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History of Cave Paintings (40,000 ± 14,000 years ago)

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History of Cave Paintings (40,000 ± 14,000 years ago)

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Cave paintings were engravings found in caves from as far back as the ice ages. Most cave paintings found have surfaced from modern day Spain and France. However, although they are rare to find outside or Europe, these artworks can be found all over the world. Cave paintings usually consist of animals and rarely will feature physical humans. For example, the artwork attached it of horses and buffalo running and being shot at by humans with bows. The art is topped with black and red pigments adding contour and detention to the work. Most pigments of either black or red pigments are made from hematite and coal. Some cave paintings. can be seen with hand prints or silhouettes of a head but most will only show animals such as the woolly mammoth. These art works are believed to portray symbolic or religious ideals that may have led to Shamanic practices later on.

https://www.samys.com/b/ANCIENT-CAVE-ART:-The-Origin-of-Painting/7245.html

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Chauvet-Pont-d' Arc Caves (35,500 ± 1,000 years ago)

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Chauvet-Pont-d' Arc Caves (35,500 ± 1,000 years ago)

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The caves at chauvet-pont-d' Arc were first discovered in 1994 by a French speleologist near the Ardèche River in southern France. The cave's first chamber is over 131 feet wide and 98 feet high, the surface of the cave is just about 91,493 square feet and 820 feet long. Throughout the discovery of the cave several thousand bear bones and 195 skulls were found on the surface floor. The cave seemed to be briefly occupied by people about 36,000 years ago by Aurignacians and then around 5,000 to 6,000 years again later by the Gravettians. The Aurignacians did the most of the painting but seemed to just use the cave for ceremonies rather than to live in and were some of the first few people to create fires. The Gravettians also made fires and used the charcoal for their paintings. The art usually consisted of animals like the woolly mammoth, musk oxen, and one owl. This art is of outlines bears with definite shape using black coal, some are shaded and others are left as outlines on the cave walls. The artwork had pigments like red and black and had lots of contours and underlining. The artwork was said to be very sophisticated and precise.

https://www.britannica.com/place/Chauvet-Pont-dArc

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Sumer, or Sumeria was known for having the earliest known art. The Sumerians were the first civilization to live in southern Mesopotamia. Sumeria were also the first to trade, do leatherwork, weaving, masonry, metalwork, and the first to use ancient pottery. Sumerian art mostly consisted and excelled at pottery until around 5300 BCE. Sumerian pottery was usually made of stone, clay, and alabaster with cylindrical styles. This art work is of people some of which have brown colored carriage with sand colored horses. Some of the humans in the picture are more faded away while others are left better looking and in more shape. During the early Sumerian period they also developed a wedge-shaped writing called cuneiform. Sumerians are also known to have use many cultural practices that are now associated with Egyptian civilizations.

http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/ancient-art/sumerian.htm

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Plastered skulls were first discovered 9000 years ago. The first plastered skull found was believed to belong to an adult male and may have been artificially shaped with plaster molded all along it. The skull example attached is refferred to as the Jericho skull it is a human skull covered in plaster covering the mouth, nose, and the ears. This was believed to be a burial practice to early forms of ancestor warship. The plaster was used to fill the cavities of the removed skull and that was painted before burial. It was believed that this practice showed great respect for family ancestors.

https://joyofmuseums.com/museums/middle-east-museums/israel-museums/israel-museum/plastered-human-skulls-from-the-pre-pottery-neolithic-age/

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Ancient Egyptian Art (5000 BCE to 300 CE)

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Ancient Egyptian Art (5000 BCE to 300 CE)

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The first signs of Egyptian art were images of humans,animals, and supernatural figures. Egyptian art was mostly made of wood,stone, and metals and used lots of colorful pigments. The art attached uses many pigmented colors and depicts 2 women kneeing, perhaps praying or begging, to a Anubis - the Egyptian god of death- and 3 men in the back fanning him and serving what is assumed to be his food. All Egyptian art was known to be based on a 'perfect world' and to reflect the gods gifts. The artwork was all about praising and or serving a spirit or a god. Tomb paintings,temple tableaus and home, palace gardens served important function that reminded citizens of the eternal nature of life and the value of the community's stability. A lot of the art was used to honor and uphold the spirits of ancestors and passing family in order to keep their memories alive.

https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/cavestocathedrals/part/egyptian/#:~:text=Ancient%20Egyptian%20art%20is%20the,Protodynastic%20period%20circa%203%2C150%20BCE.

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 Ancient Greece and Rome Art (500 B.C.-400 CE)

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 Ancient Greece and Rome Art (500 B.C.-400 CE)

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Ancient art made by Greeks and Romans is now commonly known as classical art. This art was first discovered by Greeks were they used marble t carve sculptures and vases. It was later spread by Greeks to the roman society. Now, most of the art work has lost its paint due to weathering and erosion. However, it is said to believe that they were once very bright and colorful as few were found with some color still intact. Many vases were found in tombs or discovered by archaeologists, now we have many ancient vases with beautiful decorations giving an idea of what the art was like.

Many of the vases in Greece were made with terracotta and painted with silver,bronze, and gold. The art shown is called "Apollo Belvedere" and is a sculpture of the Greek god Apollo. The sculpture is detailed with a folding scarf and textured hair and In Rome the art was made with all kinds of materials such as mosaic, gems, silver, marble and terracotta. These Romans works were commonly decorated with smooth lines, elegance and commonly portrayed nude figures.

https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/Greek-and-Roman-art/274650#:~:text=Introduction&text=The%20art%20of%20the%20ancient,Greek%20art%20to%20later%20ages.

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Byzantine Art is highly based off of ancient Roman art and even some of ancient Greek. Byzantine art however, is entirely Christianize and based on religious belief. Sculptures, Fresco, Mosaics, and architecture were created with the symbolization of Christian Faith. The attached picture is of Christ Pantocrator -God of Judaism - where he is drawn with an elongated face and colored with primary bright colors and outlines in a faded grey. The background consist of a marble white and a copper yellow blending well with Christ Pantocrator. Byzantine architectures can be found and Byzantine sculptures are even more rare.

https://www.thecollector.com/how-medieval-byzantine-art-influenced-medieval-states/

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Arts of the Islamic World (600 - present time)

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Arts of the Islamic World (600 - present time)

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Islamic art is a modern type of art created in the 7th century. In Islamic art calligraphy is a very important aspect that can even be found on buildings and pottery. There are many types of architecture such as gardens,madrasas, and mausolea. However these buildings are still all very unique. This artwork is very vibrant however it also has a moody feeling. This art shows a man standing in front of five other men all wearing long outfits. Some have white jewelry around their necks. Others have what looks like shawls over their shoulders. The background is a patterned blue with cork board brown and light grey framing the bottom. The whole art work is very textured. Patterns seem to be a commonly reoccurring element of Islamic arts.

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islamic-arts

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Gothic architecture is a type of european architecture that was created in the 12th century. This style was a building with cavernous spaces and intricately patterned/ broken up walls. These buildings were made very open and with stained glass as a way to preserve and use sunlight. One of the earliest known buildings using both these elements was the Basilica of Saint-Denis. This building is white with a green roof and contains many pillared-like walls and elongated half oval shaped windows, the Basilica of Saint-Denis is primarily made out of wood and marble. This building, like any other Gothic architecture, has christian characteristics and was used as a church.

https://www.britannica.com/art/Gothic-architecture

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Florence in the trecento was a type of Italian art in the 1300's. These showed negative and positive space with human figures using shadows and contour. This art became easily spread and used throughout Italy and southern France by traveling artists. This art work called 'The Ognissanti Madonna' by Giotto di Bondone, a famous Italian painter and the "father of European art", was made in 1306 with tempera paint. This art work shows Madonna, the mother of Jesus, holding her child. The artwork shows Christin religion with Madonna and Jesus on a throne . Most of the painting is very moody yellow colors with orange tracings and accents. The painting has very small details like holes in the throne and the texture in the background.

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-herkimer-artappreciation/chapter/reading-florence-in-the-trecento-1300s/

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Early Renaissance in Florence was a type of early Italian art in 15th century Italy. This picture here is a christian art called "Madonna of Humility" . This painting was created by Fra Angelico in 1418. This painting shows Madonna, the Christian mother of Jesus, Holding her child. Here she wears a blue dress with dork shaded colors. She also wears a pink shit and a white scarf over her head. Behind her is a dark red curtain being held up by two angel like figures. At the bottom of the work is the words "AVE: MARIA GRATIA PLENA DO. In this painting the colors are very dark and muted. Everything about the work is a highly warm tone with very few cool toned characteristics. The art portrays a good example of the type of color and depictions painted in Early Renaissance art in Florence, Italy.

https://www.nga.gov/features/slideshows/the-early-renaissance-in-florence.html#slide_7

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The high renaissance was an art period with famously known artists like Raphael, Michelangelo, and Leonardo Da Vinci. This art work called "Mona Lisa" is a dark artwork of a woman painted by Leonardo Da Vinci in 1503 using primarily oil paint. This art uses dark colors and shading, unlike the early renaissance, this work uses many cool tone with dark shades. The woman is painted realistically with distinct clothing textures and skin colors. The background of the artwork is a moody dark green mixed with browns and yellows.

https://www.britannica.com/event/Renaissance/The-High-Renaissance

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End of renaissance and reformation (1500-1600)

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End of renaissance and reformation (1500-1600)

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The renaissance was a religious art period from 1400-1600 that included famous artists such as Donatello,Titian, and Medici. The art work attached is called "The game of chess" made by the artist Sofonisba Anguissolain in 1555. This oil painting had very vibrant reds and greens that really stand out within the art. It adds Emphasis on the girl and the plant life around them. This painting gives a feeling of happiness from the kids as they play the game. There is very realistic characteristics like the girls and the details in the tree. The colors are somewhat slurred and messy primarily around the trees. While the chess board is mostly neat and brightly colored.

https://arthistoryteachingresources.org/lessons/italian-renaissance-art-1400-1600/

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Baroque originated in Italy and moved outwards from there during the 18th century. This artwork included architecture,paintings, sculpture, music, and decorative art. The word Baroque is a Portuguese term for an 'irregularly shaped pearl' and describes the art style as bizarre and over decorated. Baroque painting are usually given a rich,tense, and dramatic feeling. This painting is no exception, this art work is the Las Meninas painting by artist Diego Velázquez in 1656 is an extremely dark picture with people in big dresses and clothing sitting around. The dresses have unique details and the theme is somewhat grungy with it's old dark feeling. Like other Baroque artworks this painting was made to evoke dramatic emotions.

https://www.britannica.com/summary/Baroque-art-and-architecture

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The age of enlightenment changed the views of art for people. It took art from having a religious purpose to giving a scientific look on things. Enlightenment questioned traditional ideas like that of the kind being the 'chosen one of god' and instead proposed that his power came from the will of the people. This era of art arose controversy and questioned political reasoning and reliability. Rococo art was criticized for being indecent and challenging the ideas of rights and wrongs to the people. Some famous enlightenment figures were Rousseau, Diderot and Voltaire.

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-herkimer-artappreciation/chapter/reading-1700-1800-age-of-enlightenment/

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Neo-Classism is the contrast of rococo art which takes influence from ancient Greek and Roman art inspired by the french revolution. This type of art contained lots of war like scenes like the artwork included. This artwork is called Oath of the Horatii, by Jacques-Louis David. This is a painting made in 1784 that is 10′ 8″ x 13′ 9. The painting is kept at the Louvre Museum in Paris, France. The painting depicts the Roman Horatius family who had been chosen to duel three Curiatii family members. This was said to be done to settle disagreement between the Romans and the latter city. The characteristics of this painting consists of muted colors, mostly primary, with darkened tones that give the painting heroic feelings. There is also lots of texture along the walls and the flooring tiles. You can also see lots of shadows and depth in the peoples skin and behind the pillars leaving empty space between them.

https://www.britannica.com/art/Neoclassicism

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Romanticism in France was a type of art that introduced intimacy,spirituality, and color similarly, to modern art. This art form introduced the idea that humans were moved and motivated by emotions and instincts like an animal being. The artwork included is "The Nightmare" which was created in 1781 by Henry Fuseli. This artwork is a 3′ 4″ x 4′ 2″ oil painting located in the Detroit Institute of Art. The art shows a woman hanging over a bed with her arms laid out and a demonic animal-like figure sitting on top of her stomach. This art gives off an intimate feeling with the dark reds and sense of purity in the woman's white gown. The artwork was made to give off a nightmarish, dream-like feeling with its dark colors and the empty shadows.

https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/becoming-modern/romanticism/romanticism-in-france/a/romanticism-in-france#:~:text=Viewed%20as%20a%20means%20of,of%20the%20Baroque%20artist%20Rubens.

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Photography started off with light projecting through a small hole into a dark room and projecting an upside-down display of scenery this process was known as the camera obscura. Photography started in black and white where people would sit and wait for their picture to be taken. The camera obscura was first used to create draw-able images that could be traced by hand by talented artists. The issue was that these pictures were time consuming and depended solely on the skill level of these artists. Johann Heinrich was the first to prove that darkening silver salts was caused by light and not heat, which led to the first ever photograph by Nicephore Niepce. Exposures started off at up to hour long waits and making portraits impractical. They also used dangerous chemicals that could only be handled by professionals.

https://www.britannica.com/technology/photography

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Impressionism originated from France and had a great impact on artists worldwide. Impressionists would paint and capture quick moments while working outside in front of their subjects causing artists to be more aware of different lighting and natural patterns. This lead to messy and quick brush strokes or broken dabs and splatters along a canvas. A great example of Impressionism is the artwork titled "Impression Sunrise" by Claude Monet. This artwork was created in 1872 using oil paint on a canvas. This artworks is 48 cm × 63 cm and currently located at the Musee Marmottan Monet. The painting uses bright colors that express the lighting of the sunrise behind the water. You could also see forms of movement in the small dark hues of blue along the water. The brush strokes are messy and assumingly placed quickly placed similarly to other impressionist artworks.

https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/i/impressionism#:~:text=Impressionism%20developed%20in%20France%20in,and%20scenes%20of%20everyday%20life

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The name 'cubism' is said to have originated from George Braques artwork which was described as reducing everything to ‘geometric outlines, to cubes’. This new art form opened up new artistic opportunities to test visual realities in art. The point of this art form was to show different viewpoints and test the idea of 'space' within an artwork. To do this, artists emphasized two-dementional shaped instead of using perspective to create realistic three-dementional depth. This new art form was seen as a revolutionary discovery as artworks before this had always emphasized the realistic characteristics of sceneries using shadows and perspectives. This new idea led to the starting point of new abstract styles such as constructivism and neo-plasticism.

https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/c/cubism#:~:text=Cubism%20was%20a%20revolutionary%20new,that%20appear%20fragmented%20and%20abstracted

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Abstract Expressionism was mostly based in New York city and aimed to make art abstract while also pulling expressions and emotion from the viewer. This art form consisted of two types being the action painter, and the color field painters. Action painters paint using large brushes and pouring colors on to a canvas, this expressed the idea of making art with their bodies and putting their full selves and emotions on to the canvas. Color field painters were religion and myth based art forms that were given a spiritual and meditational feeling. These artworks consisted of large areas covered in single colors used to force the viewer to interoperate the ideas themselves. An example of Abstract Expressionism is 'Mural" by Jackson Pollock. This artwork was created in 1943. This artwork is 243 cm × 604 cm and located in the Stanley Museum of Art. This artwork consists of different colored lines and swirls with mostly primary colors. The art work was created by pouring and dripping paint along the canvas which was often described by artists as "a moment of liberation".

https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/a/abstract-expressionism

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Italian Futurism was an art form based on technological advances. This art was used to capture the ideas of modern world,speed,movement, and the industrial developments throughout Italy. The sculpture 'Unique Forms of Continuity in Space' was made by Umberto Boccion in 1913 using bronze materials. The 43 7/8 x 34 7/8 x 15 3/4" sculpture captures a figure in a sort of running position. It has futuristic like characteristics such as its shiny color and sharp details. The purpose was to show the urge towards progress and success with the sculptures fluid like stance and moment like posture.

https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-1010/xdc974a79:italian-art-before-world-war-i/art-great-war/a/italian-futurism-an-introduction

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Dada and Surrealism were literary and intellectual movements. First came Dada which connected groups by their rejection of idealism and modern embrace of rationalism. Dada was an anti- aesthetic,rational, and idealistic art for. These artists did not agree with the nationalist and capitalist ideals that led to war which led to the usage of performances and provocations to "jolt the rest of society into self-awareness." After the war many artists from the Dada movement moved to surrealism. Similarly surrealism used a profound disillusionment to put emphasis on logic and reason. Surrealism attempted to portray dream like worlds and subliminal mind concepts giving it a mysterious feeling. The artwork included is called 'Composition of Circles and Overlapping Angles' made by artist Sophie Taeuber-Arp in 1930. The artwork is a 49.5 x 64.1 cm oil painting located in the Museum of Modern Art New York. This art work uses lots of two-dimensional shapes with plane colors and rectangles.

https://www.oxfordartonline.com/page/1620

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Art in Nazi Germany was about militarism and similar to propaganda. It focused on racial priority and was used to convince the people to follow in the footsteps of Nazi ideals. The picture included is a poster that seems to be a man (most likely a Nazi member) hitting what is portrayed as a Jewish person. The text says "Chose list ten" "The shot has to be right" this assumably is a poster made to persuade the people of Germany to do as directed in the poster. In this art work you can see lots of red which is used to symbolize 'evil' or 'hatred'. There is also illusion of movement around the hand with the small lines that follow along the hands focus point.

https://smarthistory.org/art-in-nazi-germany/

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Contemporary art is a form of artwork that challenges the borders of art as they are usually presented in former art themes. Contemporary art has abstract and experimental characteristics that make it unique from other art forms. While this art form is common it can be controversial to the media. An example of contemporary art is the 'play-doh' Sculpture by Jeff Koons. This artwork is a 300 cm × 270 cm × 270 cm sculpture with painted aluminum that was made in 2014. This art work is an abstract idea where it allows the viewer to imagine what the meaning is and what it could symbolize to the artist. This artwork is very colorful and contains what looks like messily molded clay. The sculpture brings out a child-like sense of emotions with its bright vibrant hues and its tall messy structure.

https://www.artsper.com/us/cms/collector-guide/art-history/what-is-contemporary-art#:~:text=Contemporary%20art%20follows%20from%20modern,a%20radical%20break%20from%20modernism.

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Conceptual art is an art form where the idea and meaning behind the artwork is more important than the finished project itself. This concept is used to evoke emotion from the viewer using different formats. This art form is unlimited with its materials and can consist of any art media that is most appropriate for the idea. This includes sculptures,performances,writings, and drawings. Artists in this movement really emphasized the art process and the steps put in it to enforce that as the main value of the art. This art form is particularly disliked as it is seen as less interesting to the human eye. An example of Conceptual art is 'Comedian' an artwork consisting of a a banana and a piece of duct tape created in 2019 by Maurizio Cattelan. This artwork in held in the Art Basel, on Miami Beach. This artwork challenged the idea of art and was very hated by the people. This art work was made with the intention to make people question "what is art?" and was given lots of media attention for its controversial question. To many people this artwork was not considered a 'real' form of art. Many stated this was not a form of art as it was something "anyone could do".

https://magazine.artland.com/conceptual-art/