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a group of layers to which a mask is applied.

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allows users to alter their object or selection in a variety of ways, such as scale, rotate, distort, or flip (mirror).

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the spacing between individual letters or characters.

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The vertical space between lines of type

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the process of loosening or tightening a block of text.

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designed to assist users in defining and refining the selected portion of the canvas.

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ocuses soft edges in a photo to increase clarity or focus.

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allows you to paint blur effect on specific areas of an image.

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darkens areas of an image.

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allows you to lighten specific areas of your image without affecting hue or saturation.

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works on color saturation.

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simulates a brush smearing wet paint.

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removes the part of an image surrounding the selection.

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You draw it across a line that's supposed to be straight, and then Photoshop will do the actual straightening for you.

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allows you to create more advanced color fills for interesting effects and a higher degree of control.

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allows you to create gradual changes of color and light across an image with power and precision.

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allows you to add horizontal text to your images.

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allows you to move your image while you're zoomed in to more than 100% and part of the image is out of view.

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used to zoom in and out of an image.

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allows you to paint on any layer, much like a real paintbrush.

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enables you to create selections of rectangular shapes,

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allows you to quickly and easily select one area or section of an image.

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allows us to easily draw freeform selection outlines based on straight-sided polygonal shapes.

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This tool selects areas based on color similarity.

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helpful for drawing a free-form border around a selected object within an image.

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allow you fix imperfections, like scratches, wrinkles, dust spots, etc., causing them to disappear into the surrounding image.

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magically removes unwanted spots, marks, or small objects in your image.

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copies pixels from one area and applies them to another.

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can be used to retouch your photos.

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allows you to move a selection or entire layer by dragging it with your mouse or using your keyboard arrows keys.

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The difference in brightness between light and dark areas of an image.

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allows photographers to increase the intensity of muted colors while leaving saturated colors untouched.

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The Hue/Saturation command adjusts the hue (color), saturation (purity), and lightness of the entire image or of individual color components in an image.

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used for general color correction.

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allows you to increase or decrease the vibrancy of the colors when you drag right or left.

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A scrim is a device used in the film and television industries, as well as by photographers, to modify properties of light.

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In photography and cinematography, a reflector is an improvised or specialised reflective surface used to redirect light towards a given subject or scene.

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Advanced Photo System type-C is an image sensor format approximately equivalent in size to the Advanced Photo System film

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A full-frame sensor is most simply deﬁned by its sheer size—36 mm by 24 mm

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the ratio of the dimensions of a camera's imaging area compared to a reference format

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an image stabilization technology that minimizes blur caused by camera shake.

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A fisheye lens is an ultra wide-angle lens that produces strong visual distortion intended to create a wide panoramic or hemispherical image.

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a lens with a longer focal length than standard, giving a narrow field of view and a magnified image.

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a lens of fixed focal length.

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a lens suitable for taking photographs unusually close to the subject.

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uses three colors that are evenly spaced around the color wheel.

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a photograph composed of two combined and overlaid images.

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high dynamic range (HDR) photography and the effects it can create for your photos.

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"Straight Out Of Camera"

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PPI (Pixels per Inch) refers to the number of pixels that make up every inch of a digital image. It's used to describe image resolution on a screen, rather than in print. DPI, meanwhile, refers to number of dots in every inch and is generally used for print purposes.

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the number of image pixels assigned to each inch when an image is printed.

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the proportional relationship between an image's width and height.

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removes the part of an image surrounding the selection.

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roups of tools used to edit and manipulate your image.

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where Photoshop holds the many tools we have to work with.

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Display a visual representaion of your workshop.

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produces a baseline from which all other colors are measured.

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helps you override automatic exposure adjustments your camera makes in situations with uneven light distribution, filters, non-standard processing, or underexposure or overexposure.

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hows how much your set exposure values deviate from the levels the camera believes are optimal.

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when you bracket your shots you take exactly the same picture of your subject at several different exposures.

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what the camera uses to focus on a subject.

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a chemical process used in photography which changes the appearance of black-and-white prints to brown.

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a darker border - sometimes as a blur or a shadow - at the periphery of photos.

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the lightest elements in an image.

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The Tonal Range That Lies Between The Extreme Highlights And Shadows, Lending A Sense Of Depth, Dimension, And Naturalness To A Photograph.

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the dark areas where a light source is blocked by an object.

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it takes a series of readings in zones that cover the entire frame and then calculates the overall average exposure value.

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a shooting mode in still cameras where several photos are captured in quick succession by either pressing the shutter button or holding it down.

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uses the center of the frame to base the exposure on.

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covers only the centre 6.2% of the frame in the viewfinder, thus providing precise metering only for the subject.

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evaluates light around the chosen focus point or centre of the frame.

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he very center tone between absolute back and absolute white.

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a photographic technique that combines a slow shutter speed with camera motion to create a sense of speed around a moving object.

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the art of creating photos by setting long exposure times on a camera and using a moving light source to “paint.”

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photographing of a slow and continuous process at regular intervals, for projection at a higher speed

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the technique in which the camera's shutter is left open during a somewhat lengthy period of time

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the act of accidentally shaking a camera during shooting due to unsteady hands, which results in blurry images.

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similar to tripods but they have a single leg instead of three.

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the purposeful streaking or blurring of an object in motion in a photo for visual effect.

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holds shutters open for as long as a photographer depresses the shutter-release button.

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the speed at which the shutter of the camera closes

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the camera selects and sets both the shutter speed and the aperture.

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a shooting mode whereby the photographer sets the shutter speed, while the camera automatically sets the Aperture.

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the photographer selects a specific aperture value and the camera autoselects the proper shutter speed based on how much light it detects.

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when the photographer manually sets the aperture, ISO and shutter speed all independently of each other in order to adjust exposure

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It gives your camera complete control over its various settings, including the ISO, the aperture, the shutter speed, the autofocus mode, and even the flash.

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Determined when the lens is focused at infinity.

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The distance between the nearest and furthest elements in a scene that appear to be "acceptably sharp" in an image.

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The effect of a soft out-of-focus background that you get when shooting a subject, using a fast lens, at the widest aperture, such as f/2.8 or wider.

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the opening of a lens's diaphragm through which light passes.

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The "aperture" opening of a camera lens, which allows light to come in.

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A certain type of visual distortion.

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The visible silver crystals in a film negative's emulsion.

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A device that allows the camera to convert photons – that is, light – into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the device.

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An arbitrary rating of film speed.

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A standard set by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) that represents sensitivity to light as a numerical value.

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the change in the direction of the intensity level of an image.

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a style of photography that relies on the use of one color, in one or more shades, to create an image.

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colors opposite one another on the color wheel