之，在純電模式下行駛時，如同一般純電池電動車。當電力不足時，引擎將自動啟動，轉換為油電模式下繼續行駛，免除電池續航力不足的焦慮。

插電式油電混合車電池容量雖大於油電混合動力車，但比純電動車小，電池續航力大多只有幾十公里，主要是為短程通勤而設計。若是要長途駕駛，則必須仰賴內燃機，利用汽油輔助，因此插電式油電混合車依賴充電站的程度較低，且相對比燃油車環保，又擁有汽柴油車的方便性，兼具油電兩種優勢。
3. 增程型油電混合車（EREV）
另外還有一種增程型油電混合電動車（Extended Range Electric Vehicle, EREV），是增加里程式電動車。

和插電式油電混合車類似，增程型油電混合電動車同時擁有燃油引擎、電池和電動馬達，油箱要加油，電池要充電；但兩者最大的不同是，增程型油電混合電動車的引擎是幫電池充電，以增加里程，並不提供動力輸出，車輛的動力來源完全靠電池和馬達。

增程型油電混合電動車是2007 年，通用汽車為解決純電池車續航力不足的創新設計，但在電池技術及效率提升後，通用汽車已於2019 年停產這類增程型油電混合電動車，逐漸被純電動車取代。

三、燃料電池電動車（FCEV）

另外，還有一種燃料電池電動車（Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle, FCEV），是搭載燃料發電裝置的電動車，把燃料中的化學能轉換成電能，常見的燃料是氫氣，把儲存的高壓氫氣加上空氣中的氧氣化合反應生成水、電，而放出熱量；其他不同的燃料來源，也是來自於任何能分解出「氫氣」的碳氫化合物，例如天然氣、乙醇和甲烷等燃料來發電。

一般純電池電動車的電池模組必須充電才能運作，充電需要時間，但燃料電池車則不同，只要加「氫」就能上路行駛，節省等待時間，而且燃料電池發電時只會排放水及熱，因此燃料電池電動車被視為零污染車，屬於真正節能環保的交通工具。

從燃油車過渡到新能源車

如圖2-1， 目前較為市場熟知的是BEV、HEV、PHEV 和FCEV 等四種型態，不論是以電池電力驅動，或者是混合動力驅動，抑或是以代用燃料驅動的車輛，由於和過去傳統燃油車搭載的動力裝置不同，這些採用新技術、新結構的車輛，也被稱為「新能源車」，是交通移動載具的新未來。

由於環保節能議題的催化，電池電動車和油電混合車將逐漸取代傳統的燃油車，除了內燃式引擎驅動有排放廢氣的問題，從特性和優缺點可以一窺全貌。

如表2-1 所列，電動車和燃油汽車之間，在結構上明顯不同，傳統汽車是內燃機引擎燃燒汽油和柴油產生熱能與氣體，轉為動能運轉車輛，引擎在燃燒石化燃料時所產生的二氧化碳，變成溫室氣體，也就是環境污染的重要來源。

以純電動車來看，使用電池，不需用油，減少碳排，但電池有使用壽命，且電池更換的成本較高。不同於傳統燃油車內燃機引擎，電動車的馬達運轉時較安靜、平穩，有些車款甚至沒有配備配速箱，不會有換檔時產生的震盪，行駛時順暢，乘坐時相當舒適，啟動爆發力強，效能佳。

目前市面上普遍常見的電動車類型，以純電池電動車和插電式油電混合車兩大類為主，占電動車市場的99％以上。至於燃料電池因材料成本高昂，導致燃料電池電動車價格高不可攀，是普及化的最大瓶頸，目前燃料電池車數量微乎其微，以2021 年為例，全球氫燃料電池車僅5 萬餘輛，僅占全球電動車總量的0.3％。

燃料電池（Fuel Cell）是一種發電裝置，就像一架發電機，只要儲氣瓶添加燃料「氫氣」，透過化學反應產生電能，就能維持燃料電池的電力，不像一般非充電電池用完即丟，也不像充電電池要持續充電，是名副其實的新能源。加上，燃料電池低污染、低噪音、不用充電、高效率、壽命長等特性，近幾年來，在國際上研發趨勢已見增溫。
本文摘自《電動車產業大未來》，作者宣明智、傅瑋瓊，天下文化出版

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電動車比一比！認識三大類型電動車，優缺點一圖看懂－ESG永續台灣

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從結構來看，汽車的驅動系統是引擎，是將油箱中的燃料（汽柴油）點火產生的化學能（熱能），轉化為機械能（動能）的裝置，讓車子行駛；而電動車的驅動系統是馬達，由電池中的電力提供馬達運轉將「電能」轉化為「動能」。簡單來說，電動車是把油箱換成電池，以電能取代燃油，用馬達代替引擎，以電力驅動馬達，帶動車輪運轉。 從電動車的英文「Electric ...

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https://futurecity.cw.com.tw/article/2964

Compare two hospital"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital" and "National Cheng Kung University Hospital ".Compare their income,rank,sacal and their area of expertise.

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1. Find an article for Speech 3 (upload / attach)
2. Describe the purpose
3. Write a sentence describing the similarity or difference

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reviewer: 12 化工系 王鋒淯
speaker: 05 化學系 邱瑜婷

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reviewer: 11 化工系 楊貽翔
speaker: 05 化學系 邱瑜婷

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sperker: #04化學系 劉宜萱
reviewer: #09電機系 黃仁德

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reviewer: 10 陳柏佑

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6 地科系邱健瑄

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e14073221 蔡萬勳

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1. 報告內容請清楚說明目的(參考第一頁內容)
2. 建議使用point to point內容架構，搭配Infographic (page 3)
3. 多使用比較語言，運用形容相似及差異的字詞 (page 10)

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Behavioral Economics: Crash Course Economics #27

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Mark the structure clearly so your speech is easy to follow.

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Introducing the topic

The subject/topic of my talk is ...
I'm going to talk about ...
My topic today is...
My talk is concerned with ...

Overview (outline of presentation)

I'm going to divide this talk into four parts.
There are a number of points I'd like to make.
Basically/ Briefly, I have three things to say.
I'd like to begin/start by ...
Let's begin/start by ...
First of all, I'll...
... and then I'll go on to ...
Then/ Next ...
Finally/ Lastly ...

Finishing a section

That's all I have to say about...
We've looked at...
So much for...

Starting a new section

Moving on now to ...
Turning to...
Let's turn now to ...
The next issue/topic/area I'd like to focus on ...
I'd like to expand/elaborate on ...
Now we'll move on to...
I'd like now to discuss...
Let's look now at...

Analysing a point and giving recommendations

Where does that lead us?
Let's consider this in more detail...
What does this mean for...?
Translated into real terms...
Why is this important?
The significance of this is...

Giving examples

For example,...
A good example of this is...
As an illustration,...
To give you an example,...
To illustrate this point...

Summarising and concluding

To sum up ...
To summarise...
Right, let's sum up, shall we?
Let's summarise briefly what we've looked at...
If I can just sum up the main points...
Finally, let me remind you of some of the issues we've covered...
To conclude...
In conclusion ...
In short ...
So, to remind you of what I've covered in this talk, ...
Unfortunately, I seem to have run out of time, so I'll conclude very briefly by saying that .....
I'd like now to recap...

Paraphrasing and clarifying

Simply put...
In other words.......
So what I'm saying is....
To put it more simply....
To put it another way....

Invitation to discuss / ask questions

I'm happy to answer any queries/ questions.
Does anyone have any questions or comments?
Please feel free to ask questions.
If you would like me to elaborate on any point, please ask.
Would you like to ask any questions?
Any questions?

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BBC Learning English | Talking business | Presentations: Language expert

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A course about business communication. Presentations: language expert

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Improve your spoken English / a tool to prepare your speech

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Improve your spoken English / a tool to prepare your speech

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How to Improve Spoken American English - Sound like a Native Speaker

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Canva is a free-to-use online graphic design tool. Use it to create social media posts, presentations, posters, videos, logos and more.

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How to Create an Infographic - Part 1: What Makes a Good Infographic?

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otter.ai / a tool to check your intelligibility

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otter.ai / a tool to check your intelligibility

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1. three speeches 30
2. two infographics 20
3. ten weekly quizzes 10
4 one final exam 20
5. one intelligibility report 10
6. participation 10

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1. The 10 weekly quizzes
2. Reporting verbs (see notes for speech 1)
3. The cause-effect language (notes for speech 2)
4. Language of comparison (notes for speech 3)
5. Speech training: 4 parts of intro / conclusions; types of openers and closers

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ghibli but lofi  ~ a relaxing chillhop lofi mix ~ (totoro, castle in the sky, spirited away, etc.)

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Enrollment list (0424) and grouping info

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Enrollment list (0424) and grouping info

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Note the new grouping and the speech dates

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1. midterm cancelled; final exam rescheduled to Week 16
2. intelligibility report and reporting verbs now 10%; revision due before Week 10 class (4.17)
3. speech rescheduled

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1. 建議增加題表，說明兩個時期油價的比較
2. 標題及副標清楚
3. 內容尚未完成
4. 需提供2筆參考資料

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1. 左右比較，資訊呈現清楚
2. 有圖表，可以比較疫情前後變化
3. 建議可以加公司Logo及航運圖像
4. 需包括兩筆參考資料

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1. Has an introduction and a conclusion
2. Include a chart
3. Point by point comparison

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1. 整體設計活潑，資訊左右呈現方便比較
2. 提供主題介紹及產品上市時間軸資訊