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The Columbian Exchange was a trade network between Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas. It aided in spreading crops and food such as maize, potatoes, and squash. Because of this, food that was traded for helped supplement lost food from famines, which made food more abundant and diversified the average person’s diet.

This led to the introduction of desires to and from the Americas, one of the main diseases from the Americas being syphilis

The population declined for centuries after contracting European diseases, killing millions and causing the decline of empires

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Began in the 1500s after the European workforce died from various diseases.

Approximately 12 million people were lost in Africa from the slave trade.

The word ‘slave’ originated from ‘slav’, which was a group that came from Europe and was enslaved by the Muslims.

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One cause of enlightenment was the increasing abundance of resources and the introduction of new ones, such as coffee, tea, chocolate, and tobacco.

The introduction of foods from the Americas helped end famines in Europe, perpetuating the idea of ending famine in general and the idea that not all people would have to starve.

Europeans also traveled to various countries where they learned ideas that helped form the European Enlightenment.

Enlightenment highlighted honesty, inquisitiveness, and openness in people, and aimed to focus on the world rather than religion.

Enlightenment also led to the creation of texts such as the encyclopedia which shared technical drawings and other writings and scripts.

During the time Enlightenment had been introduced, people who were under the suspicion of 'heresy' or atheism were tortured and murdered by the Catholic church.

Enlightenment spread the idea of abolishing slavery because of the ideals of universal freedom and human rights.

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Black in Latin America: Brazil - Video Response

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Black in Latin America: Brazil - Video Response

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In the video, there were various examples of resistance to enslavement, but Capoeira was one example that stuck out to me the most. Capoeira is a mixture of dancing and fighting originally used by enslaved people to easily switch from practicing combat to dancing. I found this powerful because, during this time, enslaved people were often abused, or even beaten to death so having a means of defending yourself was vital. I was also amazed by the ways enslaved people used song and dance throughout the world to aid them in defending themselves or even escaping plantations.

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A Spanish conquistador named Hernán Cortés sacked Tenochtitlán in 1521, where it was renamed Mexico City.

The motivations for attacking Tenochtitlán are seen by historians today as to spread Christianity, to gain resources such as gold, and to gain fame from their homeland.

The conversion of the Americas was often seen as a 'conquest', but was more accurately described by historians as a negotiation leading to an exchange of elements between the two religions. Many Aztec locals already highlighted similarities between Catholicism and their religion.

Many Aztec people converted to gain the protection of priests against conquistadores and avoid enslavement, along with this, converted indigenous people were given a better position in society, and therefore, many saw it as an opportunity.

"Our Lady Guadeloupe" is a shrine that was created by a man who claimed to have witnessed a vision of the Virgin Mary, who directed him to build a shrine and church.

Catholic missionaries often re-used Indigenous symbols and practices to gain converts in the Americas.

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The Silk Roads were a 'relay trade', or where goods would change owners many times before reaching their destination.

The Silk Road began after China extended its authority to the West in an attempt to control the Xiongnu along with accessing their horses.

The Silk Road's trading networks gained popularity when large states provided security and protection for merchants and travelers, such as the Roman and Chinese empires.

After silk was originally imported, the demand skyrocketed, leading to the knowledge being brought from China in the sixth century C.E.

After the creation of silk became much more common, it was used as a currency in Central Asia and a symbol of high status. Because silk was not being produced in Europe, it became a symbol of status there as well.

During the second century C.E., a group called the Sogdians established a trade network of merchants who dominated the Silk Road for the first millennium C.E., leading to their language becoming extremely common among the communal network.

The Silk Roads also led to the spread of Buddhism to the West and China, as monasteries were built along the Silk Road network by Buddhist merchants, which both provided a place of rest and worship to travelers.

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Western Europe was distinctive among other early modern empires, as it conquered territories that were across the ocean from the mainland, rather than adjacent.

During this time, Europe encompassed most of the discovered Americas.

After 1200, European elites were determined to gain access to the world of Eurasian commerce, which led to the discovery of the Americas.

Many people who were often persecuted in their mainland fled to the frontiers of the Americas.

Europeans had advantages in mapmaking and navigational equipment, helping them bring and offload supplies from the Americas. Europeans also had the advantage of many diseases, which led to millions of deaths in the Americas, which they exploited to gain land.

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Before the French Revolution, there were 100 years of conflict between the French and British Empires

Many of the causes of the French Revolution were economic inequality, the social effects of The Enlightenment, and the desacralization of the Monarchy, or in simple terms the monarchy losing its influence on France

After supporting America in its revolution, France was bankrupt, leading to high taxes for the lower class and a loss of popularity for the monarchy.

“The Third Estate”, means the community as a whole.

The first revolution was referred to by historians today as “The Radical Revolution”, where a large portion of the time under this government was called the “Reign of Terror” because of a collection of executions during the rule of the new government

Napoleon was seen as a very complicated individual during the time, as he did many actions that could be labeled as ‘radical’, but also created laws and restrictions seen as  ‘conservative’

Napoleon was exiled to St. Helena in 1815 after his defeat in Waterloo.

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Slaves were abundant in Latin America, leading to extremely low quality of life and life expectancy for Latin American slaves.

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The Casta System in Latin America was a racial hierarchy that had white Spaniards on the top, and Africans and indigenous people on the bottom.

There was a different Racial Hierarchy in Saint Domingue, which had 'Grands blancs', or rich white people above 'Petits balncs', or poor white people with slaves at the bottom of the hierarchy.

Haiti gained independence in 1791, under the leadership of Boukman

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From 1750-1840, there was a series of revolutions in Latin America and the Caribbean, both inspired by stories of each other and the ideas from the Enlightenment thought

The effects of colorism in Latin America from the casta system still shape modern Latin America today.

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Is an idea that recognizes the existence of distinct national groups (however defined);

Nationalism is a political program that seeks to make nations self-governing