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Why does walking through doorways make us forget? - BBC Future

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We've all done it. Run upstairs to get your keys, but forget that it is them you're looking for once you get to the bedroom. Open the fridge door and reach for the middle shelf only to realise that we can't remember why we opened the fridge in the first place. Or wait for a moment to interrupt a friend to find that the burning issue that made us want to interrupt has now vanished from our minds just as we come to speak: "What did I want to say again?" we ask a confused audience, who all think "how should we know?!"

Although these errors can be embarrassing, they are also common. It's known as the "Doorway Effect", and it reveals some important features of how our minds are organised. Understanding this might help us appreciate those temporary moments of forgetfulness as more than just an annoyance (although they will still be annoying).

These features of our minds are perhaps best illustrated by a story about a woman who meets three builders on their lunch break. "What are you doing today?" she asks the first. "I'm putting brick after sodding brick on top of another," sighs the first. "What are you doing today?" she asks the second. "I'm building a wall," is the simple reply. But the third builder swells with pride when asked, and replies: "I'm building a cathedral!"

By the time you've reached the fridge, you have forgotten why you were there - but rather than being a weakness, this may reflect complex brain processing (Credit: Getty Images)

Maybe you heard that story as encouragement to think of the big picture, but to the psychologist in you the important moral is that any action has to be thought of at multiple levels if you are going to carry it out successfully. The third builder might have the most inspiring view of their day-job, but nobody can build a cathedral without figuring out how to successfully put one brick on top of another like the first builder.

As we move through our days our attention shifts between these levels - from our goals and ambitions, to plans and strategies, and to the lowest levels, our concrete actions. When things are going well, often in familiar situations, we keep our attention on what we want and how we do it seems to take care of itself. If you're a skilled driver then you manage the gears, indicators and wheel automatically, and your attention is probably caught up in the less routine business of navigating the traffic or talking to your passengers. When things are less routine we have to shift our attention to the details of what we're doing, taking our minds off the bigger picture for a moment. Hence the pause in conversation as the driver gets to a tricky junction, or the engine starts to make a funny sound.

The way our attention moves up and down the hierarchy of action is what allows us to carry out complex behaviours, stitching together a coherent plan over multiple moments, in multiple places or requiring multiple actions.

The Doorway Effect occurs when our attention moves between levels, and it reflects the reliance of our memories - even memories for what we were about to do - on the environment we're in.

Our brain organises our goals into a hierarchy of actions - but even the simple act of walking through a door may cause us to lose track of our plans (Credit: Getty Images)

Imagine that we're going upstairs to get our keys and forget that it is the keys we came for as soon as we enter the bedroom. Psychologically, what has happened is that the plan ("Keys!") has been forgotten even in the middle of implementing a necessary part of the strategy ("Go to bedroom!"). Probably the plan itself is part of a larger plan ("Get ready to leave the house!"), which is part of plans on a wider and wider scale ("Go to work!", "Keep my job!", "Be a productive and responsible citizen", or whatever). Each scale requires attention at some point. Somewhere in navigating this complex hierarchy the need for keys popped into mind, and like a circus performer setting plates spinning on poles, your attention focussed on it long enough to construct a plan, but then moved on to the next plate (this time, either walking to the bedroom, or wondering who left their clothes on the stairs again, or what you're going to do when you get to work or one of a million other things that it takes to build a life).

And sometimes spinning plates fall. Our memories, even for our goals, are embedded in webs of associations. That can be the physical environment in which we form them, which is why revisiting our childhood home can bring back a flood of previously forgotten memories, or it can be the mental environment - the set of things we were just thinking about when that thing popped into mind.

The Doorway Effect occurs because we change both the physical and mental environments, moving to a different room and thinking about different things. That hastily thought up goal, which was probably only one plate among the many we're trying to spin, gets forgotten when the context changes.

It's a window into how we manage to coordinate complex actions, matching plans with actions in a way that - most of the time - allows us to put the right bricks in the right place to build the cathedral of our lives.
If you have an everyday psychological phenomenon you'd like to see written about in these columns please get in touch with @tomstafford on Twitter, or ideas@idiolect.org.uk. Join 500,000+ Future fans by liking us on Facebook, or follow us on Twitter, Google+, LinkedIn and Instagram.
If you liked this story, sign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter, called "If You Only Read 6 Things This Week". A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Earth, Culture, Capital, Travel and Autos, delivered to your inbox every Friday.

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Why does walking through doorways make us forget?

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We've all done it. Run upstairs to get your keys, but forget that it is them you're looking for once you get to the bedroom. Open the fridge door and reach for the middle shelf only to realise that we can't remember why we opened the fridge in the first place.

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https://test-english.com/listening/b1/500-year-old-paintings-raphael-found-b1-listening-test/

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500-year-old paintings from Raphael found – B1 English listening test - Test-English

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Listening comprehension test for intermediate students (CEFR B1). Watch a video about art and history and choose the correct answers.

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The moto car

The start of the automobile's history went all the way back to 1769 when automobiles running on the steam engine were invented as carriers for human transport In 1806, the first batch of cars powered by an internal combustion engine came into being, which pioneered the introduction of the widespread modem petrol-fueled internal combustion engine in 1885.

It is generally acknowledged that the first practical automobiles equipped with petrol/gaso-line-powered internal combustion engines were invented almost at the same time by different German inventors who were Working on their own. Karl Bfenz first built the automobile in 1885 in Mannheim. Benz attained a patent for his invention on 29 January 1886, and in 1888, he started to produce automobiles in a company that later became the renowned Mercedes-Benz.

As this century began, the automobile industry marched into the transportation market for the wealth. Drivers at that time were an adventurous bunch; they would go out regardless of the weather condition even if they weren't even protected by an enclosed body or a convertible top. Everybody in the community knew who owned what car, and cars immediately became a symbol of identity and status. Later, cars became more popular among the public since it allowed people to travel whenever and wherever they wanted. Thus, the price of automobiles in Europe and North America kept dropping, and more people from the middle class could afford them. This was especially attributed to Henry Ford who did two crucial things. First, he set the price as reasonable as possible for his cars; second, he paid his employees enough salaries so that they could afford the cars made by their very own hands.

The trend of interchangeable parts and mass production in an assembly line style had been led by America, and from 1914, this concept was significantly reinforced by Henry Ford. This large-scale, production-line manufacture of affordable automobiles was debuted. A Ford car would come off all assembled from the line every 15 minutes, an interval shorter than any of the former methods. Not only did it raise productivity, but also cut down on the requirement for manpower. Ford significantly lowered the chance of injury by carrying out complicated safety procedures in production-particularly assigning workers to specific locations rather than giving them the freedom to wander around. This mixture of high wages and high efficiency was known as Fordism, which provided a valuable lesson for most major industries.

The first Jeep automobile that came out as the prototype Bantam BRC was the primary light 4-wheel-drive automobile of the U.S. Army and Allies, and during World War II and the postwar period, its sale skyrocketed. Since then, plenty of Jeep derivatives with similar military and civilian functions have been created and kept upgraded in terms of overall performance in other nations.

Through all the 1950s, engine power and automobile rates grew higher, designs evolved into a more integrated and artful form, and cars were spreading globally. In the 1960s, the landscape changed as Detroit was confronted with foreign competition. The European manufacturers, used the latest technology, and Japan came into the picture as a dedicated car-making country. General Motors, Chrysler, and Ford dabbled with radical tiny cars such as the GM A-bodies with little success. As joint ventures such as the British Motor Corporation unified the market, captive imports and badge imports swept all over the US and the UK. BMC first launched a revolutionary space-friendly Mini in 1959, which turned out to harvest large global sales. Previously remaining under the Austin and Morris names, Mini later became an individual marque in 1969. The trend of corporate consolidation landed in Italy when niche makers such as Maserati, Ferrari, and Lancia were bought by larger enterprises. By the end of the 20th century, there had been a sharp fall in the number of automobile marques.

In the US, car performance dominated marketing, justified by the typical cases of pony cars and muscle cars. However, in the 1970s, everything changed as the American automobile industry suffered from the 1973 oil crisis, competition with Japanese and European imports, automobile emission control regulations* and moribund innovation. The irony in all this was that full-size sedans such as Cadillac and Lincoln scored a huge comeback between the years of economic crisis.

In terms of technology, the most mentionable developments that postwar era had seen were the widespread use of independent suspensions, broader application of fuel injection, and a growing emphasis on safety in automobile design. Mazda achieved many triumphs with its engine firstly installed in the fore-wheel, though it gained itself a reputation as a gas-guzzler.

The modem era also has witnessed a sharp elevation of fuel power in the modem engine management system with the. help of the computer. Nowadays, most automobiles in use are powered by an internal combustion engine, fueled by gasoline or diesel. Toxic gas from both fuels is known to pollute the air and is responsible for climate change as well as global warming.

List of Automobile Brands

Answer the questions below.

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The moto car - IELTS reading practice test

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The start of the automobile's history went all the way back to 1769 when automobiles running on the steam engine were invented as carriers for human transport In 1806, the first batch of cars powered by an internal combustion engine came into being, which pioneered the introduction of the widespread modem petrol-fueled internal combustion engine in 1885.

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the history of cars ted talk - Google Search

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Larry Burns: The future of cars | TED Talk

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General Motors veep Larry Burns previews cool next-gen car design: sleek, customizable (and computer-enhanced) vehicles that run clean on hydrogen -- and pump energy back into the electrical grid when they’re idle.

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Top 7 Questions About the Electric Vehicle Market Answered by Industry Experts

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In one of our now on-demand webinars, sat down with experts within the manufacturing and electric vehicle industry to hear their thoughts on the growing demand for electric vehicles (EVs) and the impact on the automotive supply chain.

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Range anxiety - the fear factor still exists. Many people will be more hesitant about an electric firetruck because of the fear that it will run out of charge on the way to an emergency. The average person only drives about 20-30 miles a day, but an overwhelming number of consumers still say that a range of over 200 miles is not enough.
Material investment and production - creating sustainable batteries and efficient charging stations to support more electric vehicles.
Adoption rate - people are accustomed to what they know, and even if they're open to a change, people like having choices. There are more options for gasoline combustion vehicles on the market right now than there are for electric vehicles.

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1. At what age do young people normally gain their independence in your country?

2. What do you think it takes to be financially independent?

3. Is it possible for a young person to be independent while still living with their parents?

4. Did/Do your parents encourage you to be independent?

5. How old are people in your country when they get their first job?

6. Some people say independence is a sign of maturity. What do you think?

7. How can we teach children about independence?

8. Youth unemployment is high nowadays and prevents young people from becoming independent. What can be done about this?

9. Do you believe people should get married before they move in with their partner?

10. How have family values in your country developed in the last 50 years?

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Why do some flowers smell so bad? Watch this video to find out about a very big, and very smelly, flower at the Eden Project in Cornwall, UK.

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(1) | Why do people lie?
(2) | Is it OK to tell lies?
(3) | How often do you lie?
(4) | What’s the biggest lie you’ve ever told?
(5) | Children who are good liars often grow up to be very intelligent. Were you a good liar when you were a child?
(6) | Have you ever lied in a job interview?
(7) | Have you told any lies today?
(8) | Who lies more, men or women?
(9) | Has a lie someone told you ever hurt you?
(10) | What do you think of liars?

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Volatility Kills

A . Despite gun battles in the capital of Chad, rioting in Kenya, and Galloping inflation in Zimbabwe, the economies of sub-Saharan Africa are, as a whole, in better shape than they were a few years ago. The World Bank has reported recently that this part of the continent experienced a respectable growth rate of 5.6 percent in 2006 and a higher rate from 1995 to 2005 than in previous decades. The bank has given a cautions assessment that the region may have reached a turning point. An overriding question for developmental economists remains whether the upswing will continue so Africans can grow their way out of poverty that relegates some 40 percent of the nearly 744 million in that region to living on less than a dollar a day. The optimism, when inspected more closely, maybe short-lived because of the persistence of a devastating pattern of economic volatility that has lingered for decades.

B. "In reality, African countries grow as fast as Asian countries and other developing countries during the good times, but afterward they see growth collapses," comments Jorge Arbache, a senior World Bank economist. "How to prevent collapses may be as important as promoting growth." If these collapses had not occurred, he observes, the level of gross domestic product for each citizen of the 48 nations of sub -Saharan Africa would have been third higher.

C . the prerequisites to prevent the next crash are not in place, according to a World Bank study issued in January, Is Africa's Recent Growth Robust? The growth period that began in 1995, driven by a commodities boom spurred in particular by demand from China, may not be sustainable, because the economic fundamentals- new investment and the ability to stave off inflation, among other factors-are absent. The region lacks the necessary infrastructure that would encourage investors to look to Africa to find the next Bengaluru ( Bangalore ) or Shenzhen, a November report from the bank concludes. For sub-Saharan countries rich in oil and other resources, a boom period may even undermine efforts to institute sound economic practices.. From 1996 to 2005, with growth accelerating, measures of governance - factors such as political stability, rule of law, and control of corruption- actually worsened, especially for countries endowed with abundant mineral resources, the January report notes.

D . Perhaps the most incisive analysis of the volatility question comes from Paul Collier, a longtime specialist in African economics at the University of Oxford and author of the recent book The Bottom Billion. He advocates a range of options that the U.S. and other nations could adopt when formulating policy toward African countries. They include revamped trade measures, better-apportioned aid, and sustained military intervention in certain instances, to avert what he sees as a rapidly accelerating divergence of the world's poorest, primarily in Africa, from the rest of the world, even other developing nations such India and China.

E. Collier finds that bad governance is the main reason countries fail to take advantage of the revenue bonanza that results from a boom. moreover, a democratic government, he adds, often makes the aftermath of a boom worse. "Instead of democracy disciplining governments to manage these resource booms well, what happens is that the resource revenues corrupt the normal functioning of democracy-unless you stop ( them from) corrupting the normal function of democracy with sufficient checks and balances", he said at a talk ion January at the Carnegie Council in New York City.

F. Collier advocates that African nations institute an array of standards and codes to bolster governments, one of which would substitute auctions for bribes in apportioning mineral rights and another of which would tax export revenues adequately. He cites the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which took in $ 200 million from mineral exports in 2006 yet collected only $86000 in royalties for its treasury. "If a nation gets these points right, " he argues, "It's going to develop. If it gets them wrong, it won't."

G . To encourage reform, Collier recommends that the G8 nations agree to accept these measures as voluntary guidelines for multinationals doing business in Africa- companies, for instance, would only enter new contracts through auctions monitored by an international verification group. Such an agreement would follow the examples of the so-called Kimberley Process, which has effectively undercut the trade in blood diamonds, and the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, in which a government must report to its citizens the revenues it receives from sales of natural resources.

H . These measures, he says, are more important than elevating aid levels, an approach emphasized by economist Jeffrey D. Sachs of Columbia University and celebrity activists such as Bono. Collier insists that first Angola receives tens of billions of dollars in oil revenue and whether it gets a few hundred million more or less in aid is really second-order.

A . Jeffrey D. Dachs

B . Paul Collier

C . Jorge Arbache

TRUE if the statement is true

FALSE if the statement is false

NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

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Volatility Kills - IELTS reading practice test

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A . Despite gun battles in the capital of Chad, rioting in Kenya, and Galloping inflation in Zimbabwe, the economies of sub-Saharan Africa are, as a whole, in better shape than they were a few years ago.

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Early occupations around the river Thames

A In her pioneering survey, Sources of London English, Laura Wright has listed the variety of medieval workers who took their livings from the river Thames. The baillies of Queenhithe and Billingsgate acted as customs officers. There were conservators, who were responsible for maintaining the embankments and the weirs, and there were the garthmen who worked in the fish garths (enclosures). Then there were galleymen and lightermen and shoutmen, called after the names of their boats, and there were hookers who were named after the manner in which they caught their fish. The searcher patrolled the Thames in search of illegal fish weirs, and the tideman worked on its banks and foreshores whenever the tide permitted him to do so.

B All of these occupations persisted for many centuries, as did those jobs that depended upon the trade of the river. Yet, it was not easy work for any of the workers. They carried most goods upon their backs, since the rough surfaces of the quays and nearby streets were not suitable for wagons or large carts; the merchandise characteristically arrived in barrels which could be rolled from the ship along each quay. If the burden was too great to be carried by a single man, then the goods were slung on poles resting on the shoulders of two men. It was a slow and expensive method of business.

C However, up to the eighteenth century, river work was seen in a generally favourable light. For Langland, writing in the fourteenth century, the labourers working on river merchandise were relatively prosperous. And the porters of the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries were, if anything, aristocrats of labour, enjoying high status. However, in the years from the late eighteenth to the early nineteenth century, there was a marked change in attitude. This was in part because the working river was within the region of the East End of London, which in this period acquired an unenviable reputation. By now, dockside labour was considered to be the most disreputable, and certainly the least desirable form of work.

D It could be said that the first industrial community in England grew up around the Thames. With the host of river workers themselves, as well as the vast assembly of ancillary trades such as tavern-keepers and laundresses, food-sellers and street-hawkers, shopkeepers and marine store dealers - there was a workforce of many thousands congregated in a relatively small area. There were more varieties of business to be observed by the riverside than ,in any other part of the city. As a result, with the possible exception of the area known as Seven Dials, the East End was also the most intensively inhabited region of London.

E It was a world apart, with its own language and its own laws. From the sailors in the opium dens of Limehouse to the smugglers on the malarial flats of the estuary, the workers of the river were not part of any civilised society. The alien world of the river had entered them. That alienation was also expressed in the slang of the docks, which essentially amounted to backslang, or the reversal of ordinary words. This backslang also helped in the formulation of Cockney rhyming slang*, so that the vocabulary of Londoners was directly'affected by the life of the Thames.

F The reports in the nineteenth-century press reveal a heterogeneous world of dock labour, in which the crowds of casuals waiting for work at the dock gates at 7.45 a.m. include penniless refugees, bankrupts, old soldiers, broken-down gentlemen, discharged servants, and ex-convicts. There were some 400-500 permanent workers who earned a regular wage and who were considered to be the patricians of dockside labour. However, there were some 2,500 casual workers who were hired by the shift. The work for which they competed fiercely had become ever more unpleasant. Steam power could not be used for the cranes, for example, because of the danger of fire. So the cranes were powered by treadmills. Six to eight men entered a wooden cylinder and, laying hold of ropes, would tread the wheel round. They could lift nearly 20 tonnes to an average height of 27 feet (8.2 metres), forty times in an hour. This was part of the life of the river unknown to those who were intent upon its more picturesque aspects.

Questions 1-6
Choose the correct heading, A-F, from the list of headings below. List of Headings
i A mixture of languages and nationalities

ii The creation of an exclusive identity

iii The duties involved in various occupations

iv An unprecedented population density

v Imports and exports transported by river

vi Transporting heavy loads manually

vii Temporary work for large numbers of people

viii Hazards associated with riverside work

ix The changing status of riverside occupations

5 Paragraph E

Questions 7-8
Write the correct letters.
Which TWO statements are made about work by the River Thames before the eighteenth century?

Occupations were specialised.

Questions 9-10
Write the correct letters.
Which TWO statements are made about life by the River Thames in the early nineteenth century?

Casual work was in great demand.

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Early occupations around the river Thames - IELTS reading practice test

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A In her pioneering survey, Sources of London English, Laura Wright has listed the variety of medieval workers who took their livings from the river Thames. The baillies of Queenhithe and Billingsgate acted as customs officers. There were conservators, who were responsible for maintaining the embankments and the weirs, and there were the garthmen who worked in the fish garths (enclosures).

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Early occupations around the river Thames

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Early occupations around the river Thames

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Very short sound recording of ideas about questions

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Green products are a growing priority among homeowners and buyers in Boston and beyond. Many are becoming more aware of just how environmentally unfriendly building materials like drywall can be. In fact, when it comes to CO2 emissions, 52% of the world's total comes from buildings-the energy they use, and the emissions created when the building supplies that go into them are manufactured.

Drywall in particular is the most popular form of interior wallboard, and its manufacturing requires a lot of energy-which means a lot of CO2 emissions. That's why some homeowners are now looking for eco friendly drywall options. Let's take a look at a few of the options available so that you know what to recommend when homeowners, buyers or developers start asking about green wallboard!

MgO Board as an Alternative

MgO board is a rising star among eco friendly drywall alternatives. Companies like ExtremeGreen produce this unique product, which comes with a lot of benefits. On the environmental side of things, this type of wallboard uses on average 50% less energy during the manufacturing process than drywall production. It's also a recyclable product, and it's one that can be composted to use as plant nutrients, too. Plus, it's made up of non-toxic ingredients, which means that even if it does end up in a landfill someday, it won't leech harmful chemicals into soil and water supplies.

When it comes to building concerns, MgO board is sturdy, making it resistant to impacts, scratches, and dents, which means it's ideal in high-traffic locations. It's also Class A1 fire rated so that it will fit with whatever local building codes require. To learn more about it, check out ExtremeGreen's website!

Agricultural Waste Might Be the Answer

One up and coming eco friendly drywall option are wallboards manufactured from agricultural waste like wheat remnants or straw. Ortech is an Australian company prominent among others manufacturing this type of product. Their Durra Panels not only boast a high level of recycled agricultural waste, but they also have no formaldehyde or other chemical binders to hold the particles and fibers together. The result is a green alternative to drywall, one that homeowners love because since it doesn't release chemical vapors, it doesn't create indoor air pollution.

Look at Companies Like Homasote

Some companies specialize in eco-friendly manufacturing processes. Homasote is one of them. This building supply manufacturer operates on a closed-loop system, which means that all waste products produced by the manufacturing process-water, dust, rejected products, scrap, and more-is all recycled back into product manufacture. Companies with closed loop systems produce virtually no waste material.

What's more, Homasote's products are comprised largely of recycled material. For instance, their DesignWall 440, which is a pre-finished, fabric laminated wallboard, is made of 98% recycled materials. If you'd like to learn about the rest of their product line, here's a breakdown of each product and their recycled material percentages.

This is just a sampling of the eco friendly drywall options available at New England Building Supply. If you're looking for more options-or things like eco-friendly insulation and other products-feel free to take a look at all our suppliers have to offer, or contact us for more information!

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Green products are a growing priority among homeowners and buyers in Boston and beyond. Many are becoming more aware of just how environmentally unfriendly building materials like drywall can be. In fact, when it comes to CO2 emissions, 52% of the world's total comes from buildings-the energy they use, and the emissions created when the building supplies that go into them are manufactured.

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Carpenter Ants vs. Termites: What’s the Difference? - MMPC

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Knowing if your home’s infested with carpenter ants or termites can help when deciding what you need to do in order to get rid of them.

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When trying to obtain the truth from a dishonest employee, a suspect involved in another type of criminal investigation, or even a member of your family, we typically see five types of lies. These lies include:

Lies of Denial. This type of lie will involve an untruthful person (or a truthful person) simply saying that they were not involved.

Lies of Omission. A lie of omission is often referred to as the "lie of choice," as the person using this method can blame the interviewer for not asking the right question.

Lies of Fabrication. Fabrication is typically the most difficult type of lie for an individual to tell; the dishonest person needs to make up their "facts" as they are telling them, which of course makes it harder to remember later.

Lies of Minimization. Minimization involves attempts to distort the truth by making statements like "It was an accident" or "It was already damaged, though" in an attempt to minimize what they've done.

Lies of Exaggeration. This type of lie is similar to the lie of minimization in that there is a distortion of the truth; however, the subject will overstate what happened. For example, they might say something like, "Yeah, I am responsible for all the losses here."

It's always important to be aware of all five types of lies when interviewing a dishonest associate, another type of criminal-and yes, even someone in your family.

Every loss prevention investigator should continuously strive to enhance their investigative interviewing skills as part of an ongoing commitment to best-in-class interviewing performance. This includes holding ourselves to an elite standard of interview and interrogation training that is ethical, moral and legal while demanding excellence in the pursuit of the truth. The International Association of Interviewers (IAI) and Wicklander-Zulawski (WZ) provide interview and interrogation training programs and additional guidance to investigators when dealing with dishonest employees, employee theft, sexual harassment, policy violations, building rapport, pre-employment interviewing, lying, denials and obtaining a statement.

By focusing on the latest information and research from experts in the field as well as academic, legal and psychological resources, these video tips provide interview and interrogation training techniques that can enhance the skill sets of professionals with backgrounds in law enforcement, loss prevention, security, asset protection, human resources, auditors or anyone looking to obtain the truth.

To learn more about interview and interrogation training and how you can further develop your professional skill sets, please visit www.w-z.com or www.certifiedinterviewer.com for additional information.
This article was originally published in 2015 and was updated September 3, 2018.

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Interview and Interrogation Training: The Five Types of Lies

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When trying to obtain the truth from a dishonest employee, a suspect involved in another type of criminal investigation, or even a member of your family, we typically see five types of lies. These lies include: Lies of Denial. This type of lie will involve an untruthful person (or a truthful person) simply saying that they were not involved.

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Explanations > Behaviors > Lying > Four Colors of Lies

There are four types of lie that can be characterized by naming them with four colors: Gray, White, Black and Red.

Two dimensions

To get the four colors we need to create two dimensions which are each subdivided into two categories. These are about who is affected by the lie.

How it affects me

The forces of evolution naturally push us towards self-preservation, especially when we feel threatened. When basic needs seem at risk we hence become inclined to lie in order to protect ourselves.

We also lie to get less basic needs, for example to fulfil our personal or received goals. Lying always causes values conflict and selfish lies cause even greater dissonance. This hence tends to reduce self as a primary reason for lying (or at least in terms of personal justification).

How it affects others

What we say often has an effect on others, especially when we are directly communicating with them. Lies may help or harm others and the thought of this impacts how or whether we lie.

The decision to lie to others is particularly affected by social values which at least say we should do no harm. As a result, decisions to lie can be a complex balance of who is affected and by how much.

Four lies

The four types of lie can be illustrated by the matrix below.

White lie

In this model, white lies are altruistic as we seek first to help others, even at some cost to ourselves.

In practice, there are shades of white and what we tell ourselves are white lies are often tending more towards gray than pure white.

Even when we lose out significantly, there is arguably always some benefit, for example in the way we feel good about our actions and how others praise or thank us for our selflessness.

Gray lie

Most of the lies we tell are gray lies. They are partly to help others and partly to help ourselves. They may vary in the shade of gray, depending on the balance of help and harm.

Gray lies are, almost by definition, hard to clarify. For example you can lie to help a friend out of trouble but then gain the reciprocal benefit of them lying for you while those they have harmed in some way lose out.

Black lie

Black lies are about simple and callous selfishness. We tell black lies when others gain nothing and the sole purpose is either to get ourselves out of trouble (reducing harm against ourselves) or to gain something we desire (increasing benefits for ourselves).

The worst black lies are very harmful for others. Perhaps the very worst gain us a little yet harm others a great deal.

Red lie

Red lies are about spite and revenge. They are driven by the motive to harm others even at the expense of harming oneself. They may even be carved in blood.

When we are angry at others, perhaps because of a long feud or where we feel they have wronged us in some way, we feel a sense of betrayal and so seek retributive justice, which we may dispense without thought of consequence.

Seek to understand lies and the motivation beneath them. Then respond to the lies in ways that help people tell the truth or otherwise further your aims.

When lying yourself, question your own motives. It is easy to think you are telling white lies when actually they are a certain shade of gray.

See also

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Explanations > Behaviors > Lying > Four Colors of Lies There are four types of lie that can be characterized by naming them with four colors: Gray, White, Black and Red. To get the four colors we need to create two dimensions which are each subdivided into two categories.

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English Test - Grammar Tenses Mix :: Learn English online - free exercises, explanations, games, teaching materials and plenty of information on English language.

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THE RAVEN by Edgar Allan Poe (Best Reading)

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 a wax that mimics-way that mimics C paragraph

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 a wax that mimics-way that mimics C paragraph

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Multitasks

A

Do you read while listening to music? Do you like to watch TV while finishing your homework? People who have these kinds of habits are called multi-taskers.

Multitasks are able to complete two tasks at the same time by dividing their focus. However, Thomas Lehman, a researcher in Psychology, believes people never really do multiple things simultaneously. Maybe a person is reading while listening to music, but in reality, the brain can only focus on one task. Reading thewords in a book will cause you to ignore some of the words of the music. When people think they are accomplishing two different tasks efficiently, what they are really doing is dividing their focus. While listening to music, people become less able to focus on their surroundings. For example, we all have experience of times when we talk with friends and they are not responding properly. Maybe they are listening to someone else talk, or maybe they are reading a text on their smart phone and don't hear what you are saying. Lehman called this phenomenon "email voice"

B

the world has been changed by computers and its spin offs like smart-phones or cellphones. Now that most individuals have a personal device, like a smart-phoneor a laptop, they are frequently reading, watching or listening to virtual information. This raises the occurrence of multitasking in our day to day life. Nowwhen you work, you work with your typewriter, your cellphone, and some colleagues who may drop by at any time to speak with you. In professional meetings, when one normally focuses and listens to one another, people are more likely to have a cell phone in their lap, reading or communicating silently with more people than ever, liven inventions such as the cordless phone has increased multitasking. In the old days, a traditional wall phone would ring, and then the housewife would have to stop her activities to answer it. When it rang, the housewife will sit down with her legs up. and chat, with no laundry or sweeping or answering the door. In the modern era, our technology is convenient enough to not interrupt our daily tasks.

C

Earl Miller, an expert at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, studied the prefrontal cortex, which controls the brain while a person is multitasking. According to his studies, the size of this cortex varies between species, He found that for humans, the size of this part constitutes one third of the brain, while it is only 4 to 5 percent in dogs, and about 15% in monkeys. Given that this cortex is larger on a human, it allows a human to be more flexible and accurate in his or her multitasking.. However, Miller wanted to look further into whether the cortexwas truly processing information about two different tasks simultaneously. He designed an experiment where he presents visual stimulants to his subjects in a wax that mimics multi-tasking. Miller then attached sensors tothe patients " heads to pick up the electric patterns of the brain. This sensor would show if" the brain particles, called neurons, were truly processing two different tasks. What he found is that the brain neurons only lit up in singular areas one at a time, and never simultaneously.

D

Davis Meyer, a professor of University of Michigan, studied the young adults in a similar experiment. He instructed them to simultaneously do math problems and classify simple words into different categories. For this experiment. Meyer found that when you think you are doing several jobs at the same time, you are actuallyswitching between jobs. Even though the people tried to do the tasks at the sametime, and both tasks were eventually accomplished, overall, the task look more time than if the person focused on a single task one at a time.

E

People sacrifice efficiency when multitasking, Gloria Mark set office workers as his subjects. He found that they were constantly multitasking. He observed that nearly every 11 minutes people at work were disrupted. He found that doing different jobs at the same time may actually save time. However, despite the fact that they are faster, it does not mean they are more efficient. And we are equally likely to self-interrupt as be interrupted by outside sources. He found that in office nearly every 12 minutes an employee would stop and with no reason at all,cheek a website on their computer, call someone or write an email. If they concentrated for more than 20 minutes, they would feel distressed. He suggestedthat the average person may suffer from a short concentration span. This short attention span might be natural, but others suggest that new technology may be the problem. With cellphones and computers at our sides at all times, people will never run out of distractions. The format of media, such as advertisements, music, news articles and TV shows are also shortening, so people are used to paying attention to information for a very short time

F

So even though focusing on one single task is the most efficient way for our brainsto work, it is not practical to use this method in real life. According to human nature, people feel more comfortable and efficient in environments with a varietyof tasks, Edward Hallowell said that people are losing a lot of efficiency in the workplace due to multitasking, outside distractions and self-distractions. As it matter of fact, the changes made to the workplace do not have to be dramatic.

No one is suggesting we ban e-mail or make employees focus on only one task. However, certain common workplace tasks, such as group meetings, would be more efficient if we banned cell-phones, a common distraction. A person can alsoapply these tips to prevent self-distraction. Instead of arriving to your office and checking all of your e-mails for new tasks, a common workplace ritual, a person could dedicate an hour to a single task first thing in the morning. Self-timing is a great way to reduce distraction and efficiently finish tasks one by one, instead of slowing ourselves down with multi-tasking.

List of Scientists

A Thomas Lehman

B Earl Miller

c David Meyer

D Gloria Mark

E Edward Hallowell

---End of the Test---

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Multitasks - IELTS reading practice test

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A Do you read while listening to music? Do you like to watch TV while finishing your homework? People who have these kinds of habits are called multi-taskers. Multitasks are able to complete two tasks at the same time by dividing their focus.

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How many English speakers use the twelve tenses when speaking daily?

Pamila Jo Florea

Lived in South KoreaUpvoted by

Joe Devney, Professional writer and editor, Master's in Linguistics.Author has 1.5K answers and 2.1M answer views5y

Originally Answered: How many English speakers use all 12 tenses on a daily basis?

Yes we really do. I'll explain how I became an ESL Professor. By the time I am done, you will have experienced all 12 tenses. Plus, I have always enjoyed a challenge. Here goes! Btw, I am using my phone, so forgive me if I make a typo.
Anyway, I've been teaching English for a lot of years. I was between jobs in 2006 and took a class on how to teach English. I hadn't thought about teaching before that class. I just liked it and stayed with it… In fact, by the time I finish this semester, I will have been teaching for about 10 years.
During the course, I had some doubts. I was wondering if I was up to it because I was older than the other students. Now ten years later, I will be getting a second masters (in education) here in Korea! Originally, I had been thinking of going back to the USA and back into psych, but I decided to stay in this field.
*****
Yes we really do (simple present). I'll explain (simple future) how I became (simple past) an ESL Professor. By the time I am done, you will have experienced (future perfect) all 12 tenses. Plus, I have always (pres perf) enjoyed a challenge. Here goes! Btw, I am using (present progressive) my phone, so forgive me if I make a typo.
Anyway, I've been teaching (pres perf prog) English for a lot of years. I was between jobs and took a class on how to teach English. I hadn't thought (past perfect) about teaching before that class. I just stayed with it… In fact, by the time I finish this semester, I will have been teaching (future perf prog) for 10 years I think.
During the course, I had some doubts. I was wondering (past prog) if I was up to it because I was older han the other students. Now ten years later, I will be getting (future prog) a second masters (in education) here in Korea! Originally, I had been thinking (past perf prog) of going back to the USA and back into psych, but I have decided to stay in this field.

Pamila Jo Florea's answer to How many English speakers use the twelve tenses when speaking daily? - Quora

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How many English speakers use the twelve tenses when speaking daily?

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Pamila Jo Florea’s answer: Yes we really do. I’ll explain how I became an ESL Professor. By the time I am done, you will have experienced all 12 tenses. Plus, I have always enjoyed a challenge. Here goes! Btw, I am using my phone, so forgive me if I make a typo. Anyway, I’ve been teaching Englis…

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The Fox and The Stork - Aesop’s fables - Liz Story Planet

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The Fox and The Stork, one of the popular stories to help kids to stop making fun of others’ limitations and accept others

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Phineas Gage | Biography, Injury, & Facts

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Phineas Gage, American railroad foreman known for having survived a traumatic brain injury caused by an iron rod that shot through his skull and obliterated the greater part of the left frontal lobe of his brain. Learn more about Gage’s injury as well as his recovery.

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Phineas Gage is often referred to as the "man who began neuroscience." He experienced a traumatic brain injury when an iron rod was driven through his skull, destroying much of his frontal lobe.

Gage miraculously survived the accident. However, his personality and behavior were so changed as a result of the frontal lobe damage that many of his friends described him as an almost different person entirely. The impact that the accident had has helped us better understand what the frontal lobe does, especially in relation to personality.

Phineas Gage's Accident

On September 13, 1848, 25-year-old Gage was working as the foreman of a crew preparing a railroad bed near Cavendish, Vermont. He was using an iron tamping rod to pack explosive powder into a hole.

Unfortunately, the powder detonated, sending the 43-inch-long, 1.25-inch-diameter rod hurling upward. The rod penetrated Gage's left cheek, tore through his brain, and exited his skull before landing 80 feet away.

Gage not only survived the initial injury but was able to speak and walk to a nearby cart so he could be taken into town to be seen by a doctor. He was still conscious later that evening and able to recount the names of his co-workers. Gage even suggested that he didn't wish to see his friends since he would be back to work in "a day or two" anyway.

The Recovery Process

After developing an infection, Gage spent September 23 to October 3 in a semi-comatose state. On October 7, he took his first steps out of bed, and, by October 11, his intellectual functioning began to improve.

Harlow noted that Gage knew how much time had passed since the accident and remembered clearly how the accident occurred, but had difficulty estimating the size and amounts of money. Within a month, Gage was well enough to leave the house.

In the months that followed, Gage returned to his parent's home in New Hampshire to recuperate. When Harlow saw Gage again the following year, the doctor noted that while Gage had lost vision in his eye and was left with obvious scars from the accident, he was in good physical health and appeared recovered.

Theories About Gage's Survival and Recovery

The type of injury sustained by Phineas Gage could have easily been fatal. While it cannot be said with certainty why Gage was able to survive the accident, let alone recover from the injury and still function, several theories exist. They include:

The rod's path. Some researchers suggest that the rod's path likely played a role in Gage's survival in that if it had penetrated other areas of the head-such as the pterygoid plexuses or cavernous sinus-Gage may have bled to death.

The brain's selective recruitment. In a 2022 study of another individual who also had an iron rod go through his skull-whom the researchers referred to as a "modern-day Phineas Gage"-it was found that the brain is able to selectively recruit non-injured areas to help perform functions previously assigned to the injured portion.

Work structure. Others theorize that Gage's work provided him structure, positively contributing to his recovery and aiding in his rehabilitation.

The Effects of Gage's Injury

Popular reports of Gage often depict him as a hardworking, pleasant man prior to the accident. Post-accident, these reports describe him as a changed man, suggesting that the injury had transformed him into a surly, aggressive heavy drinker who was unable to hold down a job.

Harlow presented the first account of the changes in Gage's behavior following the accident. Where Gage had been described as energetic, motivated, and shrewd prior to the accident, many of his acquaintances explained that after the injury he was "no longer Gage."

Since there is little direct evidence of the exact extent of Gage's injuries aside from Harlow's report, it is difficult to know exactly how severely his brain was damaged. Harlow's accounts suggest that the injury did lead to a loss of social inhibition, leading Gage to behave in ways that were seen as inappropriate.

Severity of Gage's Brain Damage

In a 1994 study, researchers utilized neuroimaging techniques to reconstruct Phineas Gage's skull and determine the exact placement of the injury. Their findings indicate that he suffered injuries to both the left and right prefrontal cortices, which would result in problems with emotional processing and rational decision-making.

Another study conducted in 2004 used three-dimensional, computer-aided reconstruction to analyze the extent of Gage's injury. It found that the effects were limited to the left frontal lobe.

Phineas Gage's Impact on Psychology

Gage's case had a tremendous influence on early neurology. The specific changes observed in his behavior pointed to emerging theories about the localization of brain function, or the idea that certain functions are associated with specific areas of the brain.

In those years, neurology was in its infancy. Gage's extraordinary story served as one of the first sources of evidence that the frontal lobe was involved in personality.

Today, scientists better understand the role that the frontal cortex has to play in important higher-order functions such as reasoning, language, and social cognition.

What Happened to Phineas Gage?

After the accident, Gage was unable to continue his previous job. According to Harlow, Gage spent some time traveling through New England and Europe with his tamping iron to earn money, supposedly even appearing in the Barnum American Museum in New York.

He also worked briefly at a livery stable in New Hampshire and then spent seven years as a stagecoach driver in Chile. He eventually moved to San Francisco to live with his mother as his health deteriorated.

After a series of epileptic seizures, Gage died on May 21, 1860, almost 12 years after his accident. Seven years after his death, Gage's body was exhumed. His brother gave his skull and the tamping rod to Dr. Harlow, who subsequently donated them to the Harvard University School of Medicine. They are still exhibited in its museum today.

Phineas Gage Summary

A Word From Verywell

Gage's accident and subsequent experiences serve as a historical example of how case studies can be used to look at unique situations that could not be replicated in a lab. What researchers learned from Phineas Gage's skull and brain injury played an important role in the early days of neurology and helped scientists gain a better understanding of the human brain and the impact that damage could have on both functioning and behavior.

Frequently Asked Questions

Why is Phineas Gage important to psychology?

Gage's accident helped teach us that different parts of the brain play a role in different functions. Through studying Gage's frontal lobe damage, we gained a better understanding of what the frontal cortex does with regard to personality. We also began to know more about the effects of frontal lobe damage and how it may change a person.

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The Famous Case of Phineas Gage's Astonishing Brain Injury

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Phineas Gage suffered a terrible accident that made him one of the most famous cases of traumatic brain injury. Learn Gage's story and its impact on psychology.

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Ned Brown Harvard Correspondent DateOctober 29, 2015March 8, 2019

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Lessons of the brain: The Phineas Gage story

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During a construction explosion in 1848, an iron bar pierced the brain of foreman Phineas Gage. He survived, and his experiences opened a window into trauma and recovery.

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Disinformation Researchers Raise Alarms About A.I. Chatbots

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Disinformation Researchers Raise Alarms About A.I. Chatbots

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Disinformation Researchers Raise Alarms About A.I. Chatbots

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Researchers used ChatGPT to produce clean, convincing text that repeated conspiracy theories and misleading narratives.

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English grammar exercises online. Free exercises on the use of If only, I wish

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'To rewild', or 're- wild', means 'to make something wild again'. The idea is to restore natural environments to their original state, back to how they were before human activity damaged them. Rewilding aims to put nature, not humans, in control.

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The novel begins when all of Manor Farm's animals meet at the request of Old Major, a prize-winning white boar. We are introduced to most of the farm animals: Benjamin, the cynical donkey; Boxer and Clover, two dumb, yet hard-working horses; Snowball, Napoleon, and Squealer, three cunning pigs; and Jessie and Blue Bell, two dogs.

Major starts off the meeting by sharing his vision of a world where animals existed without man. Starting off by saying that he knows that he won't be around much longer, he tells of a dream he had in which Man is the root of all animals' problems. He says all animals should fight for a rebellion against Man and that everybody must tell future generations about their hope for freedom. Finally, the animals rally together and sing a song called "Beasts of England", a song that sings the praises of a world without Man. The animals sing it three times before going to bed that night.

Major dies shortly thereafter and the animals start to secretly plan for rebellion against the owner of the farm, Jones, and the farmhands. The rebellion starts after an incident where the farmhands neglected and starved the animals for two days. The cows kick down the barn door and every animal starts to go crazy. When Jones tries to whip the animals, they chase every human off the farm, therefore igniting the rebellion.

After a day of frenzied excitement, order resumes. The pigs are put in charge and the farm is renamed Animal Farm. Seven commandments are put on the side of the barn, along with the motto, "Four legs good, two legs bad". The commandments are as follows:

1.Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy.

2.Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend.

3.No animal shall wear clothes.

4.No animal shall sleep in a bed.

5.No animal shall drink alcohol.

6.No animal shall kill any other animal.

7.All animals are equal.

Despite this last commandment, the pigs position themselves as the intelligence behind the whole operation, and therefore convince the other animals that they need special handling. As an example, they don't help the other animals during the annual harvesting of hay and they take all of the apples and milk for themselves. Squealer, the lead pig, convinces the other animals that it is for their own good.

Things did not run smoothly on the farm. Snowball warns all the animals that Mr. Jones and his men will be back soon to try and reclaim the farm. He holds a "rally" to rile everyone up. When Jones and his men do come back, all the animals easily kick them out. Snowball is minorly wounded while charging into battle and gives himself an award: Animal Hero, First Class.

Another example of chaos is the feud between the two head pigs. Snowball and Napoleon cannot get along; they disagree on everything from rations to age for retirement. Snowball proposes the idea of building a windmill on the farm, but Napoleon doesn't like the idea. He makes his vicious, angry dogs (who were once Blue Bell's and Jessie's puppies and who had been secretly trained to be Napoleon's personal killers) chase Snowball off the property and banish him.

Napoleon decides to build the windmill after all, and he cancels the weekly meetings he has held since the rebellion. When other animals are upset by this, Squealer is able to convince everyone that Napoleon canceled the meetings for their own good. He paints Napoleon as a hero.

Things on the farm continue to deteriorate . All animals except the pigs work like slaves. Napoleon starts to trade with neighboring farms and the pigs move into the farmhouse. The animals are confused as to why the pigs are breaking the rules about trade and sleeping in a bed. Squealer, once again, convinces the animals that this inequality is for their own good.

The partially-constructed windmill is blown down in a gale, and Snowball is put at blame. Squealer says that Snowball was teaming up with Jones from the very beginning. In a public display of shocking violence, Napoleon holds a meeting with all the animals and has his dogs rip the throats out of anyone who he thought to be loyal to Snowball. Everyone is distraught, and Boxer is especially disturbed. Everyone thought that the sixth commandment said that killing other animals was not allowed, but now when they read it, the commandment read " no killing without cause."

At one point in the story, the pigs even have a celebration by wearing clothes and drinking alcohol.

The humans destroy what is left of the windmill since they don't like the thought of Animal Farm succeeding, and Boxer is injured in the battle. It's in the middle of a bitter winter and the pigs are taking extra rations, so everyone is starving. Boxer's strength has greatly diminished, and the pigs say that they're sending him away to a hospital to get better. The carriage that arrives for Boxer, takes him to a glue factory. The pigs use the money made off of Boxer to buy whiskey.

Many more nasty surprises await the reader in the final chapters of this novel.

Animal Farm represents the Russian Revolution of 1917. Old Major represents Karl Marx, Snowball represents Leon Trotsky, Napoleon represents Josef Stalin, Squealer represents propaganda, and Boxer is a representation for all the Russian laborers and workers.

Old Major's dream about equality is a stand in for Karl Marx's Communist Manifesto. Both speeches talk about how laborers and workers produce all the product, but the heads of the organization take everything for themselves. In Animal Farm's case, the laborers are the animals and the head of the organization is Mr. Jones and humans in general.

The rebellion of the animals is similar to the overthrow of Russia's Tsar, Nicholas II. Both rebellions happened without much planning and were achieved fairly easily. The overthrow of Nicholas happened when he sent military out to stop some protestors. The military sympathized with the common people, and instead turned on Nicholas.

Napoleon taking charge of the animals and working them harder than ever is symbolic to how Stalin had a "Five Year Plan". Both of these plans only worsened famine and both Stalin and Napoleon used tricks to make the outside world think that they were thriving.

Boxer's death doesn't represent any specific event in the Russian Revolution, but represents it as a whole. Boxer was the poster child of a perfect worker: he worked relentlessly, was eternally loyal, and never doubted the morals of the pigs. Instead of being rewarded for his years of service, he was sent off to be made into glue. This represents how Stalin and his men broke the principles of communism they set at the beginning and are just as bad as Nicholas. Instead of an improved society, everything is the same as before.

Squealer represents propaganda throughout the revolution. When the animals are skeptic of the pigs' intentions, Squealer is able to twist things in a positive light so the pigs' actions are justified. During the revolution, propaganda was sent out to ease the minds of laborers.

I love this book. The diction is simple and enjoyable. The story is fast-paced and Orwell is able to pack a lot of action into a few words. I like how this is written in third person, leaving most the thoughts and feelings of the characters up to the reader's interpretation.

Rating: 10/10
Check out Animal Farm at the Newport Beach Public Library.

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The novel begins when all of Manor Farm's animals meet at the request of Old Major, a prize-winning white boar. We are introduced to most of the farm animals: Benjamin, the cynical donkey; Boxer and Clover, two dumb, yet hard-working horses; Snowball, Napoleon, and Squealer, three cunning pigs; and Jessie and Blue Bell, two dogs.

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Homework
- four things to focus on
- and four things to write about
- the bear and his signature
- the TYPE 2 , what does it refer to
- HOAX?? explain
-and the last part is the committee of wild boars
- G Orwell , Animal farm
- the 7 commandments what was it reduced to?

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I WAS RUNNING LATE again.

Aria Cassidy was usually never late. Normally I would be up at five, be in the bakery at five thirty and have my scrumptious muffins in the oven by six, just in time for my dependable morning customers. It was now five thirty and I was still getting ready, having slept terribly during the course of the night.

I applied the final touches of mascara and surveyed myself in the mirror. My green eyes were large in my petite oval face, giving me the appearance of a fairy, as a young customer had told me once. My dark brown hair had a slight wave to it and was cut in layers down to the middle of my back. Side swept bangs framed my face. This was all Chad's doing of course. He insisted that I adopt the current trend as my busy schedule never allowed me the time for my own hair maintenance.

I sighed. Unlike my best friend, hair maintenance was not on my priority list. I quickly pulled the thick length into a high pony tail and fastened it, before clipping up the bangs so they would stay off my face. Finally satisfied with my appearance, I took my denim clad form over to the kitchen where I spotted my bag sitting on the counter. Grabbing it and my keys, I hurried out the door, securing it safely behind me.

I took the two flights of stairs quickly, which led me towards a door that led to the sidewalk. A quick turn to the left and I was at the front door of my pride and joy, "The Cinnamon Bakery and Cafe". I could never tamper down the thrill that coursed through me every time I walked through the doors, knowing that it was all mine -small and barely surviving, but all mine nevertheless.

The light was already on, indicating that Dana, my only waitress who also doubled as the cashier and my assistant, was probably already in. Harry, my other employee, who was old enough to be my father, did odds and ends around the café and also cashed if need be. He didn't get in until seven when the rush usually started.

I unlocked the door to the café, and locked it behind me again. Straight ahead of me was the display case which already had an assortment of cheesecake slices, which I had made the night before in the chilled case section as well as various trifle. Just to the right of the display case, against the clear window facing the side walk was the cash register and coffee station which emitted the intoxicating scent of freshly brewed coffee. I couldn't resist walking over and pouring myself a cup before passing the four square tables opposite the display case and heading on back to the kitchen.

I pushed through the swinging door and saw Dana sprinkling some fresh blueberries into the batter she was mixing.

"Hey boss!" She greeted as she glanced up at me and continued her mixing without missing a beat, "I came in and noticed you weren't down yet so I started on the muffins. I hope that's ok." She looked up again and I could see the hesitation in her eyes.

I waved a hand dismissively and took a long swallow of my coffee before I responded.

"I know you've seen me do it at least a dozen times, you're good to go."

I leaned back against a cupboard and sipped on my coffee as I took a minute to myself before I got started. I observed her, feeling like a proud mama. Dana was nineteen and attended the local community college, majoring in literature. She was taller than I was which we constantly joked about and her hair was bright red and spiky, in stark contrast to her alabaster skin. She had a nose piercing and always wore bright red lipstick. I secretly wished I could be as outgoing as she was. She was literally the first person who answered my waitressing ad and I loved her instantly in her spontaneous interview.

I polished off the last of my coffee and sighed audibly, resting the cup in the sink.

"That coffee was fantastic. You keep this up and you'll have me sleeping in more often!" I teased as I picked up an apron from the counter and tied it on.

She gave me a quick grin and started scooping batter into a greased muffin tin, while the oven behind her preheated.

"I'll get started on the donuts." I told her, reaching for a bowl.

"The dough's already done." Dana informed me with a smirk, pointing to a covered bowl behind me, "Just to cut and fry 'em up."

I raised my eyebrows at her surprised.

"Are you trying to take my job?"

She frowned and stopped mid task suddenly serious.

"I know you've been working non-stop for the past couple weeks trying to keep the bakery going, boss. Harry and I can see the dark circles under your eyes. I just want to help out more."

Great. My staff thought I looked like a zombie.

I couldn't help it. I walked over and hugged her tight.

"Thanks hun. You and Harry do more than your fair share around here. I can't ask you to do more than that. I already don't pay you guys enough!" I could feel the sob in the back of my throat and swallowed it down. I would not cry- at least not until I was all alone.

This business was my life. My dad died when I was four and my mom was now remarried and lived in Germany with her new husband. We were never close. As soon as I turned twenty five, I got the money my dad invested for me and started the bakery. Now with the two malls opened up nearby within the past year, business had slowed down considerably, even in this popular commercial area. It seemed like people felt more inclined to walk through the malls than down the shops on the sidewalk. I was barely covering my mortgage and ensuring my staff was paid on time as it was.

I pushed away from Dana.

"Come on! Enough with the mushy stuff." I sniffed, starting up the deep fryer for the donuts. "Customers will be in soon."

**

Lucian De Angelis surveyed the streets below him twelve stories down, his hands tucked in the pockets of his navy blue suit exposing the crisp white shirt under it. He had long since removed his matching tie, which was now carelessly thrown on his desk. The case he was working on was getting complicated. Not only was his client lying to him, but he had a feeling Ivan Francovich was into some really nasty, really illegal stuff.

He ran a hand through his jet black hair, messing up the normally tidy waves that hung slightly over his forehead and down the back of his collar.

A knock on his door had him turning his head sharply.

"Luc."

Aidan Callaghan, Lucian's best friend and business partner walked in and took a seat. Aidan and Lucian had met in law school and after working in separate firms for a few years, decided to start up their own law firm "Callaghan and De Angelis". Where Lucian was dark, Aidan was fair, from his blonde hair to the color of his skin.

"Did you even go home last night?" Aidan asked him, leaning forward to clasp his hands together. His light grey eyes took in Luc's unruly appearance.

Lucian sighed.

"Francovich is giving me hell." He took his seat behind his desk and leaned back, his blue eyes sharp despite the lack of sleep.

"No sign of the missing daughter?" Aidan queried then, leaning back as well.

Lucian picked up a pen and tapped his notepad where a series of notes were scribbled.

"My sources tell me that not only is Francovich a big player in the human trafficking ring, but that he sold his own daughter as well."

Aidan's back stiffened.

"We have to let this go Luc. Give the police the information. This is not what we do."

Lucian sighed and nodded. Aidan was right of course. There was not much they could do at this point except share what they knew with the police. Hell, they specialized in corporate law. Francovich had initially come to them when his business was under investigation for money laundering and while that was still a stretch for them, they took the case having been referred by a mutual friend.

"Are you going to the Greenwood Museum Charity dinner thing tonight?" Aidan asked, pretending to be nonchalant as he switched topics.

Lucian raised a dark eyebrow.

"Clearly you already know that I am. Cat told me she asked you and you refused her."

It was Aidan's turn to sigh.

"Luc, I love your sister as if she were my own-"

Lucian let out a short laugh.

"You certainly don't look at her as if she were your sister." He cut in.

Aidan frowned at him.

"It won't work. I've told her that a million times. She just doesn't listen."

"That's because she's in love with you. She always has been."

Aidan fidgeted in his chair.

"Alright I'm done. I won't interfere." Lucian said standing and reaching for his tie. He had to admit, it was entertaining to watch his sister, Catarina and Aidan cross paths. It was the only time he ever saw his best friend get nervous and confrontational. He knew Aidan was in love with her. He just hadn't admitted it to himself yet.

"Are you coming tonight?" Lucian asked him as he deftly re-tied his tie.

Aidan grimaced.

"I wasn't planning on it but I told Cat I was already going with someone else."

Lucian laughed.

"Your grave pal."

**

The morning rush had died down and the display cases were more than halfway empty. I closed the cash register with a click and watched as Dana refilled the coffee mugs of the remaining two customers in the shop.

Thinking I could use one myself, I went to the coffee station to fill up a mug of my own.

My cell started ringing then, the voice of Will I Am and Britney blaring loudly. Not only was the song catchy, but I was guaranteed to hear when my phone rang amongst the din of the café.

"Hello." I balanced the phone between my ear and shoulder while I filled the mug.

"Good morning gorgeous."

I smiled instantly.

"Hey Chad, you stopping by for breakfast?" I asked, walking back to the kitchen with my mug.

Chad Whitcombe was my best friend and favorite person in the world. We met at college when we both started studying business then Chad dropped out to study medicine instead, which we both realized was his passion. He was now well on his way to becoming a successful surgeon raking in more money than I could ever dream of having.

"I would stop by more if you agreed to let me become a silent partner." He chastised, his voice was playful yet I could tell he was serious.

I rolled my eyes and put my mug down on the counter. Chad knew my situation with the bakery and always insisted on helping out.

"You know I can't take your money." I told him. It was an age old argument for us. I was sure he thought he was wearing me down. When in truth, it was the opposite.

"It won't be like that. It will be a loan, Aria." He tried again, "You can pay me back every penny whenever you want to."

I knew he would never take any money from me so I changed topics.

"How's Royce?" I mentioned the name of Chad's current boyfriend.

"Ugh. I don't think that's going to work out." Chad said drolly. "He wants us to go out more in public. You know how I feel about that."

I nodded to myself, knowing he couldn't see me.

"Chad, it's going to have to happen someday." I told him, "You can't keep this a secret for much longer. Not if you want to be happy."

"I'm not ready yet, Ari" He sounded so sad, "Which is why I wanted to ask you to come with me to a charity dinner thing I'm going to tonight."

That was Chad. Using me as his escort to any social functions so as to 'blend' in.

"Chad.."

"I've already bought your dress!" He gushed, "You will look incredible in it. You have to say yes."

I sighed knowing I was going to give in yet again.

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Dance With The Devil - Free Novel by ShalaM

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I WAS RUNNING LATE again. Aria Cassidy was usually never late. Normally I would be up at five, be in the bakery at five thirty and have my scrumptious muffins in the oven by six, just in time for my dependable morning customers.

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Easy
You have completed this test.

Correct answers: 10/10.

Your score is 100%.

Check your answers:

1Gap 1

g. However, other people’s jobs are more important than ever!
correct

2Gap 2

h. But Covid-19 has taught us that those kinds of jobs aren’t secure.
correct

3Gap 3

a. For many years, people such as parents and carers have wanted the opportunity to work from home.
correct

4Gap 4

d. Maybe managers didn’t trust their workers to work from home, or maybe the computer equipment wasn’t available.
correct

5Gap 5

i. Fewer people were going to the cinema and the theatre because they were expensive.
correct

6Gap 6

c. During lockdown, more people have got used to getting entertainment from their home screens.
correct

7Gap 7

f. They will want to go to bars and nightclubs, and events like music festivals.
correct

8Gap 8

b. Some have had financial problems and will never open again.
correct

9Gap 9

j. It’s easier to find the thing you want to buy, and you don’t have to spend time and money travelling.
correct

10Gap 10

e. Maybe town centres will become centres of art, culture, entertainment and business.
correct

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How will life be different after Covid-19? – A2 English reading test - Test-English

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Reading comprehension test for pre-intermediate students (CEFR A2 level). This reading test can help you prepare for Cambridge A2 KEY (KET), IELTS (3.5), or TOEIC (225 - 545).

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The Great Train Robbery

The UK's best-known robbery took place on 8, August, 1963, when over two million pounds was stolen from a night mail train 50km from London. It is a crime that has passed into English folklore and has been the subject of countless books and movies.

Some months before the raid, a gang of professional criminals had received a tip-off from a postal worker that large quantities of used banknotes would be on the train. Such a prize proved irresistible, and they planned a military-style operation to get the money which even the police thought was brilliantly planned.

Stopping the train in the middle of the night with a false red signal, they unloaded the money bags into trucks and drove to a remote farmhouse which they had bought six weeks earlier.

Here they shared out the loot, and the following day went their separate ways. But problems arose when a man they had paid to clean up the farmhouse cheated them and failed to show up. As a result, the gang's fingerprint s were left at the farm.

Meanwhile, media attention put the police under intense pressure to make arrests. The robbers were all professional criminals, so they became prime suspects.

By Christmas, most of the gang had been caught, and two months later they were sentence d to over 300 years in prison. Many people were sympathetic to the robbers and thought the jail terms were too long. In the event none served more than 15 years while some managed to escape. Very little of the money has ever been recovered.

The Brink's Mat robbery

Pic:
bullion Vault (CC BY)
On 6, November, 1983, six gunmen robbed a high-security warehouse near London airport in Britain's biggest ever armed robbery. Let into the building by an inside accomplice, they threatened to kill the guards if they didn't open the vaults.

Here, instead of the £3 million cash they were expecting, they stumbled upon £26 million worth of gold bars awaiting transit abroad. Hardly able to believe their good luck, they cram med the 3 tons of gold into their elderly van (designed to carry 900kg) and with its floor almost touching the ground, drove away.

When the story hit the news, the gold price increased and the loot gained another £1 million in value overnight. But the robbers had bitten off more than they could chew. They had no idea how to dispose of the bullion and had to get help from other criminals to turn the gold into cash.

Meanwhile, the police quickly narrowed down their list of suspects and found that one of them was the brother-in-law of a security guard at the warehouse. In 1984 two men were jailed for 25 years; the security guard got 6 years.

The rest of the gang were never caught, but arguments over the disposal of the bullion arose, and gangland shootings related to the robbery have continued to this day.

Much of the gold was melted down and turned into jewellery. But a third of the haul, worth £10m, has never been found.

The Hatton Garden safe deposit burglary

Pic:
Ptone805 (CC BY)
It was the biggest burglary in English legal history: £14 million in cash, jewels and valuables, stolen from a safe deposit facility in central London over the Easter weekend in 2015.

It soon became clear that the heist was the work of seven, mainly elderly, men - the oldest was 76 - suffering from medical conditions that included diabetes and a heart problem. But the 'Bad Grandpas' were veteran criminals with histories stretching back to the 1960s.

On the evening before the Easter holiday, they entered the building and abseil ed down a lift shaft to the basement, at one point activating an alarm. Fortunately for them, the police failed to respond.

They then drilled a hole through the half-metre wall of the vault, only to find their way blocked by a huge metal cabinet weighing over a ton. Two of them gave up and went home, but the others drove off to find a power tool that could push the cabinet over and returned the next day to finish the job. They eventually left with the contents of 73 safe deposit boxes stuff ed into dustbins.

But carelessness was their undoing, and they were picked up on CCTV. The police then bugged their cars and listened to them chatting about their plans to spend the money. All were subsequently arrested and jailed.

Of the money, only around £4 million has been recovered. Some of the robbers, who have now served their sentences, have been jailed a second time for refusing to reveal where it is hidden.

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Three English robberies | Reading comprehension exercise

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Three English robberies - Reading comprehension exercise for students of English. 754 words. Intermediate B1-B2. Three 250-word texts on the best-known UK robberies since WWII: the Great Train Robbery, the Brink's Mat robbery and the Hatton Garden safe deposit burglary. PDF download with reading comprehension and vocabulary exercises.

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Where is the stomach located?

Your stomach sits in your upper abdomen on the left side of your body. The top of your stomach connects to a valve called the esophageal sphincter (a muscle at the end of your esophagus). The bottom of your stomach connects to your small intestine.

How big is your stomach?

The size of the stomach varies from person to person. Your stomach expands when full and deflates when empty. Because of this, your stomach size can vary depending on how recently and how much you have eaten.

What are the parts of the stomach's anatomy?

Your stomach has five distinct sections:

The cardia is the top part of your stomach. It contains the cardiac sphincter, which prevents food from traveling back up your esophagus.

The fundus is a rounded section next to the cardia. It's below your diaphragm (the dome-shaped muscle that helps you breathe).

The body (corpus) is the largest section of your stomach. In the body, your stomach contracts and begins to mix food.

The antrum lies below the body. It holds food until your stomach is ready to send it to your small intestine.

The pylorus is the bottom part of your stomach. It includes the pyloric sphincter. This ring of tissue controls when and how your stomach contents move to your small intestine.

What is the stomach's structure?

Several layers of muscle and other tissues make up your stomach:

Mucosa is your stomach's inner lining. When your stomach is empty, the mucosa has small ridges (rugae). When your stomach is full, the mucosa expands, and the ridges flatten.

Submucosa contains connective tissue, blood vessels, lymph vessels (part of your lymphatic system) and nerve cells. It covers and protects the mucosa.

Muscularis externa is the primary muscle of your stomach. It has three layers that contract and relax to break down food.

Serosa is a layer of membrane that covers your stomach.

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Stomach: Anatomy, Function, Diagram, Parts Of, Structure

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Your stomach is a small organ in your upper abdomen. It produces acids and enzymes to help you digest food.

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A Short But Incredibly Wise Parable of Socrates | Parable "Three Sieve"

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Mixed Conditional IF Exercise - GrammarBank

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Mixed conditional if grammar exercise with answers -- Check your answers at the bottom of the worksheet.

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Common mistakes by non native - numeral noun compound

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Common mistakes by non native - numeral noun compound

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One of the most common errors I see, even among advanced non-native English speakers, is pluralizing the noun element of a numeral-noun compound—saying things like “a ten-feet pole” instead of “a ten-foot pole”.

In English, multiple words can be used together to form a compound adjective, or adjectival phrase, which are often hyphenated. One type of hyphenated compound adjective is the numeral-noun combination, which bewilderingly always has a singular noun, even if the number suggests that it should be plural.

Numeral-noun adjectives are extremely common, and commonly deal with length, distance, or time. A few examples are as follows:

a ten-foot pole

a five-mile walk

#10yearchallenge

a six-foot-tall man

thirty-year mortgage

three-day weekend

six-month contract

three-act play

three-piece suit

three-piece band

fifteen-piece orchestra

three-car garage

two-parent household

two-time champion

three-course meal

million-dollar deal

twelve-mile beach

five-step process

five-year mission

the seven-year itch

five-year-old child

40-year-old virgin

a fifty-page essay

a five-minute conversation

(Exceptions to the rule are the Hundred Years’ War and the expression “two weeks’ notice”, neither of which is hyphenated and both of which use the plural possessive form—although both are commonly written without the apostrophe.)

This form of compound is also extremely productive, meaning that while some of the examples listed above are set phrases, new numeral-noun compounds can be (and frequently are) formed using the same model.

While native speakers will always produce these compounds with the noun in the singular form, even very advanced non-native speakers often mistakenly pluralize the noun element of the compound, resulting in expressions like “a two-hours waiting period” (which is wrong). This is especially confusing because in many languages the closest translated equivalent would have the noun in the plural form, as it is even when the expression is reworded in English: “a waiting period of two hours”.

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What mistake do non-native English speakers make even if they speak English well?

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Answer (1 of 45): One thing that comes naturally to English speakers but is a struggle for non-English speakers is "noun and verb syllable stress." I first noticed it when I was studying abroad and my very highly educated professor would place the wrong stress on the words analyze and analysis.

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Common mistakes by non native - prepositions, pronounciation

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Common mistakes by non native - prepositions, pronounciation

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Some others have pointed out that first language interference means that it depends on the first language of the learner. It is quite hard to point to a single issue of grammar or vocabulary that is a common mistake for high-level speakers who have different first languages. On the other hand, there are some areas that are universal or nearly universal.

One such area is the use of prepositions. These are notoriously tricky when learning almost any language, as they are often used quite differently. For example: in the park, at the park, on the park, by the park. Depending on your particular language, any of these might be right. In English, in or at can be right, but on is wrong, and by has a totally different meaning than on or at. Prepositions don’t have anything like a 1 to 1 correspondence between almost any two languages (though perhaps if those languages are both quite similar - they might match up quite well). This is true for most languages. Even if there is a good relative match-up between two sets of prepositions in two languages, there will be scores of examples where something totally alien is used. And thus, people have a great deal of difficulty mastering them in almost any language. They’ll make some (sometimes very elementary) mistakes even at high levels. I have advanced students who leave out “to” when they say “listen.” You end up with “I listen music when I cook.” They forget the dependent preposition because there isn’t one in their native language. Or they say “in first street,” when they mean “on first street,” which is a big difference because with the former you might be hit by a car and with the latter there’s probably a lot less chance of that happening.

Another is pronunciation of the “th” sounds. The reason for this is that very few languages have these two phonemes. As a result, most people who have a different first language have great difficulty producing these sounds. To them, they sound like s and z (Europeans and Slavs), or like t and d (Asians), and thus they produce them this way when they speak, and you end up with something like, “zis is ze most sotful book I’ve read zis year,” or “dis is de most totful book I’ve read dis year.”

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One thing that comes naturally to English speakers but is a struggle for non-English speakers is “noun and verb syllable stress.” I first noticed it when I was studying abroad and my very highly educated professor would place the wrong stress on the words analyze and analysis.

Consider the difference between the bolded words:
He played the new record. (noun)
She will record her new song next month. (verb)

Exact same spelling, but the noun form has it’s stress on the first syllable, RE-cord versus the verb form having it’s stress on the second syllable re-CORD.

Other similar words:

increase / decrease
Noun: INcrease "There's been an increase in the number of students."
Verb: inCREASE "Numbers are increasing."

Noun: DEcrease "We've seen a decrease in the bird population."
Verb: deCREASE "Numbers are decreasing every year."

discount
Noun: DIScount "Is there a discount on this?"
Verb: disCOUNT "They discounted the theories."

refund
Noun: REfund "I'd like a refund please."
Verb: reFUND "We'll refund you 50%."

permit
Noun: PERmit "Do you need a permit to fish here?"
Verb: perMIT "They won't permit her to leave the country."

conflict
Noun: CONflict "They're reporting armed conflict in the area."
Verb: conFLICT "His opinion conflicted with hers."

contest
Noun: CONtest "She entered a beauty contest."
Verb: conTEST "They contested the results."

insult
Noun: INsult "Your offer is so low it's an insult."
Verb: inSULT "Don't insult me!"

protest
Noun: PROtest "There's a student protest today."
Verb: proTEST "They're protesting against cuts."

rebel
Noun: REbel "He was a rebel when he was younger."
Verb: reBEL "He rebelled against authority."

rewrite
Noun: REwrite "That's a rewrite of an old song."
Verb: reWRITE "She rewrote her story."

update
Noun: UPdate "We've got some updates for you."
Verb: upDATE "We're updating our files."

upgrade
Noun: UPgrade "They got an upgrade on the flight."
Verb: upGRADE "It's time to upgrade our computer."

invite
Noun: INvite "I received an invite to her party."
Verb: inVITE "They invited us to their house."

misprint
Noun: MISprint "There's a misprint in the book."
Verb: misPRINT "He misprinted the word."

insert
Noun: INsert "Put a couple of inserts in this text."
Verb: inSERT "He inserted a few words into her paragraph."

survey
Noun: SURvey "Let's do a customer survey to find out."
Verb: surVEY "They surveyed over 1000 people."

contrast
Noun: CONtrast "There's a big contrast between you two."
Verb: conTRAST "He contrasted the two pictures."

detail
Noun: DEtail "It's just a minor detail."
Verb: deTAIL "The story details their struggle with poverty."

escort
Noun: EScort "You'll need an escort to get through security.
Verb: esCORT "He escorted her out of the door."

reject
Noun: REject "This is one of the rejects from the factory."
Verb: reJECT "He rejected her advice."

upset
Noun: UPset "The victory was an upset in the championships."
Verb: upSET "He upset her with his cruel remarks."

compound
Noun: COMpound "They lived in a compound."
Verb: comPOUND "Current policy is just compounding problems."

contract
Noun: CONtract "Have you signed the contract?"
Verb: conTRACT "The economy is contracting."

conduct
Noun: CONduct "The conduct of the student was unacceptable."
Verb: conDUCT "They're conducting an inquiry."

object
Noun: OBject "He treats her like an object."
Verb: obJECT "She objected to the proposals."

subject
Noun: SUBject "What subjects do you study?"
Verb: subJECT "She was subjected to harsh criticism."

present
Noun: PREsent "He gave her a present."
Verb: preSENT "He's going to present his findings."

project
Noun: PROject "They're working on a project."
Verb: proJECT "He projects himself well."

refuse
Noun: REfuse "The refuse collectors are on strike."
Verb: reFUSE "He refused permission."

desert
Noun: DEsert "They went travelling in the Sahara desert."
Verb: deSERT "The soldiers deserted their post."

Source: Noun and verb syllable stress

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Anil Seth: Your brain hallucinates your conscious reality

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Right now, billions of neurons in your brain are working together to generate a conscious experience -- and not just any conscious experience, your experience of the world around you and of yourself within it. How does this happen? According to neuroscientist Anil Seth, we're all hallucinating all the time; when we agree about our hallucinations, we call it "reality."

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Paws and claws (Words for parts of animals) - About Words - Cambridge Dictionary blog

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Are you an animal lover? Expand your English vocabulary by learning this range of words we use to talk about parts of animals.