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Kiddle is a safe search engine, offering a safe web, image, and video search. Results are vetted by editors.

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Kidtopia--a Google custom safe search engine for elementary age students

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Kidtopia is a Google custom student safe search engine for preschool and elementary students, indexing only educator approved web sites.

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Work In Progress

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Apple Innovation (EXAMPLE on Adobe Express)

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Apple Innovation (EXAMPLE on Adobe Express)

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Adobe Express template: Webpage

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Works Cited

https://school.eb.com/levels/middle/article/Steve-Jobs/311881

https://school.eb.com/levels/middle/article/Apple-Inc/545138

https://school.eb.com/levels/middle/article/smartphone/570926

https://www.worldbookonline.com/student-new/#/article/home/ar725684/history%20of%20apple%20inc

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Apple Innovation (EXAMPLE from Adobe Express)

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Apple Innovation (EXAMPLE from Adobe Express)

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Enter the Access ID and Passcode provided by your school to access Britannica School.

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Feature Article OUTLINE EXAMPLE for Apple Innovation/ Invention

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Feature Article OUTLINE EXAMPLE for Apple Innovation/ Invention

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Create a new document and edit with others at the same time -- from your computer, phone or tablet. Get stuff done with or without an internet connection. Use Docs to edit Word files. Free from Google.

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A basketball team has five players: two forwards, two guards, and a center. The players are named for the different positions, or roles, that they play on the court. In general, the players at each position have special abilities and duties. For example, guards usually excel at moving the ball down the court and passing it to teammates.

Basketball players play both offense and defense. When a team has the ball, it is on offense and tries to score points. The other team plays defense-it defends the basket at its end of the court. The defensive team tries to keep the other team from scoring. It also tries to gain control of the ball.

Play begins with a jump ball. A referee tosses up the ball between two opposing players in the middle of the court, inside a circle called the center circle. The two players jump for the ball and try to tap it to a teammate. The other players stand outside the center circle, ready to catch the ball. The team that gets control of the ball plays offense first.

The offensive team tries to advance the ball toward the defensive team's basket. Offensive players can pass the ball to teammates. They can also move the ball down the court by themselves. However, players cannot run freely with the ball. They must dribble, or bounce, the ball on the court as they run with it.

Any player with the ball may take a shot at the basket. Most successful shots score two points. Very long shots, from behind a line called the three-point line, score three points.

The defensive team tries to keep the offense from getting a good shot at the basket. When a shot is missed, both teams try to recover the ball. This is called rebounding. If the offense gets the ball on the rebound, it can try to take another shot. If the defense gets the rebound, then it becomes the offense. It tries to move the ball down the court to the opponent's basket. The defense can also get the ball by taking it away, or stealing it, from the offense. Defenders can make a steal when the offense is passing or dribbling the ball.

A group of officials makes sure that the players follow the rules. The officials penalize a team when one of its players breaks a rule. For example, if an offensive player runs without dribbling the ball, the officials give the ball to the defense. Some penalties are called fouls. Most fouls happen when one player makes physical contact with another player. For example, officials call fouls for bumping, pushing, and tripping. The player who is fouled often gets to take shots without having to worry about the defense. These shots are called free throws. They score one point.

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Basketball is a fast-paced and exciting sport. It is very popular in the United States, where it began in the 1890s. It has also become popular in many other countries. In a...

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CommonLit | Inventing Bubble Gum by Tracy Vonder Brink | CommonLit

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CommonLit is a nonprofit that has everything teachers and schools need for top-notch literacy instruction: a full-year ELA curriculum, benchmark assessments, and formative data.

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A fun activities and games site covering subjects such as sports, animals, history, science, geography, jokes, math, and biographies. Pages are written to be easy to read and understand.

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A comprehensive suite of e-learning resources designed for all ages and abilities with articles, videos, educator tools, eBooks, research guides and more.

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Stonehenge | History, Location, Map, Meaning, & Facts

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Stonehenge, prehistoric stone circle monument, cemetery, and archaeological site located on Salisbury Plain, about 8 miles (13 km) north of Salisbury, Wiltshire, England. It was built in six stages between 3000 and 1520 BCE, during the transition from the Neolithic Period to the Bronze Age.

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Loch Ness monster, large marine creature believed by some people to inhabit Loch Ness, Scotland. However, much of the alleged evidence supporting its existence has been discredited, and it is widely thought that the monster is a myth.

Reports of a monster inhabiting Loch Ness date back to ancient times. Notably, local stone carvings by the Pict depict a mysterious beast with flippers. The first written account appears in a 7th-century biography of St. Columba. According to that work, in 565 ad the monster bit a swimmer and was prepared to attack another man when Columba intervened, ordering the beast to "go back." It obeyed, and over the centuries only occasional sightings were reported. Many of these alleged encounters seemed inspired by Scottish folklore, which abounds with mythical water creatures.

In 1933 the Loch Ness monster's legend began to grow. At the time, a road adjacent to Loch Ness was finished, offering an unobstructed view of the lake. In April a couple saw an enormous animal-which they compared to a "dragon or prehistoric monster"-and after it crossed their car's path, it disappeared into the water. The incident was reported in a Scottish newspaper, and numerous sightings followed. In December 1933 the commissioned Marmaduke Wetherell, a big-game hunter, to locate the sea serpent. Along the lake's shores, he found large footprints that he believed belonged to "a very powerful soft-footed animal about 20 feet [6 metres] long." However, upon closer inspection, zoologists at the Natural History Museum determined that the tracks were identical and made with an umbrella stand or ashtray that had a hippopotamus leg as a base; Wetherell's role in the hoax was unclear.

The news only seemed to spur efforts to prove the monster's existence. In 1934 English physician Robert Kenneth Wilson photographed the alleged creature. The iconic image-known as the "surgeon's photograph"-appeared to show the monster's small head and neck. The Daily Mail printed the photograph, sparking an international sensation. Many speculated that the creature was a plesiosaur, a marine reptile that went extinct some 65.5 million years ago.

The Loch Ness area attracted numerous monster hunters. Over the years, several sonar explorations (notably in 1987 and 2003) were undertaken to locate the creature, but none were successful. In addition, numerous photographs allegedly showed the beast, but most were discredited as fakes or as depicting other animals or objects. Notably, in 1994 it was revealed that Wilson's photograph was a hoax spearheaded by a revenge-seeking Wetherell; the "monster" was actually a plastic-and-wooden head attached to a toy submarine. In 2018 researchers conducted a DNA survey of Loch Ness to determine what organisms live in the waters. No signs of a plesiosaur or other such large animal were found, though the results indicated the presence of numerous eels. This finding left open the possibility that the monster is an oversized eel. Despite the lack of conclusive evidence, the Loch Ness monster remained popular-and profitable. In the early 21st century it was thought that it contributed nearly $80 million annually to Scotland's economy.

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Loch Ness monster | History, Sightings, & Facts

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Loch Ness monster, large marine creature believed by some people to inhabit Loch Ness, Scotland. However, much of the alleged evidence supporting its existence has been discredited, and it is widely thought that the monster is a myth. Learn more about the Loch Ness monster.

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A comprehensive suite of e-learning resources designed for all ages and abilities with articles, videos, educator tools, eBooks, research guides and more.

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A comprehensive suite of e-learning resources designed for all ages and abilities with articles, videos, educator tools, eBooks, research guides and more.

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Malaysia Airlines flight 370 disappearance, disappearance of a Malaysia Airlines passenger jet on March 8, 2014, during a flight from Kuala Lumpur to Beijing. The disappearance of the Boeing 777 with 227 passengers and 12 crew members on board led to a search effort stretching from the Indian Ocean west of Australia to Central Asia. The perplexing nature of the loss of flight 370 is such that it has become one of history's most famous missing aircraft.

Disappearance and search

Flight 370 took off at 12:41 am local time and reached a cruising altitude of 10,700 metres (35,000 feet) at 1:01 am. The Aircraft Communication Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS), which transmitted data about the aircraft's performance, sent its last transmission at 1:07 am and was subsequently switched off. The last voice communication from the crew occurred at 1:19 am, and at 1:21 am the plane's transponder, which communicated with air-traffic control, was switched off, just as the plane was about to enter Vietnamese airspace over the South China Sea. At 1:30 am Malaysian military and civilian radar began tracking the plane as it turned around and then flew southwest over the Malay Peninsula and then northwest over the Strait of Malacca. At 2:22 am Malaysian military radar lost contact with the plane over the Andaman Sea. An Inmarsat satellite in geostationary orbit over the Indian Ocean received hourly signals from flight 370 and last detected the plane at 8:11 am.

Initial searches for the plane concentrated on the South China Sea. After it was determined that flight 370 had turned to the west shortly after the transponder was switched off, search efforts moved to the Strait of Malacca and the Andaman Sea. On March 15, a week after the plane had disappeared, the Inmarsat contact was disclosed. Analysis of the signal could not locate the plane precisely but did determine that the plane might have been anywhere on two arcs, one stretching from Java southward into the Indian Ocean southwest of Australia and the other stretching northward across Asia from Vietnam to Turkmenistan. The search area was then expanded to the Indian Ocean southwest of Australia on the southern arc and Southeast Asia, western China, the Indian subcontinent, and Central Asia on the northern arc. On March 24 Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak announced that, based on analysis of the final signals, Inmarsat and the U.K. Air Accidents Investigation Branch (AAIB) had concluded that the flight crashed in a remote part of the Indian Ocean 2,500 km (1,500 miles) southwest of Australia. Thus, it was extremely unlikely that anyone on board survived.

The search for wreckage was hampered by the remote location of the crash site. Beginning on April 6, an Australian ship detected several acoustic pings possibly from the Boeing 777's flight recorder (or "black box") about 2,000 km (1,200 miles) northwest of Perth, Western Australia. Further analysis by the AAIB of the Inmarsat data also found a partial signal from the plane at 8:19 am consistent with the location of the acoustic pings, the last of which were heard on April 8. If the signals were from flight 370, the flight recorder was likely at the end of its battery life. Further searches were conducted using a robotic submarine. However, the pings had been spread over a wide area, the submarine found no debris, and tests found that a faulty cable in the acoustic equipment could have produced the pings.

Debris discovery

The first piece of debris was not found until July 29, 2015, when the right wing flaperon was discovered on a beach on the French island of Réunion, about 3,700 km (2,300 miles) west of the Indian Ocean area that was being searched by Australian authorities. Over the next year and a half, 26 more pieces of debris were found on the shores of Tanzania, Mozambique, South Africa, Madagascar, and Mauritius. Three of the 27 pieces were positively identified as coming from flight 370, and 17 were thought to have likely come from the plane. Two pieces came from the cabin interior, suggesting that the plane had broken up, but whether the plane broke up in the air or on impact with the ocean could not be determined. Study of the Réunion wing flaperon and a piece of the right wing flap found in Tanzania showed that the plane had not undergone a controlled descent; that is, the plane had not been guided to a water landing. Some researchers note that flight 370 could have struck the water vertically, a possibility in which the results of one modeling study conducted before the flaperon's discovery suggests could explain the dearth of physical evidence. The debris locations were used to narrow the search area in the Indian Ocean, since some possible crash sites would have been unlikely to produce debris that would have drifted to Africa.

The governments of Malaysia, Australia, and China called off the search for flight 370 in January 2017. An American company, Ocean Infinity, received permission from the Malaysian government to continue searching until May 2017, when the Malaysian Transport ministry announced that it would call off that search. In July 2018 the Malaysian government issued its final report on flight 370's disappearance. Mechanical malfunction was deemed extremely unlikely, and "the change in flight path likely resulted from manual inputs," but the investigators could not determine why flight 370 disappeared.

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malaysia airlines flight 370 disappearance

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Malaysia Airlines flight 370 disappearance | Description & Facts

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Malaysia Airlines flight 370 disappearance, the disappearance of a Malaysia Airlines passenger jet on March 8, 2014, during a flight from Kuala Lumpur to Beijing. The jet had 227 passengers and 12 crew members on board at the time of the disappearance, which led to a prolonged search effort in the Indian Ocean.

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William L. Hosch William L. Hosch was an editor at Encyclopædia Britannica.

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Smartphone | Camera, Battery Life & Storage

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Smartphone, mobile telephone with a display screen (typically a liquid crystal display, or LCD), built-in personal information management programs (such as an electronic calendar and address book) typically found in a personal digital assistant (PDA), and an operating system (OS) that allows other

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Who invented the Internet?

How does the Internet work?

Is the Internet dangerous?

Who controls the Internet?

Is the Internet "making us stupid"?

Is cancel culture (or "callout culture") good for society?

Internet, a system architecture that has revolutionized mass communication, mass media, and commerce by allowing various computer networks around the world to interconnect. Sometimes referred to as a "network of networks," the Internet emerged in the United States in the 1970s but did not become visible to the general public until the early 1990s. By 2020, approximately 4.5 billion people, or more than half of the world's population, were estimated to have access to the Internet. And that number is growing, largely due to the prevalence of "smart" technology and the " Internet of Things," where computer-like devices connect with the Internet or interact via wireless networks. These "things" include smartphones, appliances, thermostats, lighting systems, irrigation systems, security cameras. vehicles, even cities.

The Internet provides a capability so powerful and general that it can be used for almost any purpose that depends on information, and it is accessible by every individual who connects to one of its constituent networks. It supports human communication via social media, electronic mail (e-mail), "chat rooms," newsgroups, and audio and video transmission and allows people to work collaboratively at many different locations. It supports access to digital information by many applications, including the World Wide Web. The Internet has proved to be a spawning ground for a large and growing number of "e-businesses" (including subsidiaries of traditional "brick-and-mortar" companies) that carry out most of their sales and services over the Internet. ( See electronic commerce.)

Origin and development

Early networks

The first computer networks were dedicated special-purpose systems such as SABRE (an airline reservation system) and AUTODIN I (a defense command-and-control system), both designed and implemented in the late 1950s and early 1960s. By the early 1960s computer manufacturers had begun to use semiconductor technology in commercial products, and both conventional batch-processing and time-sharing systems were in place in many large, technologically advanced companies. Time-sharing systems allowed a computer's resources to be shared in rapid succession with multiple users, cycling through the queue of users so quickly that the computer appeared dedicated to each user's tasks despite the existence of many others accessing the system "simultaneously." This led to the notion of sharing computer resources (called host computers or simply hosts) over an entire network. Host-to-host interactions were envisioned, along with access to specialized resources (such as supercomputers and mass storage systems) and interactive access by remote users to the computational powers of time-sharing systems located elsewhere. These ideas were first realized in ARPANET, which established the first host-to-host network connection on October 29, 1969. It was created by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the U.S. Department of Defense. ARPANET was one of the first general-purpose computer networks. It connected time-sharing computers at government-supported research sites, principally universities in the United States, and it soon became a critical piece of infrastructure for the computer science research community in the United States. Tools and applications-such as the simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP, commonly referred to as e-mail), for sending short messages, and the file transfer protocol ( FTP), for longer transmissions-quickly emerged. In order to achieve cost-effective interactive communications between computers, which typically communicate in short bursts of data, ARPANET employed the new technology of packet switching. Packet switching takes large messages (or chunks of computer data) and breaks them into smaller, manageable pieces (known as packets) that can travel independently over any available circuit to the target destination, where the pieces are reassembled. Thus, unlike traditional voice communications, packet switching does not require a single dedicated circuit between each pair of users.

Commercial packet networks were introduced in the 1970s, but these were designed principally to provide efficient access to remote computers by dedicated terminals. Briefly, they replaced long-distance modem connections by less-expensive "virtual" circuits over packet networks. In the United States, Telenet and Tymnet were two such packet networks. Neither supported host-to-host communications; in the 1970s this was still the province of the research networks, and it would remain so for many years.

DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency; formerly ARPA) supported initiatives for ground-based and satellite-based packet networks. The ground-based packet radio system provided mobile access to computing resources, while the packet satellite network connected the United States with several European countries and enabled connections with widely dispersed and remote regions. With the introduction of packet radio, connecting a mobile terminal to a computer network became feasible. However, time-sharing systems were then still too large, unwieldy, and costly to be mobile or even to exist outside a climate-controlled computing environment. A strong motivation thus existed to connect the packet radio network to ARPANET in order to allow mobile users with simple terminals to access the time-sharing systems for which they had authorization. Similarly, the packet satellite network was used by DARPA to link the United States with satellite terminals serving the United Kingdom, Norway, Germany, and Italy. These terminals, however, had to be connected to other networks in European countries in order to reach the end users. Thus arose the need to connect the packet satellite net, as well as the packet radio net, with other networks.

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Internet | Description, History, Uses, & Facts

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Internet, a system architecture that has revolutionized communications and methods of commerce by allowing various computer networks around the world to interconnect. The Internet emerged in the United States in the 1970s but did not become viable to the general public until the early 1990s.

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Helen Keller, in full Helen Adams Keller, (born June 27, 1880, Tuscumbia, Alabama, U.S.-died June 1, 1968, Westport, Connecticut), American author and educator who was blind and deaf. Her education and training represent an extraordinary accomplishment in the education of persons with these disabilities.

Keller was afflicted at the age of 19 months with an illness (possibly scarlet fever) that left her blind and deaf. She was examined by Alexander Graham Bell at the age of 6. As a result, he sent to her a 20-year-old teacher, Anne Sullivan (Macy) from the Perkins Institution for the Blind in Boston, which Bell's son-in-law directed. Sullivan, a remarkable teacher, remained with Keller from March 1887 until her own death in October 1936.

Within months Keller had learned to feel objects and associate them with words spelled out by finger signals on her palm, to read sentences by feeling raised words on cardboard, and to make her own sentences by arranging words in a frame. During 1888-90 she spent winters at the Perkins Institution learning Braille. Then she began a slow process of learning to speak under Sarah Fuller of the Horace Mann School for the Deaf, also in Boston. She also learned to lip-read by placing her fingers on the lips and throat of the speaker while the words were simultaneously spelled out for her. At age 14 she enrolled in the Wright-Humason School for the Deaf in New York City, and at 16 she entered the Cambridge School for Young Ladies in Massachusetts. She won admission to Radcliffe College in 1900 and graduated cum laude in 1904.

Having developed skills never approached by any similarly disabled person, Keller began to write of blindness, a subject then taboo in women's magazines because of the relationship of many cases to venereal disease. Edward W. Bok accepted her articles for the Ladies' Home Journal, and other major magazines- The Century, McClure's, and The Atlantic Monthly-followed suit.

She wrote of her life in several books, including The Story of My Life (1903), Optimism (1903), The World I Live In (1908), Light in My Darkness and My Religion (1927), Helen Keller's Journal (1938), and The Open Door (1957). In 1913 she began lecturing (with the aid of an interpreter), primarily on behalf of the American Foundation for the Blind, for which she later established a $2 million endowment fund, and her lecture tours took her several times around the world. She cofounded the American Civil Liberties Union with American civil rights activist Roger Nash Baldwin and others in 1920. Her efforts to improve treatment of the deaf and the blind were influential in removing the disabled from asylums. She also prompted the organization of commissions for the blind in 30 states by 1937.

Keller's childhood training with Sullivan was depicted in William Gibson's play The Miracle Worker (1959), which won the Pulitzer Prize in 1960 and was subsequently made into a motion picture (1962), starring Anne Bancroft as Sullivan and Patty Duke as Keller, that won two Academy Awards.

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Helen Keller | Biography, Education, & Facts

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Helen Keller, a remarkable author and educator who overcame deafness and blindness, inspired the world with her resilience, advocacy for disability rights, and groundbreaking achievements.

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Stephen Hawking, in full Stephen William Hawking, (born January 8, 1942, Oxford, Oxfordshire, England-died March 14, 2018, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire), English theoretical physicist whose theory of exploding black holes drew upon both relativity theory and quantum mechanics. He also worked with space-time singularities.

Hawking studied physics at University College, Oxford ( B.A., 1962), and Trinity Hall, Cambridge ( Ph.D., 1966). He was elected a research fellow at Gonville and Caius College at Cambridge. In the early 1960s Hawking contracted amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, an incurable degenerative neuromuscular disease. He continued to work despite the disease's progressively disabling effects.

Hawking worked primarily in the field of general relativity and particularly on the physics of black holes. In 1971 he suggested the formation, following the big bang, of numerous objects containing as much as one billion tons of mass but occupying only the space of a proton. These objects, called mini black holes, are unique in that their immense mass and gravity require that they be ruled by the laws of relativity, while their minute size requires that the laws of quantum mechanics apply to them also. In 1974 Hawking proposed that, in accordance with the predictions of quantum theory, black holes emit subatomic particles until they exhaust their energy and finally explode. Hawking's work greatly spurred efforts to theoretically delineate the properties of black holes, objects about which it was previously thought that nothing could be known. His work was also important because it showed these properties' relationship to the laws of classical thermodynamics and quantum mechanics.

Hawking's contributions to physics earned him many exceptional honours. In 1974 the Royal Society elected him one of its youngest fellows. He became professor of gravitational physics at Cambridge in 1977, and in 1979 he was appointed to Cambridge's Lucasian professorship of mathematics, a post once held by Isaac Newton. Hawking was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1982 and a Companion of Honour in 1989. He also received the Copley Medal from the Royal Society in 2006 and the U.S. Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2009. In 2008 he accepted a visiting research chair at the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.

His publications included The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time (1973; coauthored with G.F.R. Ellis), Superspace and Supergravity (1981), The Very Early Universe (1983), and the best sellers A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes (1988), The Universe in a Nutshell (2001), A Briefer History of Time (2005), and The Grand Design (2010; coauthored with Leonard Mlodinow).

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Stephen Hawking | Facts, Biography, Books, & Theories

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Stephen Hawking, the brilliant British physicist and cosmologist, revolutionized our understanding of black holes and the universe through his groundbreaking research and resilience in battling ALS.

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Joan Hibler Joan Hibler is a senior editor at Encyclopædia Britannica.

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Bethany Hamilton | Biography, Surfing, & Facts

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Bethany Hamilton, American professional surfer, author, and motivational speaker who lost her arm to a shark while surfing when she was 13 years old. She served as an inspiration to people when she returned to surfing shortly after the attack, despite her serious injury. Bethany Hamilton is one of

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A comprehensive suite of e-learning resources designed for all ages and abilities with articles, videos, educator tools, eBooks, research guides and more.

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A comprehensive suite of e-learning resources designed for all ages and abilities with articles, videos, educator tools, eBooks, research guides and more.

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can help drive the PURPOSE of your article

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Get access to files anywhere through secure cloud storage and file backup for your photos, videos, files and more with Google Drive.

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It was a warm summer day when I arrived at an elementary school in northern Toronto, unsure of what I was getting myself into. I walked through various empty parking lots looking for someone I had never met before.

I had seen plenty of obscure hockey games in my life, but this was going to be something totally unique. Eventually, I found what I was looking for: two small nets the size of shoeboxes. A bundle of street-hockey sticks were wrapped up in the middle. A smiling man was unpacking his gear from the back of a hearse that was adorned with a license plate reading "UNICYCLE." Finally, I was about to achieve a goal that I had pursued for many years: I was going to witness a game of unicycle hockey.

To me, it was a novelty, but to that smiling man, it was a passion, one shared by people around the world. Darren Bedford, a stage performer with a unicycle shop in Toronto, helped found the Toronto Unicycle Club, the city's longest-standing unicycle club, in 1987. An eccentric character with a true love for his pastime, he organized a special game during the club's "off-season" to give me and Bradshaw Furlong, a former The Hockey News intern, a first-hand look at what unicycle hockey was all about.

Before you ask: yes, it was totally worth it.

The idea of playing hockey on a unicycle is rather hilarious. Skating on two legs is tough enough. Trying to remain balanced on a single wheel? That adds a whole new layer of difficulty. Unicycle hockey isn't pretty: it can be slow, sloppy and discombobulated, but at a level that makes it amusing and addicting to watch. What started out as a small gathering in a school parking lot resulted in 20 or so bystanders moving closer and closer to get a glimpse of such a bizarre sport, many for the first time.

"There was a group of us in Toronto, some of them were entertainers, some of them were just hobbyists," Bedford said. "We could all unicycle, so we wanted something that we could all do as a group activity. And we came up with unicycle hockey."

But as he would find out - slowly, of course, because this was in the days before the internet the Toronto Unicycle Club wasn't the first to play the sport. In 1925, the silent film Variety showcased two people on unicycles pushing around a balled-up towel, with one of the performers holding a field hockey stick. In 1960, an article in Bicycle Journal quoted a member of the Albuquerque Unicycle Club as playing the sport, with it often sourced as the first real unicycle hockey club in the world. In 1976, the Wheel People, one of the most famous unicycle groups, began playing the sport in California, and it started gaining traction in Europe during the 1980s.

In 1994, the sport gained legitimacy in the unicycle world by being included in the biennial World Unicycling Championships, known as Unicon, for the first time. Germany's main team won the first tournament, beating out a second German team for the gold. The three biggest leagues take place in Australia, Germany and Switzerland, with the Swiss taking gold in the top division of the 2018 Unicon championship in South Korea. As many as 16 countries have active unicycle hockey clubs, an impressive number given the unique skill set needed to even attempt it.

But you'd be surprised how few people fall off their unicycles during a game, even at the more recreational levels. While the sport is still a form of hockey at its roots, there are some notable differences - in case the concept of playing hockey while balancing on a wheel wasn't clear enough. The court size is much smaller than your average rink, with many clubs just playing in school gyms. There isn't a dedicated goalie, and even the high-level leagues feature co-ed options to include as many players as possible. Oh, and some groups choose to set the puck on fire, because...why not?

"I was at a juggling convention in Montreal, and I bought three strands of torch wick and I was just kind of standing there goofing around, and I started weaving," Bedford said. "And I thought, 'Wow, this looks like our unicycle hockey puck.' So it just came out of fiddling around while I was at a juggling convention.

"I came up with, 'Wow, what if we dipped this in fluid? And instead of, like, juggling fire, we play hockey with it?' And I'll tell you, it became worldwide." Bedford's club is more about the members enjoying the game than building toward a goal of playing in the world championship - the group's motto is "having fun on one wheel," after all.

On any given night during the school year, the club attracts about 30 participants and, if they're playing outside, at least another 30 were amazed at what they're seeing. Some original club members still show up every now and then, even bringing their kids along for the fun. The age range runs from kids in their early teens to older adults in their 60s.

There are a few other unicycle sports that groups take part in, such as soccer, basketball and football. Bedford's group in particular even dabbles in sumo wrestling. "There's a circle that's on the floor in the gym, probably about a 10-foot diameter circle," Bedford said.

"You have one person start on each side, and then the unicyclists ride in and they wrestle each other. The first one to either touch the ground with a foot or have a wheel go outside the circle is the loser."

And while playing on a unicycle might seem worthy of the award for the strangest variation of hockey, it's far from the craziest deviation of the sport. Underwater hockey has existed since the 1950s, with world championship events being held since 1980. Participants wear diving masks, snorkels and fins and use short sticks to essentially push a lead puck into a 10-foot-wide net. The 18th world championship, which took place in Hungary in 2013, had the largest participation ever, with 19 countries battling it out among the many different age groups.

Like unicycle hockey, the underwater version consists of two teams of 12 players each, with six players active at a time, playing two 15-minute periods. The positions typically feature three forwards (a striker and two wingers) and three backs (two halfbacks and a fullback). As is the case with ice hockey, possession matters greatly, with the winning teams often displaying more speed and taking advantage of every bit of real estate they can get.

The biggest question that underwater hockey players get asked? How do the players breathe?

"When you go down and you're in the play and you're handling the puck and doing stuff, you're exerting a lot of energy," said Jeff French, a member of the group that plays in Toronto each week. "So you're actually going down for 10, 15, 20 seconds at a time. The whole goal is to minimize your recovery time."

Not to be outdone, there have been games played in Europe in which the action takes place not simply underwater, but also upside down under ice. It's like playing regular ice hockey with full-length sticks, but you're upside down, and you're beneath the ice instead of on top of it. Why? Well, who knows, but the YouTube clips are certainly entertaining.

We're still waiting on an under water flaming ice unicycle variant, but, alas, we can only hope.

Hockey has been played in many forms and, in reality, the version we've come to love isn't the original. The oldest variation of hockey, but one that's often overlooked in North America, is bandy. It is believed to have been created in England during the late 1800s, and the sport quickly grew in Europe and is now played in countries all over the world. The game is structured more like a soccer match, consisting of two 45-minute halves, with each team using 10 skaters and a goalie. Both the ball and the net are much bigger than in hockey, and a normal bandy playing surface is about the size of a soccer pitch.

Bandy has never taken off in North America, with teams from Sweden, Russia and Finland typically dominating the scene. And even though they don't have any traditional ice hockey teams, Somalia and Afghanistan have bandy squads, although Afghanistan can only compete in friendlies as it is not a member of the Federation of International Bandy. Be sure to look up matches on YouTube. It's an incredibly skilled sport and a treat to watch. The outdoor games, in particular, look absolutely beautiful.

While bandy is popular, there isn't any money to be made in most unusual versions of hockey, which puts the spotlight instead on the main reason why most people take up ice hockey in the first place: for the love of the game, even if it means completely changing it for no reason other than to just have fun.

And what Bedford and his team of unicyclists showed us that one night is that hockey can truly bring joy, no matter its incarnation and how weird it may look.

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The Weird, Wild and Wacky World of Unicycle Hockey

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One-wheeled velocipedes and hockey make for a mad mashup, and it's not the only offbeat version of the world's greatest game. Go inside the weird, wild and wacky world of unicycle hockey.

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Origins

Until the mid-1980s it was generally accepted that ice hockey derived from English field hockey and Indian lacrosse and was spread throughout Canada by British soldiers in the mid-1800s. Research then turned up mention of a hockeylike game, played in the early 1800s in Nova Scotia by the Mi'kmaq (Micmac) Indians, which appeared to have been heavily influenced by the Irish game of hurling; it included the use of a "hurley" (stick) and a square wooden block instead of a ball. It was probably fundamentally this game that spread throughout Canada via Scottish and Irish immigrants and the British army. The players adopted elements of field hockey, such as the "bully" (later the face-off) and "shinning" (hitting one's opponent on the shins with the stick or playing with the stick on one "shin" or side); this evolved into an informal ice game later known as shinny or shinty. The name hockey-as the organized game came to be known-has been attributed to the French word hoquet (shepherd's stick). The term rink, referring to the designated area of play, was originally used in the game of curling in 18th-century Scotland. Early hockey games allowed as many as 30 players a side on the ice, and the goals were two stones, each frozen into one end of the ice. The first use of a puck instead of a ball was recorded at Kingston Harbour, Ontario, Canada, in 1860.

Early organization

The first recorded public indoor ice hockey game, with rules largely borrowed from field hockey, took place in Montreal's Victoria Skating Rink in 1875 between two teams of McGill University students. Unfortunately, the reputation for violence that the game would later develop was presaged in this early encounter, where, as The Daily British Whig of Kingston, Ontario, reported, "Shins and heads were battered, benches smashed and the lady spectators fled in confusion." The first organized team, the McGill University Hockey Club, formed in 1877, codified their game's rules and limited the number of players on a side to nine.

By the late 1800s ice hockey competed with lacrosse as Canada's most popular sport. The first national hockey organization, the Amateur Hockey Association (AHA) of Canada (which limited players to seven a side), was formed in Montreal in 1885, and the first league was formed in Kingston during the same year, with four teams: the Kingston Hockey Club, Queen's University, the Kingston Athletics, and the Royal Military College. Queen's University scored a 3-1 victory over the Athletics in the first championship game.

By the opening of the 20th century, sticks were being manufactured, shin pads were worn, the goaltender began to wear a chest protector (borrowed from baseball), and arenas (still with natural ice and no heat for spectators) were being constructed throughout eastern Canada. In 1893 national attention was focused on the game when the Canadian governor-general, Frederick Arthur, Lord Stanley of Preston, donated a cup to be given annually to the top Canadian team. The three-foot-high silver cup became known as the Stanley Cup and was first awarded in 1892-93. (The first winner was the Montreal Amateur Athletic Association team, which also captured the Stanley Cup the following season by winning the initial challenge series to determine the Cup holder, which was the Cup-awarding format that Lord Stanley originally intended.) Since 1926 the cup has gone to the winner of the National Hockey League play-offs.

In 1899 the Canadian Amateur Hockey League was formed. All hockey in Canada at the time was "amateur," it being "ungentlemanly" to admit to being paid for athletic services. Thus, the first acknowledged professional hockey team in the world was formed in the United States, in 1903, in Houghton, Michigan. The team, the Portage Lakers, was owned by a dentist named J.L. Gibson, who imported Canadian players. In 1904 Gibson formed the first acknowledged professional league, the International Pro Hockey League. Canada accepted professional hockey in 1908 when the Ontario Professional Hockey League was formed. By that time Canada had become the centre of world hockey.

League rivalries

The National Hockey Association (NHA), the forerunner of the National Hockey League (NHL), was organized in 1910 and became the strongest hockey association in North America. Rising interest in the game created problems, however, for there were few artificial-ice rinks. In 1911 the Pacific Coast Hockey Association (PCHA) was formed by Joseph Patrick and his sons, who built two enclosed artificial-ice arenas, beginning a boom in the construction of artificial-ice rinks.

The PCHA became involved in a money and player war with the NHA. Although the NHA ultimately emerged as the stronger league, it was the PCHA that introduced many of the changes that improved the game. The only radical rule change adopted by the NHA was to reduce the number of players on a side to six, and that move was made to save money. The western league retained seven-man hockey, but it allowed the goalie to leap or dive to stop the puck. Under the previous rules, a goalie had had to remain stationary when making a save. The western league also changed the offside rule. Under the old rules, a player had been deemed offside if he was ahead of the puck carrier when he received a pass. The PCHA divided the ice into three zones by painting two blue lines across the surface and allowed forward passing in the centre zone between the blue lines. This opened up the game and made it more exciting. Another innovation in the western league was the idea of the assist. Previously, only the goal scorer had been credited with a point. In the PCHA the player or players who set up his goal were credited with an assist. The first numbered uniforms also appeared in their league.

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Ice hockey | History, Rules, Equipment, Players, & Facts

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Ice hockey, game played on ice between two teams whose players try to propel a puck into goals guarded by goalies at the ends of the playing rink.

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ReadWorks | Award-Winning, EdTech Nonprofit Organization

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ReadWorks is an edtech nonprofit organization that is committed to helping to solve America’s reading comprehension crisis.

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Welcome to Britannica School, a safe, up-to-date, and age-appropriate information resource for Elementary, Middle, and High School.

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Kids learn about tsunamis including what causes them such as earthquakes, where they occur, why they are dangerous, and what happens during a tsunami event.

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A comprehensive suite of e-learning resources designed for all ages and abilities with articles, videos, educator tools, eBooks, research guides and more.

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A comprehensive suite of e-learning resources designed for all ages and abilities with articles, videos, educator tools, eBooks, research guides and more.

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Mt. Vesuvius Eruption and Destruction of the ancient city of Pompeii

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Mt. Vesuvius Eruption and Destruction of the ancient city of Pompeii

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The earthquake

The earthquake hit at 4:53 pm some 15 miles (25 km) southwest of the Haitian capital of Port-au-Prince. The initial shock registered a magnitude of 7.0 and was soon followed by two aftershocks of magnitudes 5.9 and 5.5. More aftershocks occurred in the following days, including another one of magnitude 5.9 that struck on January 20 at Petit Goâve, a town some 35 miles (55 km) west of Port-au-Prince. Haiti had not been hit by an earthquake of such enormity since the 18th century, the closest in force being a 1984 shock of magnitude 6.9. A magnitude-8.0 earthquake had struck the Dominican Republic in 1946.

Geologists initially blamed the earthquake on the movement of the Caribbean tectonic plate eastward along the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden (EPG) strike-slip fault system. However, when no surface deformation was observed, the rupturing of the main strand of the fault system was ruled out as a cause. The EPG fault system makes up a transform boundary that separates the Gonâve microplate-the fragment of the North American Plate upon which Haiti is situated-from the Caribbean Plate.

The earthquake was generated by contractional deformation along the Léogâne fault, a small hidden thrust fault discovered underneath the city of Léogâne. The Léogâne fault, which cannot be observed at the surface, descends northward at an oblique angle away from the EPG fault system, and many geologists contend that the earthquake resulted from the slippage of rock upward across its plane of fracture.

Occurring at a depth of 8.1 miles (13 km), the temblor was fairly shallow, which increased the degree of shaking at the Earth's surface. The shocks were felt throughout Haiti and the Dominican Republic as well as in parts of nearby Cuba, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico. The densely populated region around Port-au-Prince, located on the Gulf of Gonâve, was among those most heavily affected. Farther south the city of Jacmel also sustained significant damage, and to the west the city of Léogâne, even closer to the epicentre than Port-au-Prince, was essentially leveled.

A country in ruins

The collapsed buildings defining the landscape of the disaster area came as a consequence of Haiti's lack of building codes. Without adequate reinforcement, the buildings disintegrated under the force of the quake, killing or trapping their occupants. In Port-au-Prince the cathedral and the National Palace were both heavily damaged, as were the United Nations headquarters, national penitentiary, and parliament building. The city, already beset by a strained and inadequate infrastructure and still recovering from the two tropical storms and two hurricanes of August-September 2008, was ill-equipped to deal with such a disaster. Other affected areas of the country-faced with comparable weaknesses-were similarly unprepared.

In the aftermath of the quake, efforts by citizens and international aid organizations to provide medical assistance, food, and water to survivors were hampered by the failure of the electric power system (which already was unreliable), loss of communication lines, and roads blocked with debris. A week after the event, little aid had reached beyond Port-au-Prince; after another week, supplies were being distributed only sporadically to other urban areas. Operations to rescue those trapped under the wreckage-which had freed over 100 people-had mostly ceased two weeks into the crisis, as hope that anyone could have survived for that length of time without food or water began to fade. However, there were still occasional recoveries of people who had managed to survive such confinement for weeks by rationing the meagre supplies available to them.

A people in crisis

It was estimated that some three million people were affected by the quake-nearly one-third of the country's total population. Of these, over one million were left homeless in the immediate aftermath. In the devastated urban areas, the displaced were forced to squat in ersatz cities composed of found materials and donated tents. Looting-restrained in the early days following the quake-became more prevalent in the absence of sufficient supplies and was exacerbated in the capital by the escape of several thousand prisoners from the damaged penitentiary. In the second week of the aftermath, many urbanites began streaming into outlying areas, either of their own volition or as a result of governmental relocation programs engineered to alleviate crowded and unsanitary conditions.

Because many hospitals had been rendered unusable, survivors were forced to wait days for treatment and, with morgues quickly reaching capacity, corpses were stacked in the streets. The onset of decay forced the interment of many bodies in mass graves, and recovery of those buried under the rubble was impeded by a shortage of heavy-lifting equipment, making death tolls difficult to determine. Figures released by Haitian government officials at the end of March placed the death toll at 222,570 people, though there was significant disagreement over the exact figure, and some estimated that nearly a hundred thousand more had perished. In January 2011, Haitian officials announced the revised figure of 316,000 deaths. The draft of a report commissioned by the U.S. government and made public in May 2011 drastically revised the estimate downward to no more than 85,000. Officials from the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) later acknowledged inconsistencies in data acquisition. Given the difficulty of observing documentation procedures in the rush to dispose of the dead, it was considered unlikely that a definitive total would ever be established.

Further deaths occurred as serious injuries went untreated in the absence of medical staff and supplies. The orphans created by these mass mortalities-as well as those whose parents had died prior to the quake-were left vulnerable to abuse and human trafficking. Though adoptions of Haitian children by foreign nationals-particularly in the United States-were expedited, the process was slowed by the efforts of Haitian and foreign authorities to ensure that the children did not have living relatives, as orphanages had often temporarily accommodated the children of the destitute.

Because the infrastructure of the country's computer network was largely unaffected, electronic media emerged as a useful mode for connecting those separated by the quake and for coordinating relief efforts. Survivors who were able to access the Internet-and friends and relatives abroad-took to social networking sites such as Twitter and Facebook in search of information on those missing in the wake of the catastrophe. Feeds from these sites also assisted aid organizations in constructing maps of the areas affected and in determining where to channel resources. The many Haitians lacking Internet access were able to contribute updates via text messaging on mobile phones.

The general disorder created by the earthquake-combined with the destruction of the country's electoral headquarters and the death of UN officials working in concert with the Haitian electoral council-prompted Haitian Pres. René Préval to defer legislative elections that had been scheduled for the end of February. Préval's term in office was set to end the following year.

As the spring rainy season and summer hurricane season approached with reconstruction efforts having made little progress, residents of tent settlements were encouraged by aid agencies to construct more-substantial dwellings using tarpaulins and, later, donated lumber and sheet metal. Though some provisional housing was erected before the onset of inclement weather, many persons remained in tents and other shelters that provided scant protection from the elements. Compounding the problems in the increasingly disorganized encampments within Port-au-Prince was the return of many people who, months before, had initially retreated to the countryside only to find little opportunity for employment.

Two years later, though roughly half of the rubble littering Port-au-Prince had been cleared and some damaged residences had been made habitable, more than half a million people remained in tents, many of which had deteriorated significantly. That number dropped to about 360,000 by the third anniversary. The decrease was partly due to a Canadian-sponsored program that provided grants to some of the nearly 30,000 residents of the most-conspicuous camp-located near the collapsed presidential palace on the Champs de Mars-which allowed them to find rental housing or repair existing structures. Although that area was cleared by July 2012, countrywide some 500 camps still remained at the end of the year. By 2014 the number of camps had been more than halved, though some 100,000 people remained without permanent housing. While the number of camps continued to diminish, more than 62,000 people were still displaced in early 2016.

Many who left the camps merely relocated to outgrowths of the existing slums surrounding Port-au-Prince. Others crowded into undamaged homes owned by extended family members or friends or returned to damaged structures, more than 200,000 of which were either marked for demolition or required major repairs. Efforts to level the worst such buildings, some of which precariously gripped the rims of ravines, were hampered by irate residents who refused to leave. The capital remained without power for significant stretches during a given day because of stalled work on the electricity grid. In addition, less than one-third of the population was steadily employed. Conditions were further exacerbated by damage to crops and settlements by tropical weather events, notably Superstorm Sandy in October 2012.

In October 2010, cases of cholera began to surface around the Artibonite River. The river-the longest on the island and a major source of drinking water there-had been contaminated with fecal matter carrying a South Asian strain of cholera bacteria. Suspicion that Nepalese UN peacekeeping forces stationed near the river were the likely source of the outbreak was validated by the leak of a report by a French epidemiologist in December. The report cited the absence of cholera in Haiti during the previous decade and the emergence of a parallel outbreak of cholera in Kathmandu, the city from which the troops had departed Nepal. The epidemic reached the tent cities of Port-au-Prince in November 2010, and by 2016 it had sickened some 770,000 people and proved fatal to more than 9,200. A 2016 report by the organization Doctors Without Borders claimed that cases of cholera had likely been significantly underreported.

In November 2011 several organizations filed claims against the United Nations asking that it take responsibility for the outbreak, install new water and waste-management systems, and compensate those who fell ill or lost relatives to cholera. In December 2012 the UN, while not acknowledging that its troops had been vectors of the disease, announced that it would fund a program proposed by the governments of Haiti and the Dominican Republic to rid Hispaniola of cholera by instituting new sanitation and vaccination measures. Critics noted, however, that the proposed financial scheme for the project hinged largely on previously promised monies not yet in hand. The UN asserted in February 2013 that it would not receive compensation claims related to the outbreak, citing its convention on privileges and immunities. In October 2013 a U.S.-based group, the Institute for Justice and Democracy in Haiti, filed a lawsuit in New York City against the UN, seeking compensation on behalf of Haitians affected by the epidemic. The U.S. Department of Justice asserted that the UN was immune from prosecution in 2014. In an October 2015 letter to UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon, a group of UN human rights experts excoriated the body for using legal loopholes to avoid taking responsibility for the epidemic and thereby undermining its own credibility. The following year the UN finally admitted to playing a role in starting the epidemic, though it did not say that the organization had caused the outbreak. The announcement came after Ban received a report from a UN adviser who claimed that the epidemic "would not have broken out but for the actions of the United Nations." In addition, the adviser urged the UN to provide compensation to the victims. However, there was no indication that the organization would drop its claim of legal immunity.

The election to choose Préval's successor as president took place in November 2010 after a 10-month delay. Voter turnout was low, and allegations of electoral fraud were widespread. A runoff election was held on March 20, 2011, between the top two candidates: popular musician Michel Martelly and Mirlande Manigat, a legal scholar and the wife of a former president of Haiti. Election observers noted fewer instances of fraud in the runoff, and voter turnout was higher. On April 21 it was announced that Martelly had won the election with some two-thirds of the vote. The political instability created by the quake resulted in the postponement of municipal and senatorial elections scheduled for 2011 and 2012, respectively. Haiti's parliament was dissolved in January 2015, having lost its mandate to govern. Parliamentary elections were held in August 2015, and a second round, alongside a presidential election, was held in October 2015. However, allegations of fraud led to demands for a presidential runoff. Originally slated for December 2015, the runoff was canceled. Following the establishment of the new parliament in January 2016, Martelly agreed to leave office in February, and an interim president was sworn in that month.

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2010 Haiti earthquake | Magnitude, Damage, Map, & Facts

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2010 Haiti earthquake, magnitude 7.0 earthquake that struck some 15 miles (25 km) southwest of the Haitian capital of Port-au-Prince on January 12, 2010. Haiti's government estimated that more than 300,000 were killed, but other estimates were considerably smaller. Hundreds of thousands of survivors were displaced.

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San Francisco earthquake of 1906, major earthquake with a magnitude of 7.9 that occurred on April 18, 1906, at 5:12 am off the northern California coast. The San Andreas Fault slipped along a segment about 270 miles (430 km) long, extending from San Juan Bautista in San Benito county to Humboldt county and from there perhaps out under the sea to an unknown distance. The shaking was felt from Los Angeles in the south to Coos Bay, Oregon, in the north. Damage was severe in San Francisco and in other towns situated near the fault, including San Jose, Salinas, and Santa Rosa.

San Francisco had experienced earthquakes in 1864, 1898, and 1900 but nothing like the 1906 event. Just after 5:00 am on April 18, a noise "like the roar of 10,000 lions" rose as the entire city began to tremble and shake. Cable cars abruptly stopped, City Hall crumbled, and the Palace Hotel's glass roof splintered and littered the courtyard below.

The quake was followed by a massive fire that swept from the business section near Montgomery Street and the South of Market district toward Russian Hill, Chinatown, North Beach, and Telegraph Hill. The blaze continued for four days, until its smouldering ashes were ultimately extinguished by rain. In the process, more than 500 blocks in the city centre-covering some 4 square miles (10 square km)-were leveled. The inferno destroyed some 28,000 buildings, and the total property value loss was estimated at $350 million.

Some 700 people originally were thought to have died in the disaster, but the death toll is now believed to have exceeded 3,000. Moreover, about 250,000 were left homeless; survivors camped in Golden Gate Park and dunes west of the city or fled to outlying towns. Within a short time, relief shipments of food and clothing reached the city, and several tens of millions of dollars in financial aid arrived from foreign sources, including Europe, Japan and China, and other parts of the Americas. Although insurance payments in the neighbourhood of $300 million were forthcoming, the long task of reconstruction was sustained by local courage and persistence.

Much of the city was rebuilt to be earthquake- and fire-resistant. New plans for civic development made headway as the debris of the old city vanished. In 1915 San Francisco invited the world to see the results of its efforts at the Panama-Pacific International Exposition.

Geologic field studies of this earthquake led to the detailed formation of the theory that elastic rebound of strained faults causes the shaking associated with earthquakes. See also uplift; Harry Fielding Reid.

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San Francisco earthquake of 1906 | Facts, Magnitude, & Damage

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San Francisco earthquake of 1906, major earthquake with a magnitude of 7.9 that occurred on April 18, 1906, at 5:12 am off the northern California coast. The San Andreas Fault slipped along a segment about 270 miles (430 km) long, extending from San Juan Bautista in San Benito county to Humboldt county and from there perhaps out under the sea to an unknown distance.

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A comprehensive suite of e-learning resources designed for all ages and abilities with articles, videos, educator tools, eBooks, research guides and more.

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A comprehensive suite of e-learning resources designed for all ages and abilities with articles, videos, educator tools, eBooks, research guides and more.

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Malala Yousafzai, (born July 12, 1997, Mingora, Swat valley, Pakistan), Pakistani activist who, while a teenager, spoke out publicly against the prohibition on the education of girls that was imposed by the Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP; sometimes called Pakistani Taliban). She gained global attention when she survived an assassination attempt at age 15. In 2014 Yousafzai and Kailash Satyarthi were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in recognition of their efforts on behalf of children's rights.

Childhood and early activism

The daughter of an outspoken social activist and educator, Yousafzai was an excellent student. Her father-who established and administered the school she attended, Khushal Girls High School and College in the city of Mingora-encouraged her to follow in his path. In 2007 the Swat valley, once a vacation destination, was invaded by the TTP. Led by Maulana Fazlullah, the TTP began imposing strict Islamic law, destroying or shutting down girls' schools, banning women from any active role in society, and carrying out suicide bombings. Yousafzai and her family fled the region for their safety, but they returned when tensions and violence eased.

On September 1, 2008, when Yousafzai was 11 years old, her father took her to a local press club in Peshawar to protest the school closings, and she gave her first speech-"How Dare the Taliban Take Away My Basic Right to Education?" Her speech was publicized throughout Pakistan. Toward the end of 2008, the TTP announced that all girls' schools in Swat would be shut down on January 15, 2009. The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) approached Yousafzai's father in search of someone who might blog for them about what it was like to live under TTP rule. Under the name Gul Makai, Yousafzai began writing regular entries for BBC Urdu about her daily life. She wrote from January through the beginning of March of that year 35 entries that were also translated into English. Meanwhile, the TTP shut down all girls' schools in Swat and blew up more than 100 of them.

In February 2009 Yousafzai made her first television appearance, when she was interviewed by Pakistani journalist and talk show host Hamid Mir on the Pakistan current events show Capital Talk. In late February the TTP, responding to an increasing backlash throughout Pakistan, agreed to a cease-fire, lifted the restriction against girls, and allowed them to attend school on the condition that they wear burkas. However, violence resurged only a few months later, in May, and the Yousafzai family was forced to seek refuge outside of Swat until the Pakistani army was able to push the TTP out. In early 2009 The New York Times reporter Adam Ellick worked with Yousafzai to make a documentary, Class Dismissed, a 13-minute piece about the school shutdown. Ellick made a second film with her, titled A Schoolgirl's Odyssey. The New York Times posted both films on their Web site in 2009. That summer she met with the U.S. special envoy to Afghanistan and Pakistan, Richard Holbrooke, and asked him to help with her effort to protect the education of girls in Pakistan.

With Yousafzai's continuing television appearances and coverage in the local and international media, it had become apparent by December 2009 that she was the BBC's young blogger. Once her identity was known, she began to receive widespread recognition for her activism. In October 2011 she was nominated by human rights activist Desmond Tutu for the International Children's Peace Prize. In December of that year she was awarded Pakistan's first National Youth Peace Prize (later renamed the National Malala Peace Prize).

Shooting and Nobel Peace Prize

On October 9, 2012, Yousafzai was shot in the head by a TTP gunman while she was en route home from school. Fazlullah and the TTP took responsibility for the attempt on her life. She survived the attack and was flown from Peshawar to Birmingham, England, for surgery. The incident elicited protests, and her cause was taken up around the world, including by the UN special envoy for global education, Gordon Brown, who introduced a petition that called for all children around the world to be back in school by 2015. That petition led to the ratification of Pakistan's first Right to Education bill. In December 2012 Pakistani President Asif Ali Zardari announced the launch of a $10 million education fund in Yousafzai's honour. About the same time, the Malala Fund was established by the Vital Voices Global Partnership to support education for all girls around the world.

Yousafzai recovered, staying with her family in Birmingham, where she returned to her studies and to activism. For the first time since being shot, she made a public appearance on July 12, 2013, her 16th birthday, and addressed an audience of 500 at the United Nations in New York City. Among her many awards, in 2013 Yousafzai won the United Nations Human Rights Prize, awarded every five years. She was named one of magazine's most influential people in 2013 and appeared on one of the seven covers that were printed for that issue. With Christina Lamb (foreign correspondent for The Sunday Times), Yousafzai coauthored a memoir, I Am Malala: The Girl Who Stood Up for Education and Was Shot by the Taliban (2013). She also wrote the picture book Malala's Magic Pencil (2017), which was based on her childhood. In 2014 she became the youngest person to win the Liberty Medal, awarded by the National Constitution Center in Philadelphia to public figures striving for people's freedom throughout the world. Nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 2013 but passed over that year, Yousafzai in 2014 won the prize, becoming the youngest Nobel laureate.

After winning the Nobel Prize, Yousafzai continued to attend school in England-she graduated from the University of Oxford in 2020-while using her enhanced public profile to bring attention to human rights issues around the world. In July 2015, with support from the Malala Fund, she opened a girls' school in Lebanon for refugees from the Syrian Civil War. She discussed her work with refugees as well as her own displacement in We Are Displaced (2019).

Her life, before and after the attack she endured, was examined in the documentary He Named Me Malala (2015). The title referenced the fact that Yousafzai had been named for the Afghan heroine Malalai, or Malala, who purportedly led her people to victory against the British in the 1880 Battle of Maiwand.
Naomi Blumberg The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica

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Malala Yousafzai | Biography, Nobel Prize, & Facts

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Malala Yousafzai, Pakistani activist who, while a teenager, spoke out against the Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan's ban on the education of girls. She gained global attention when she survived an assassination attempt at age 15. In 2014 Yousafzai won a share of the Nobel Prize for Peace, becoming the youngest Nobel laureate.

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A comprehensive suite of e-learning resources designed for all ages and abilities with articles, videos, educator tools, eBooks, research guides and more.

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A comprehensive suite of e-learning resources designed for all ages and abilities with articles, videos, educator tools, eBooks, research guides and more.

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Harris Feature Article Google Slides Template

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Your copy will be in Schoology. Many grades will be tied to this document.

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Cleveland Copy of Bermuda Triangle Feature Article 

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When you think of crustaceans, you probably think of the big lobsters in the tank at the grocery store, but did you know that rolie-polies are crustaceans too? Most crustaceans live in the sea and include animals, such as lobsters and crabs. Two types live on land - rolie polies, also known as isopods, pillbugs or sowbugs, and crayfish.

Rolie polies are covered with overlapping plates. They eat fungus and dying plants. They roll up in a ball to protect themselves. Crayfish look a little like lobsters, but they're much smaller. They live mostly in fresh water streams and rivers. They sometimes come out at night on land to look for food. They eat plants, bugs and small animals. Both rolie polies and crayfish lay eggs. The mom carries her eggs on her back until they hatch.

Fun Facts about Crustaceans for Kids

Crustaceans are arthropods. Their skeletons are on the outside of their bodies.

Crustaceans have jointed parts so they can move. They often have many legs.

Shrimp, crabs, lobsters, barnacles and hermit crabs are all crustaceans.

Crustaceans have two pairs of antennae.

Crabs and shrimp can swim. Lobsters just scuttle about on the bottom of the ocean. Barnacles stick themselves to a hard surface like a rock or a boat and never move.

Hermit crabs can't make their own shells. They hide in shells left behind by other animals.

Crustacean Vocabulary

Learn More All About Crustaceans

Watch this amazing video documentary about crustaceans:

A documentary video about the lives of crustaceans in the reef.

Crustaceans Q&A

Question: How do crustaceans breathe?

Answer: They have gills and get oxygen from the water just like fish.

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Question: Can people eat crustaceans?

Answer: People all over the world eat crustaceans. The people of the world eat over 1 million pounds of crab every year. People also eat crayfish, lobsters and shrimp. Some people are allergic to shrimp and other crustaceans. They cannot eat these foods.

Enjoyed the Easy Science for Kids Website all about Crustaceans info? Take the FREE & fun all about Crustaceans quiz and download FREE Crustaceans worksheet for kids. For lengthy info click here.

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When you think of crustaceans, you probably think of the big lobsters in the tank at the grocery store, but did you know that rolie-polies are crustaceans too? Most crustaceans live in the sea and include animals, such as lobsters and crabs.

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Pigs are mammals in the genus Sus . They include the domestic pig and its ancestor, the common Eurasian wild boar (), and other species. Pigs are in the Suidae family of even-toed ungulates. Related, but outside the genus, are the babirusa and the warthog. Pigs, like all suids, are native to the Old World.

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Enter the Access ID and Passcode provided by your school to access Britannica School.

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Kids learn about the history and timeline of the state of California including early explorers, Native Americans, the Gold Rush, and the Bear Republic.

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Learn Fort Worth Stockyards facts for kids

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(東京ディズニーランド , Tokyo Disneyland Tōkyō Dizunīrando) is a theme park at the Tokyo Disney Resort in Urayasu, Chiba, near Tokyo. It is 115 acres (465,000 m ²) large. Tokyo Disney Resort is one of five Disney Resorts in the world. It is one of the most famous theme parks in Japan. Maihama station is the nearest station. There are many kinds of tickets for visitors to choose from. The "After 6 passport" for admission after 6 p.m. is popular with high-school students and couples. Tokyo DisneySea is nearby.

Tokyo Disneyland is divided into seven theme parks.

World Bazaar

Adventureland

Westernland

Critter Country

Fantasyland

Toontown

Tomorrowland

Characters

They are called the "FAB 5". They always appear on stages and parades. They are mostly found at Toontown. Other characters at Toontown are Chip 'n Dale and Daisy Duck.

At Fantasyland, there are Winnie the Pooh, Peter Pan, Snow White, Cinderella, Pinocchio, Dumbo, Alice, and Jack Skellington from The Nightmare Before Christmas.

At Tomorrowland are Buzz Lightyear and the monsters from Monsters, Inc.. There is also the Aristocats and Lilo & Stitch.

Attractions

Star Tours

Hounted Mantion

Big Thunder Mountain

Space Mountain

Splash Mountain

Images for kids

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(東京ディズニーランド , Tokyo Disneyland Tōkyō Dizunīrando) is a theme park at the Tokyo Disney Resort in Urayasu, Chiba, near Tokyo. It is 115 acres (465,000 m 2) large. Tokyo Disney Resort is one of five Disney Resorts in the world. It is one of the most famous theme parks in Japan.

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earthquake(Encyclopedia)
CE5
Worldwide pattern of earthquake activity: The dots indicate the epicenters of all earthquakes recorded during a recent 10-year period.
CE5
earthquake, trembling or shaking…

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SweetSearch - A Search Engine for Students

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A search engine for students that emphasizes high quality resources evaluated and approved by educators, librarians and research experts.

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Infotopia--A Google Alternative Safe Search Engine for Students

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A Google alternative safe search engine for students offering information and reference sites: art, social sciences,social issues,social problems, history, biography, magazines, newspapers,encyclopedias,science, chemistry, biology, lesson plans, and dictionaries.

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