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any transparent areas of the clipping mask layer will mask out those same areas of any layers 'clipped' to it. In simpler terms, if you create a clipping mask from a circle and clip a photo to it, any parts of the photo outside the circle will be hidden.

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The transform tool is used to edit both layer transforms and transform layer contents directly on the canvas. It also allows layers to be selected by simply tapping them on the canvas.

"Ctrl+T"

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leading is a technique with a function to adjust letters or words vertically

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Kerning is the process of adding or subtracting space between specific pairs of characters

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Tracking is the process of loosening or tightening a block of text

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multiple controls for refining all the edges of a selection. The Radius slider can often be useful to improve soft edges, such as foliage or hair. The Shift Edge slider expands or contracts the selection edges and can be useful to remove edge fringes

Command + Option + R

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focuses soft edges in a photo to increase clarity or focus. Oversharpening a photo gives it a grainy look.

Shift+U

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softening the edges and details of an image, creating a smoother appearance. It allows you to paint blur effect on specific areas of an image.

R

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darkens areas of an image. The more you paint over an area with the Burn tool, the darker it becomes. From the toolbar, click and hold the icon for the Dodge, Burn, or Sponge retouching tool, whichever is active

O

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allows you to lighten specific areas of your image without affecting hue or saturation. Select the Dodge tool (O) . Use the Options bar to customize tool settings, like brush size, range, and exposure, to get the effect you want

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Open your image and select the Sponge Tool (O), paints a layer with highly textured areas of contrasting color. You can set the brush size, definition, and smoothness.

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allows you to mix or blend the content in an area of your image. It is included among the program's Focus tools and works a lot like painting in real life.

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allows you to select an area of a photo and remove or crop everything outside the selected area. Select the Crop tool (C) . Use the Options bar to customize tool settings, like setting the aspect ratio or width and height values, to get the effect you want.

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check the tool menu at the top of the interface. You should see a set of crop-specific options, such as Ratio, Delete Cropped Pixels, and a handy little Straighten icon

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Paint Bucket tool (G) from the toolbar. If you can't find the Paint Bucket tool, click and hold the Gradient tool to show the other related tools, and then select the Paint Bucket tool. In the tool options bar, choose to fill the selection with the foreground color.

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allows you to create gradual changes of color and light across an image with power and precision.

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creates a selection of the text rather than live text (T)

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allows you to move your image while you're zoomed in to more than 100% and part of the image is out of view. Select the Hand tool (H) from the tool bar or press and hold the spacebar key to temporarily switch to the Hand tool.

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Click the magnifying glass in the toolbar to access the Zoom tool, and then click on the specific area you want to zoom in on

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This tool allows you to paint freehand, add color, refine layer masks and make dozens of other changes to your images

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used for making rectangular selections in an image. Just like the Elliptical Marquee tool which makes circular selections, click and drag to create a rectangular area. By holding down the Shift key, you can create a perfect squar

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allows you to quickly and easily select one area or section of an image.

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what you use when you need to select an unusual, angled shape

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automatically selects an object or area of your image, using machine learning to discern what you might be trying to select

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helpful for drawing a free-form border around a selected object within an image. It allows you to soften the edges of your selection or add a feathering effect

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allows you fix imperfections, like scratches, wrinkles, dust spots, etc., causing them to disappear into the surrounding image. They work very much like the cloning tools. You sample pixels in one are of an image, then paint over another area replacing it with the sampled pixels

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magically removes unwanted spots, marks, or small objects in your image. Photoshop selects and replaces pixels from another part of your image to blend in seamlessly.

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copies pixels from one area and applies them to another. Think about it as “copying and pasting,” but you're “pasting” the content by painting.

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if you want to remove something distracting from the background of an image or even out an area that appears irregular, such as acne on a model's face, you're going to want to use this tool.

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The move tool allows you to move a selection or entire layer by dragging it with your mouse or using your keyboard arrows keys

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Contrast is the range of brightness, from lightest to darkest, in an image. A high-contrast image will have very bright highlights and very dark shadows.

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Vibrance is primarily used when working with images that have people. Portrait editing usually requires vibrance. While vibrance is used with certain nature images like flowers or landscapes, it's just to add a subtle brightness without a lot of intensit

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Hue refers to the dominant wavelength of light that the human eye interprets as color, but you can think of it as the basic color on the color wheel. Saturation describes the intensity of the color. And lightness refers to how light or dark the color is

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Color balance changes the overall mixture of colors in an image and is used for color correction. Generalized versions of color balance are used to correct colors other than neutrals or to deliberately change them for effect

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Saturation describes the intensity of the color. And lightness refers to how light or dark the color is. A grayscale or black-and-white photo has no color saturation, while a full-color photo of a field of sunlit wildflowers might be extremely saturated

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A scrim is a material placed between your light source and your subject that either reduces light or diffuses (and reduces) light.

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A reflector is a photography tool used to redirect light to a subject or scene. It doesn't create light; rather, it redirects light that is already there.

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APS-C cameras use a smaller area to form the image than traditional 35 mm cameras, and so lenses used on APS-C format cameras have a correspondingly narrower field of view

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A full-frame camera is an SLR or mirrorless camera with a full-frame sensor. This allows you to take sharp photos in low-light situations. Another advantage of a full-frame sensor is that the image doesn't get cropped

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Crop factor is the ratio of a camera sensor's size to a 35mm film frame. Use it to calculate effective focal lengths and compare lenses between DSLRs. Crop factor is a term that describes the difference between your camera's sensor size and a traditional 35mm film frame

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Layer masking is a nondestructive way to hide parts of an image or layer without erasing them. They're great for making image composites, modifying background colors, removing or cutting out objects, and targeting your edits so they affect only certain areas, rather than the entire layer

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A thumbnail is a small image representation of a larger image, usually intended to make it easier and faster to look at or manage a group of larger images

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Photo metadata is a set of data describing and providing information about rights and administration of an image. It allows information to be transported with an image file, in a way that can be understood by other software and human users

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A digital single-lens reflex camera is a digital camera that combines the optics and the mechanisms of a single-lens reflex camera with a solid-state image sensor and digitally records the images from the sensor

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an image stabilization technology that minimizes blur caused by camera shake

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an ultra-wide-angle lens that is designed for shooting wide angles generally 180 degrees.

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type of photography that brings distant subjects closer with the use of long focal lengths

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a fixed focal length photographic lens (as opposed to a zoom lens), typically with a maximum aperture from f2. 8 to f1. 2

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a special type of camera lens that has the ability to work with very short focusing distances, taking sharp images of very small subjects

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The last hour before sunset and the first hour after sunrise

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that moment just before sunrise or after sunset when the sun dips below the horizo

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A triadic color scheme uses three colors that are evenly spaced around the color wheel. For example, the three primary colors form a triadic color scheme: red, yellow, and blue

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technique that layers two different exposures on a single image, combining two photographs into one

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high dynamic range. Put simply, it's the range of light and dark tones in your photo

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PSD stands for Photoshop Document, which is an image format that supports layers of graphics in a single file. It is mostly used for working with layers of graphics and saving the projects that can extend up to 2 gigabytes in file size

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A Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) file is a lossy raster file format that compresses an image to make the file smaller. JPEG files are some of the most popular and widely used image formats in the world

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PNG is short for Portable Network Graphic, a type of raster image file. It's particularly popular file type with web designers because it can handle graphics with transparent or semi-transparent backgrounds

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contain uncompressed and unprocessed image data, allowing photographers to capture practically every detail they see in their viewfinder. The RAW file format stores the largest amount of detail out of any raster file type, which photographers can then edit, compress, and convert into other formats

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A file format is a standard way that information is encoded for storage in a computer file

the 4 primary file types: document, image, video, and audio

three most common image file formats in photography are JPEG, TIFF, and different RAW files

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simply meaning that an image can be good enough to print straight from the camera without further processing.

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PPI describes the resolution in pixels of a digital image whereas DPI describes the amount of ink dots on a printed image. Though PPI largely refers to screen display, it also affects the print size of your design

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resolution is the level of detail contained in an image. More specifically, it refers to the number of pixels that exist within that image

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The aspect ratio is the proportional relationship between an image's width and height.

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To “crop” an image is to remove or adjust the outside edges of an image (typically a photo) to improve framing or composition, draw a viewer's eye to the subject, or change the size or aspect ratio.

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a horizontal menu at the top of the main Photoshop window that lets you customize a tool.

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where you'll access different commands to use in Photoshop. For example, from the File menu, you can open and save files. The Image menu allows you to make various adjustments like image size, while the Filter menu gives you access to more advanced tools and effects

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groups of tools used to edit and manipulate your image

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is where Photoshop holds the many tools we have to work with. There are tools for making selections, for cropping and retouching images, for adding shapes and type, and many more

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You can save a current size and position of panels as a uniquely named workspace and restore that workspace even if you move or close a panel.

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A white card is usually used for judging exposure when shooting.

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helps you override automatic exposure adjustments your camera makes in situations with uneven light distribution, filters, non-standard processing, or underexposure or overexposure.

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In Manual mode, the exposure level indicator shows how much your set exposure values deviate from the levels the camera believes are optimal,

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when you bracket your shots you take exactly the same picture of your subject at several different exposures. This technique gives you a range of options to choose from when you're editing.

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Autofocus points are what the camera uses to focus on a subject.

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a chemical process that converts the metallic silver in the emulsion of a photographic print into a silver sulfide compound. This changes the color of the resulting image and makes the photo more resistant to environmental pollutants.

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a darker border - sometimes as a blur or a shadow - at the periphery of photos.

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the lightest elements in an image

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The Tonal Range That Lies Between The Extreme Highlights And Shadows, Lending A Sense Of Depth, Dimension, And Naturalness To A Photograph

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Shadows change shape, intensity, and even color along with the angle, direction, and temperature of light; are the dark areas of an image

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middle gray or middle grey is a tone that is perceptually about halfway between black and white on a lightness scale; in photography and printing, it is typically defined as 18% reflectance in visible light.

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the mostly used automatic metering mode in everyday photography and can be applied in most shooting scenarios. As its name suggests, it takes a series of readings in zones that cover the entire frame, and then calculates the overall average exposure value

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measures the average brightness of the entire screen. If you shoot directly into the sunlight or the subject is not in the center of the image, you may need to use exposure compensation.

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covers only the centre 6.2% of the frame in the viewfinder, thus providing precise metering only for the subject. When the background is brighter than the subject due to reasons like back lighting, this metering mode is particularly useful. It is useful for back-lit shots or tiny subjects.

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evaluates light around the chosen focus point or centre of the frame. This provides a precise reading from a very small area of the scene, which means it can be a very effective choice for high-contrast situations

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a shooting mode in still cameras where several photos are captured in quick succession by either pressing the shutter button or holding it down. This is used mainly when the subject is in successive motion, such as sports photography.

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a photographic technique that combines a slow shutter speed with camera motion to create a sense of speed around a moving object

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the art of creating photos by setting long exposure times on a camera and using a moving light source to “paint.”

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Time lapse is a technique where frames are shot much slower than a normal rate (e.g., 24 frames per minute instead of per second). This allows the action to progress much faster than in reality

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the technique in which the camera's shutter is left open during a somewhat lengthy period of time

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the act of accidentally shaking a camera during shooting due to unsteady hands, which results in blurry images. This generally occurs more often if you're shooting on a low shutter speed or with a heavy lens, and can be avoided by using a tripod and cable release setup

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a portable stand,used as a platform for supporting the weight and maintaining the stability of some other object. A tripod has three legs. A monopod is a camera support with one leg

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motion blur is the purposeful streaking or blurring of an object in motion in a photo for visual effect

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Bulb Mode is an exposure setting that is used when seeking to use a shutter speed of more than 30 seconds. Generally, this would be used in extremely low light situations, such as taking photos of the night sky.

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the speed at which the shutter of the camera closes. A fast shutter speed creates a shorter exposure — the amount of light the camera takes in — and a slow shutter speed gives the photographer a longer exposure.

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the photographer selects an aperture, and the camera chooses an appropriate shutter speed based on the available light.

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when a photographer manually designates a shutter speed for a given exposure, and the camera automatically chooses an appropriate aperture and ISO setting to go with that shutter speed.

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Manual mode means you're in charge of adjusting everything

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the mode that is almost still like auto, but you can change where the camera sits the two principle settings, aperture and shutter speed. When you change your settings, it will adjust both aperture and shutter speed to suit the scene that you are pointing the camera at

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In automatic modes the camera determines all aspects of exposure, choosing exposure parameters according to the application within the constraints of correct exposure, including exposure, aperture, focusing, light metering, white balance, and equivalent sensitivity.

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the effect of a soft out-of-focus background that you get when shooting a subject, using a fast lens, at the widest aperture