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Captain Cook’s arrival to Hawaii was their first contact with western life. Their arrival brought trades of different resources, technology for plants and more. The Hawaiians treated Captain Cook and his team with welcoming and unsuspecting arms, treating him like a god. However, Captain Cook’s arrival also brought great hardship, as the westerners carried diseases the Hawaiians' immune systems had not encountered and were unable to fight. From where the timeline continues in 1819, approximately only 160,000 to 200,000 Hawaiians were left.

Captain Cook’s arrival relates to the overthrow greatly, as it was westerners first knowledge of new territory. The crew’s notes about luscious resources, Pearl Harbor’s good ground for militia, and its “unruly” inhabitants, set up an overthrow to eventually happen. Governments took note of the materials and Pearl Harbor while missionaries took note of the community. Two communities who would become the largest advocates for Hawaii’s annexation. This event influenced the very beginning of the overthrow through giving westerners knowledge of Hawaii’s useful and unique existence. It was also the set up that allowed America to eventually gain so much power over the islands.

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Liholiho Destroys the Kapu System (1819)

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Liholiho Destroys the Kapu System (1819)

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In 1819, Liholiho, destroyed the Kapu system with the exceeding assistance of Kamehameha’s favorite wife, Kaahumanu. Who desperately wanted to get rid of all the laws separating men and women, mainly the one about them not being allowed to eat together. Therefore, she led Liholiho into the abolishment of the Kapu system and left a religious gap open to all of Hawaii.

With the lack of the kapu system and not a clear religion in Hawaii anymore, Hawaiians became confused and vulnerable to the many missionaries that would begin to flood their islands. Evidently, the influence this event had in the overthrow was allowing many more Hawaiians to Christians, and turn to more western beliefs. With that, came acceptance and a need for more churches, as missionaries gained more land in Hawaii, power came along too. Missionaries could more easily advocate for Hawaii’s annexation to rid all the islands of their “savage” ways. The abolishment of the kapu system allowed missionaries to persuade Hawaiians at one of their most vulnerable moments, giving them power of Hawaiian's minds through fear and religion.

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Missionaries Come To Hawaii (March 30, 1820)

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Missionaries Come To Hawaii (March 30, 1820)

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As mentioned before, the abolishment of the kapu system created a huge religious reform period in Hawaii. In 1820, the first missionaries arrived in Hawaii, ready to spread Christianity to all the inhabitants. Missionaries looked down upon Hawaiians greatly, and everything that they always knew was deemed wrong. They requested land, built churches, taught the Hawaiians to read and write, and started heavily encouraging Hawaiians to attend their masses. Eventually, a lot of their persuasion worked and many Hawaiians became Christians.

This affected the overthrow of Hawaii because it developed the islands immensely. The changes missionaries made were examples of the serious industrialization they had on Hawaiians. As they became more of a political territory, Americans started to also see their “Manifest Destiny” within the islands as well. The industrialization showed countries that Hawaii was a resource not to be shared, and it was their fate to bring these inhabitants into their culture. In other words, missionaries showed bigger countries how significant Hawaii was and that influenced nations like America to see it as a part of their destiny to expand specifically to the islands. It also brought a little bit more power to western countries as they bought more land to build the churches.

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Boats and boating--Equipment and supplies

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The Great Mahele was a land commission and distribution meant to industrialize land ownership. It was also meant to bring Hawaii more money as whaling, fur, and sandalwood businesses were quickly declining. To own the land, people now had to present claims and commutation fees, the instructions were confusing and made it extremely difficult for Hawaiians to gain back any of their land. This left many Native Hawaiians homeless and left all of the land either to chiefs or Americans. By the time the king realized how bad things were, all the land was sold and westerners had the majority of it.

This relates to the overthrow because it gave missionaries more power in Hawaii and contributed greatly to industrialization. As more Hawaiians lost power in their islands, the less they could do to stop the annexation as well. This blatantly influenced the overthrow because it was one of the largest events that gave westerners so much more power than Hawaiians. Seeing as how the islands were now being overrun by westerners in population.

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When France started to threaten Hawaii’s safety, King Kamehameha III sought help from America. In 1849, Hawaii and the U.S. made a treaty of friendship, commerce, and navigation. The treaty required peace between the two nations, however, America would later break this treaty in the overthrow.

The Hawaii and United States of America Treaty influenced the overthrow by helping the island avoid annexation or overthrow from any other countries. Without it, France would have invaded instead, the treaty set up for Hawaii to be the only one who had enough power in the islands to eventually gain more. The conditions of this treaty also gave the U.S. more power to request anything they wanted from Hawaii, seeing as the natives need the protection from America.

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In 1873, Hawaii spied on Pearl Harbor, two military men sent to map out the area. They evaluated the military and commercial advantages of the territory and the report sent back explained just how valuable Pearl Harbor was. So much so that the spies are now honored today for their work.

Evidently, this event was an enormous influence in the overthrow because it displayed just how important of a resource Pearl Harbor was. This pushed America from wanting Hawaii, to needing it. Every huge attempt the U.S. made to annex Hawaii after this moment was driven mainly by their need for the harbor. Displaying how it so exceedingly influenced the overthrow, by giving America the motivation to gain the islands.

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Hawaiian League and the Honolulu Rifles (1887)

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Hawaiian League and the Honolulu Rifles (1887)

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The Hawaiian League was a group of Caucasian “reformers” who wanted to overthrow King Kalakaua once and for all. The League then made a secret alliance with the Honolulu Rifles to draft a constitution that would give America more power over Hawaii than ever before.

Blatantly, the creation and alliance of these two western “reform” associations was what directly led to America gaining so much power over Hawaii. Their alliance and creation was the final thing the U.S. needed to make their final strike. These associations were the final set up and preparation for the U.S. to gain full power over the islands.

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The Bayonet Constitution was formed by the Hawaiian League and forced into office by them and the Honolulu Rifles. They drafted the new constitution and held King Kalakaua at gunpoint to sign it within the next 24 hours. After bitter protest, the king signed it against his will. King Kalakaua was reduced to a mere public figure without much actual political power. He was required to sign all bills put forth by the new provisional government of white “reformers.” King Kalakaua’s new cabinet was also completely made up of white men who told Kalakaua to stay out of their way as they governed.

This was an enormous influence onto the overthrow because it was the most amount of power taken away from Native Hawaiians all at once. The monarch was essentially ceremonial leaders with no real say in political affairs, and it all left up to Caucasians. The government was ready to have America annex Hawaii and natives couldn’t do much to stop it. Evidently, this influenced the overthrow by giving white men power over all the islands without any clear way for the monarchy to gain it back.

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Lili’uokalani Seeks a New Constitution (January 4, 1893)

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Lili’uokalani Seeks a New Constitution (January 4, 1893)

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After Kalakaua passed away and left Hawaii under the Bayonet Constitution, his heir, Lili’uokalani, was ready to take affirmative action against the constitution. She secretly drafted a new one and was supported by two-thirds of registered voters that had signed Hawaiian independence petitions.  However, as soon as she attempted to put this new Constitution into place, expansionists put their final, most violent step forward against Hawaii’s independence.

Although Queen Lili’uokalani had good intentions, her constitution sparked serious anger throughout most Americans. This was one of the largest influences to the overthrow as it quite literally was the action that made the overthrow happen only 13 days later. Americans did not want to risk losing Hawaii’s resources and were ready to fight Hawaii in war for their conquest. The overthrow happened because Lili'uokalani drafted a constitution that Americans were angered by.

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Committee of Safety Illegally Overthrows Hawaii (January 17, 1893)

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Committee of Safety Illegally Overthrows Hawaii (January 17, 1893)

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The Committee of Safety illegally overthrown Hawaii and the Queen yielded in order to avoid bloodshed in her islands. She also gave in because she knew America was too strong and she was bound to lose. The Committee of Safety, led by Stanford Dole became the Provisional Government. American troops were also ready at shore to attack if the queen refused. She was charged for revolutionary acts for drafting a new constitution. January 17, 1893 was the official day of the illegal overthrow.

This influenced the overthrow because it was the event itself, with America gaining complete control over the islands. After this day, any Hawaiian who was against the overthrow was punished and that was a blatant display of the U.S.’s power over the islands. They had complete authority and command.

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Cleveland’s Attempt Towards Hawaii’s Independence (December 18, 1983)

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Cleveland’s Attempt Towards Hawaii’s Independence (December 18, 1983)

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After the illegal overthrow, President Harrison wanted annexation but could not get two-thirds of Congress to agree to it. He eventually ran out of time, and a new president was put into office, one who was against the annexation, President Cleveland. He firmly believed that the overthrow of Hawaii was an act of war. Cleveland tried his hardest to convince the Committee of Safety to give back the throne, however, he was unsuccessful. Later, his new priority became the American depression and unemployment. Although there was never an annexation when President Cleveland was in office, there was no independence for the islands either.

This event influenced the overthrow because it began to mark the end of any efforts towards stopping the annexation. The Committee of Safety just had too much power in Hawaii and not even the president of the United States could convince these expansionists otherwise. Moreover, the overthrow was coming to an end and President Cleveland’s last attempts influenced the overthrow’s inevitable victory, leaving America with complte control over the islands.

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President Cleveland’s term was over and President McKinley started his. After America declared war on Spain, President McKinley used a Joint Congressional Resolution based on the majority of votes to annex Hawaii. Expansionists said it “we learn fast in war time” while others called it unconstitutional. However, what happened was confirmed and Hawaii was officially annexed into the United States.

Blatantly, this relates to the overthrow because it was the final sign that this was the end of the Hawaiian kingdom. While Hawaii wasn’t technically a state yet, With President McKinley in office, no one was left to listen to Hawaii’s complaints or take back the annexation. Hawaii was American territory and this effected the overthrow by simply ending it, as the U.S. had won and native Hawaiians no longer had any say. They had no power in the islands that were once theres, because the overthrow was now official and legal.