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Oregon Field Guide | Season 36 Episode 3: Elwha River rebounds after dam removal

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Oregon Field Guide | Season 36 Episode 3: Elwha River rebounds after dam removal

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Witness the Elwha River’s recovery 12 years after dam removal.

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Oregon Field Guide | Elwha River rebounds after dam removal | Season 36 | Episode 3

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Witness the Elwha River’s recovery 12 years after dam removal.

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John McCoy (lulilaš) Since Time Immemorial: Tribal Sovereignty in Washington State Curriculum

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John McCoy (lulilaš) Since Time Immemorial: Tribal Sovereignty in Washington State Curriculum

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This unit features four lessons from the Freeing the Elwha Curriculum

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Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction

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Legacy for Us Today Elwha Historical Era 1780 - Present STI Unit Overview The Freeing the Elwha Curriculum is an inquiry and standards based, integrated curriculum designed to guide middle school students in understanding the natural and manmade processes involved in river restoration. The removal of two dams from the Elwha River began September 2011, and is historic as it is the biggest dam removal project in the world. The Elwha River flows through the beautiful Olympic National Park, in Washington, and is unique in having been largely protected from adverse human impacts. When the dams come out, the Elwha River will once again host its famous salmon runs. The curriculum focuses on this historic event. Unit Instructional Materials The following instructional materials accompany all of the lessons Ancient Peoples Euro-History & Elwha Elwha Dam Removal Elwha River Ecosystem and Fisheries Restoration Act Video: When the Salmon Run Dry (not included with the Since Time Immemorial Curriculum) When the Salmon Run Dry Questions STI Essential Questions What were the political, economic, and cultural forces that led to the treaties? What are the ways in which tribes respond to the threats and outside pressure to extinguish their cultures and independence? Standards for Social Studies, English Language Arts, Environmental and Sustainability Education, and Social Emotional Learning Elementary US History - Unit 3 OSPI-Developed Assessments for Social Studies What’s the Big Idea? Unit Developed By Shana Brown (Yakama descendent) Based on lessons adapted from the National Park Service Freeing the Elwha Curriculum.

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NPS Exploring Elwha River Ecosystem video series

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NPS Exploring Elwha River Ecosystem video series

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Each module introduces the natural and manmade phenomenon that contribute the scope of this historic dam removal project to students through real world applications. These anchoring events are intended to engage students and launch a storyline of series of coherent lessons that build towards an understanding of the NGSS Performance Expectations bundled within a topic.

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Elwha Educational Videos - Olympic National Park (U.S. National Park Service)

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The Exploring Elwha River Ecosystem video series was designed around an anchoring phenomenon that focuses on the big ideas of science that occur within the Olympic Ecosystem and the Elwha Ecosystem Restoration Project. The video series introduces the natural and manmade phenomenon that contribute the scope of this historic dam removal project to students through real world applications. These anchoring events are intended to engage students and launch a storyline of series of coherent lessons that build towards an understanding of the NGSS Performance Expectations bundled within a topic. A student’s goal within a module should always be to gain information and evidence towards developing an explanation, model, or designed solution for the anchoring phenomenon. As Ranger Josh and Ranger Christeal reveal clues around the anchoring phenomenon, students interact with the “mystery” and generate new questions that lead to next steps in the storyline. The development of a storyline is designed to address all three dimensions of the Next Generation Science Standards.

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Explore whether the widespread impacts to river ecosystems caused by the presence of dams can be reversed, in this lesson plan from GBH. Students study fish populations in the Elwha River—specifically, anadromous salmon and trout species that migrate upriver from the sea to spawn—to develop an argument about ecosystem recovery in the initial years following dam removal.

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Investigating the Elwha River Ecosystem Recovery Lesson Plan | H2O: The Molecule That Made Us | PBS LearningMedia

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Explore whether the widespread impacts to river ecosystems caused by the presence of dams can be reversed, in this lesson plan from GBH. Students study fish populations in the Elwha River—specifically, anadromous salmon and trout species that migrate upriver from the sea to spawn—to develop an argument about ecosystem recovery in the initial years following dam removal.

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Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe Natural Resources Department Programs

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Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe Natural Resources Department Programs

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LEKT Natural Resources Department assists the Tribe to protect, enhance, & restore land, air, and water resources, and environmental health for generations to come. Our programs promote the protection of cultural resources, unique tribal interests and treaty rights. We serve the tribal community and promote sustainable community development.​

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Habitat Restoration | Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe

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The Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe conducts habitat restoration projects in multiple watersheds along the north Olympic Peninsula. The projects are identified through habitat monitoring programs (See Fisheries and Wildlife pages) and watershed analysis. Once identified, the Tribe seeks grant funding to construct the projects. The tribe has an award winning restoration crew consisting of both ...READ MORE

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Bibliography of Elwha River research publications

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Zotero is a free, easy-to-use tool to help you collect, organize, cite, and share research.

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Initial responses of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to removal of two dams on the Elwha River, Washington State, U.S.A.

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Initial responses of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to removal of two dams on the Elwha River, Washington State, U.S.A.

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Pess et al. 2024 | Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution

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Coastal vegetation responses to large dam removal on the Elwha River

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Coastal vegetation responses to large dam removal on the Elwha River

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Perry et al. 2023 | Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution

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Nearshore subtidal community response during and after sediment disturbance associated with dam removal

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Nearshore subtidal community response during and after sediment disturbance associated with dam removal

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Rubin et al. 2023 | Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution

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The Elwha River: Landscapes of Recovery (usgs.gov)

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The Elwha River: Landscapes of Recovery (usgs.gov)

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A ten-year retrospective geonarrative emphasizing impacts of dams on society.

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Alice C. Kojima, Peter Pearsall, ppearsallusgs.gov

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A USGS Geonarrative Exploring the Elwha River Restoration, Ten Years On

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An educational storymap highlighting ecological recovery.

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The Elwha dam was a poorly built, unlicensed dam that took far too long to remove, but represents a stunning ecological restoration example.

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A storymap focused on fish and the watershed.

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Salmon return to Washington's Elwha River after the removal of two century-old dams

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The power of a logjam: A vision of the Northwest’s rivers of old

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The power of a logjam: A vision of the Northwest’s rivers of old

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Nov 2024 Seattle Times article about engineered log jams in the lower Elwha River.

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The power of a logjam: A vision of the Northwest’s rivers of old

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A mighty heap of logs can provide many benefits to salmon and people along the Lower Elwha River.

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PBS Wild Hope Special Collection Episode | The Beautiful UnDammed

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PBS Wild Hope Special Collection Episode | The Beautiful UnDammed

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Ten years after the largest dam removal in history—on the Elwha River, in Washington State—scientists are chronicling an inspiring story of ecological rebirth. Recovering salmon populations are transferring critical nutrients from the ocean into the forests along the Elwha’s banks, enriching the entire ecosystem. The Elwha’s revival is encouraging advocates to push for the removal of many larger dams in the region, and in the rest of the world.

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Undamming a river, rebuilding a forest | WILD HOPE

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Fishery on Elwha rewards tribe’s long push for river restoration

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Fishery on Elwha rewards tribe’s long push for river restoration

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KNKX Public Radio article about historic subsistence Elwha River Coho fishery 2023

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Fishery on Elwha rewards tribe’s long push for river restoration

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Members of the Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe harvested about 200 coho salmon from their home river in October – fewer than expected, but it marked a milestone for river restoration and a new subsistence fishery.

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Jessica Plumb & John Gussman |

"Return of the River" offers a story of hope and possibility amid grim environmental news. It is a film for our time: an invitation to consider crazy ideas that could transform the world for the better. It features an unlikely success story for environmental and cultural restoration.

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Return of the River - A documentary film about the Elwha River, the removal of its dams and the restoration of an ecosystem.

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A documentary film on the removal of the Elwha River dams, and the changes it will bring to the ecosystems and the people of the North Olympic Peninsula in Washington State

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Removing a dam involves more than impressive explosions. Releasing a river like Washington state's Elwha transforms the landscape and restores important pathways for native fish.

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Undamming the Elwha follows the journey of the Elwha River from the day it was dammed to the day it was set free once again. This KCTS Television original documentary is a co-production of KCTS Television and EarthFix.

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How the Elwha River Was Saved | Nautilus article 

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How the Elwha River Was Saved | Nautilus article 

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The inside story of the largest dam removal project in US history.

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The inside story of the largest dam removal project in US history.

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The Memory of Fish is an award-winning documentary portrait of one man, the wild salmon he loves, and his fight to free a river.

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Dick Goin and his family have been fed by the Elwha River’s salmon since migrating to Washington’s Olympic Peninsula during the Dust Bowl. Dick has never forgotten his debt to the fish — who have been steadily disappearing.

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Park scientists work with academic partners, as well as federal, state, and tribal agencies to study and monitor park resources. Discover the history and science the Elwha River dam removals.

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Historic image of a woman holding a salmon on the banks of a river.
NPS Photo

American expansion spurred a continual demand for lumber. The growth of the logging industry in the region brought rapid change to the Olympic Peninsula and specifically to the Elwha River with the construction of two dams. The Elwha and Glines Canyon dams were built in the early 1900s, generating hydropower to supply electricity for the emerging town of Port Angeles and fueling regional growth on the Peninsula. However, construction of the dams blocked the migration of salmon upstream, disrupted the flow of sediment downstream, and flooded the historic homelands and cultural sites of the Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe.

For over a century, the web of ecological and cultural connections in the Elwha Valley were broken - then the river's story changed course. In 1992, Congress passed the Elwha River Ecosystem and Fisheries Restoration Act, authorizing dam removal to restore the altered ecosystem and the native anadromous fisheries therein. After two decades of planning, the largest dam removal in U.S. history began on September 17, 2011. Six months later the Elwha Dam was gone, followed by the Glines Canyon Dam in 2014. Today, the Elwha River once again flows freely from its headwaters in the Olympic Mountains to the Strait of Juan de Fuca.

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Elwha River Restoration - Olympic National Park (U.S. National Park Service)

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American expansion spurred a continual demand for lumber. The growth of the logging industry in the region brought rapid change to the Olympic Peninsula and specifically to the Elwha River with the construction of two dams. The Elwha and Glines Canyon dams were built in the early 1900s, generating hydropower to supply electricity for the emerging town of Port Angeles and fueling regional growth on the Peninsula.

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Does large dam removal restore downstream riparian vegetation diversity? Testing predictions on the Elwha River, Washington, USA

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Does large dam removal restore downstream riparian vegetation diversity? Testing predictions on the Elwha River, Washington, USA

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Brown et al. 2022 | Ecological Applications

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Ecological Applications - 2022 - Brown - Does large dam removal restore downstream riparian vegetation diversity  Testing

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Reconnecting the Elwha River: Spatial Patterns of Fish Response to Dam Removal

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Reconnecting the Elwha River: Spatial Patterns of Fish Response to Dam Removal

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Duda et al. 2021 | Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution

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Rapid Recolonization and Life History Responses of Bull Trout Following Dam Removal in Washington's Elwha River

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Rapid Recolonization and Life History Responses of Bull Trout Following Dam Removal in Washington's Elwha River

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Brenkman et al. 2019 | North American Journal of Fisheries Management

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N American J Fish Manag - 2019 - Brenkman - Rapid Recolonization and Life History Responses of Bull Trout Following Dam

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The Impacts of Dam Construction and Removal on the Genetics of Recovering Steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Populations across the Elwha River Watershed

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The Impacts of Dam Construction and Removal on the Genetics of Recovering Steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Populations across the Elwha River Watershed

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Fraik et al. 2021 | Genes

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The rapid return of marine-derived nutrients to a freshwater food web following dam removal

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The rapid return of marine-derived nutrients to a freshwater food web following dam removal

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Tonra et al. 2015 | Biological Conservation

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Morphodynamic evolution following sediment release from the world’s largest dam removal

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Morphodynamic evolution following sediment release from the world’s largest dam removal

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Ritchie et al. 2018 | Nature

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Benthic Invertebrates and Periphyton in the Elwha River Basin: Current Conditions and Predicted Response to Dam Removal

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Benthic Invertebrates and Periphyton in the Elwha River Basin: Current Conditions and Predicted Response to Dam Removal

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Morley et al. 2020 | Northwest Science

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Check CCD's event's page regularly to find out about upcoming opportunities to help with restoration efforts, such as revegetation (plantings) on the Elwha River and elsewhere in the watershed.

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Volunteer Opportunities — Clallam Conservation District

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Volunteer Event - Elwha River - Planting Log Jams

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Washington Native Plant Society Volunteer opportunities 

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Washington Native Plant Society Volunteer opportunities 

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Olympic National Park

Calling volunteers! Get your hands dirty with Elwha River Restoration Revegetation Project by assisting with native seed collection, growing and caring for native plants at Olympic National Park's nursery, and replanting former Lake Mills.

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Fill out this form with your interests, skills and availability so that when relevant opportunities come up, we can contact you directly!

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River Restoration Self-Guided Field Trip Resource

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River Restoration Self-Guided Field Trip Resource

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The removals provided a unique opportunity for Washington Sea Grant (WSG) to fund and collaborate with scientists to study what happens after a dam is removed. This downloadable PDF created by WA SeaGrant and edited by the Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe's Natural Resources Department with directions and background information about three sites on the lower Elwha River to learn about the history of dam removal. Click here for more information about this project.

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The Northwest Fisheries Science Center’s Elwha River Restoration Project provides a unique opportunity to study ecosystem restoration at a watershed scale.

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The Northwest Fisheries Science Center’s Elwha River Restoration Project provides a unique opportunity to study ecosystem restoration at a watershed scale.

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U.S. Geological Survey | Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center

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U.S. Geological Survey | Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center

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The Elwha River Restoration Project has reconnected the water, salmon, and sediment of a pristine river and coast of the Olympic Peninsula of Washington.

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USGS science supporting the Elwha River Restoration Project | U.S. Geological Survey

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The Elwha River Restoration Project has reconnected the water, salmon, and sediment of a pristine river and coast of the Olympic Peninsula of Washington.

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The Western Washington Fish and Wildlife Conservation Office is part of a network of field stations located throughout the nation that works to conserve fish and aquatic resources. Over 300 biologists from the Arctic Circle to the Florida Keys monitor and control invasive species; protect imperiled species; evaluate native fish stocks and their habitats; and work with our partners to solve problems.

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Western Washington Fish and Wildlife Conservation Office

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The Western Washington Fish and Wildlife Conservation Office is part of a network of field stations located throughout the nation that works to conserve fish and aquatic resources. Over 300 biologists from the Arctic Circle to the Florida Keys monitor and control invasive species; protect imperiled species; evaluate native fish stocks and their habitats; and work with our partners to solve problems.

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Visit the Elwha River Restoration Chronolog stations

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Visit the Elwha River Restoration Chronolog stations

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These repeat photo stations located on the lower reaches of the river are documenting landscape change following restoration activities. Contribute observations today to support this long-term monitoring effort.

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Elwha River Restoration: Ranney Reach at Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe Natural Resources | Chronolog

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The historic removal of two hydroelectric dams on the Elwha river returned not only upstream access for fish, but restored natural processes that support salmon habitat in the lower river, such as th…

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Elwha Nearshore Benthic Community Surveys

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Elwha Nearshore Benthic Community Surveys

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Monitoring changes in the Elwha nearshore

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monitoring changes in the Elwha nearshore

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posted Feb 12, 2024

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Coho Surveys: That’s a Wrap! | Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe

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LEKT Natural Resources Department have been conducting annual Redd surveys on rivers and streams within the Tribe’s Usual and Accustomed Fishing areas since the early 1990’s. These areas contain over 400 miles of potential salmon spawning and rearing habitat, but it is not possible to sample every reach. The survey effort that begins in November ...READ MORE

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posted May 31, 2023

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Each spring, when the creeks and rivers begin to swell again, Steelhead and Coho parr (young salmon between the stages of fry and smolt) are preparing to migrate. This process is known as smoltification, which is characterized by the development of the shiny, silvery scales that will externally distinguish them as so-called 'smolts' but also involves other complex physiological changes, such as increased salinity tolerance and olfactory imprinting, which are critical to their success in the oceanic phase of their life cycle.

And all hands are on deck at Natural Resources to support the Fisheries team in monitoring these juvenile salmonids as they begin their journeys from freshwater to the Strait of Juan de Fuca and beyond.

Rotary screw traps are installed on the Elwha River mainstem, Little River and Indian Creek (tributaries to the Elwha) beginning in January, which will remain in place until July, sometimes as late as August depending on stream flows, in order to capture the full species spectrum of fishes leaving the Elwha River watershed; these metrics are used to help assess the recovery of naturally produced populations following dam removal. But understanding fish population dynamics in LEKT's Usual & Accustomed Fishing Areas also means keeping track of systems independent of the Elwha that also feed into the Strait and ultimately the Salish Sea and Pacific Ocean.

To do so, the Fisheries team also places fence weir traps on Deep Creek, East and West Twin Rivers, as well as Salt Creek. These traps can require up to 20 people in order to carry out the physically demanding work required for installation. Maintaining these traps, in addition to those on the Elwha, among a small team is a coordinated effort that sometimes takes a full day. Additional support from volunteers or department staff other than Fisheries technicians and biologists can be important during peak migration times. Every day, a team of 2-3 will identify and each fish that has been collected overnight before releasing them back into the system below the trap. Once a week, to assess growth rates, lengths and weights are taken on 20 fish of each species and age class.

Though exhausting, this extra time in the field is necessary to collect the data that will best inform management and policy decisions, as well as the long-term effectiveness of restoration efforts. But population estimates alone can't capture the big-picture connections between species or among species and with their environment. One parameter that can help project biologists define these relationships is diet.

In addition to enumerating fish, the Fisheries team also collect samples of what smolts are eating while they are in the lower reaches of the Elwha River. Using a technique called gastric lavage, the stomach contents of a small sample of fish are emptied out by flushing water into their stomach with a tube. The result of this stomach pump will be preserved, analyzed and compared to food that is available to them. The process is not lethal to the fish (just leaves them perhaps a little hungry), but provides critical information to address research questions, such as potential competition between hatchery reared and wild spawned fish that are present in the estuary simultaneously.

Just before reaching the ocean, smolts linger in the boundary that separates it from their familiar freshwater homes - the estuary. The fluctuating physical and chemical properties of this habitat is reflective of the transitional stage the fish themselves are in, but provides critical food to support their final development as smolts prepare to grow into adult fish. The often turbid waters of estuaries reflect the sediment rich bottom that is home to a diverse array of macroinvertebrates that thrive on the nutrients flowing downstream as well as cycled with ocean tides. These estuarine benthic communities are the foundation of the food chain for juvenile salmonids migrating through, as well as other resident species.

Understanding exactly what food is available in the estuary to these young, growing salmonids is another large project that occurs over three separate weeks during the late spring and summer that also requires many hands and long hours. Up to 25 sediment samples are collected from the Elwha River estuary, returned to the lab and then processed by hand. This effort is less physically demanding than installing smolt traps, but requires great attention to detail. The collection of critters that is picked, sorted and identified will ultimately be compared to the identifiable contents of smolt stomachs collected across the season.

It will take several more seasons of field effort and years of observations to generate a complete picture, but each year sheds light on the next steps toward ecosystem recovery.

"Balance is not a passive resting place-it takes work, balancing the giving and the taking, the raking out and the putting in." ― Robin Wall Kimmerer, Braiding Sweetgrass

To learn more, visit the LEKT Natural Resources Department Fisheries page. If you are interested in helping the Fisheries team with these monitoring efforts in the future, please complete our Volunteer Interest Form, so that we can add you to our database and connect you with upcoming opportunities.

Written by: Chelsea Behymer, LEKT/ACE Elwha Science Outreach Coordinator
Header Image: Smolts captured in the West Twin River fence weir. courtesy of Mel Elofson

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Monitoring Smolts: It's All Downstream From Here | Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe

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Each spring, when the creeks and rivers begin to swell again, Steelhead and Coho parr (young salmon between the stages of fry and smolt) are preparing to migrate.

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posted May 2, 2023

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Elwha River: Tributaries & Volunteers | Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe

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Just West of the Elwha River, near the new bridge construction on Highway 101, I join Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe (LEKT) Natural Resources Department staff, Clallam Conservation District (CCD) organizers and local volunteers who are gathered around a trailer full of young plants. Recovering pre-dam salmon habitat in the Elwha valley goes beyond the Elwha ...READ MORE

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posted March 14, 2023

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Student Volunteers Collect Water Temperature Data | Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe

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Long-term Elwha River Temperature Monitoring Depends on Enduring Partnerships Text and photos by: Chelsea Behymer & Sarah Morley On a soggy Saturday morning in January, a group of Environmental Science and Civil Engineering undergraduate students from Seattle University are greeted by NOAA research ecologist Sarah Morley at the Olympic National Park boundary gate adjacent to ...READ MORE

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Elwha River at Mcdonald BR Near Port Angeles, WA

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Monitoring location 12045500 is associated with a Stream in Clallam County, Washington. Current conditions of Discharge and Gage height are available. Water data back to 1897 are available online.

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Habitat, Fish, Food Web, and Isotope datasets published post dam removal

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In 2014 the Elwha River returned to its free-flowing state with the removal of two hydroelectric dams. Together, these dams blocked 90% of the watershed to fish migration and sediment passage, and altered an ecosystem and cultural landscape for close to a century. After decades of lobbying by the Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe and allies, the United States Congress passed the Elwha River Ecosystem and Fisheries Restoration Act in 1992.(continued below)

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NOAA Fisheries Elwha Stream Temperatures App 

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NOAA Fisheries Elwha Stream Temperatures App 

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This app shows thermal metrics relative to river sampling sites and tributaries.

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Empirical observations of stream temperature were collected through a collaborative effort. Data loggers were installed, maintained, and downloaded by individuals from the following organizations over the years. Thank you for your contribution in making these data accessible to all interested parties.