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Oral language refers to the way one communicates via spoken word. Through spoken words, people can convey their thoughts, ideas, and feelings to others. Oral language also includes one's ability to listen and understand spoken words. Development in speaking and listening is crucial to reading and writing skills, and this often takes place early in a person's life.

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The development of oral language, primarily speaking and listening, is crucial to developing reading and writing skills. Children are wired to be able to listen and talk about complex texts. Research has shown that those children with greater listening comprehension, typically have greater reading comprehension as they age (Fisher & Frey, 2020). Therefore, students must be given as many opportunities as possible to enhance their oral language skills while in school.

One way to help grow students' oral language skills is to set aside time every day for collaborative, academic conversations (Fisher & Frey, 2020). This means students engage in conversations that utilize academic language, which is typically more complex and requires a deeper understanding of words, phrases, and their meanings. Students will have to listen closely to comprehend and be able to appropriately respond to those words and phrases.

Another effective way to enhance oral language skills and develop reflection skills is an activity called "Debrief Circles." In this activity, there are speakers and listeners and they are to collaboratively reflect on a previous lesson or activity. Below is a link to a video that explains this activity in more detail:

https://vimeo.com/100438366

Again, this activity will help students acquire a deeper understanding of words and phrases and be able to listen closely.

While many students dislike them, presentations are another great way to develop oral language skills (Fisher & Frey, 2020). Speaking, especially in front of an audience, can be quite intimidating for many students. However, presenting information is a competency that all students need to have as they move on to higher levels of school and in their future careers. Presenting will sharpen skills such as maintaining eye contact with others, speaking in a loud enough voice so others can be heard, the enunciation of words, and using academic vocabulary (Fisher & Frey, 2020). Listening skills can also be improved by having students provide feedback and answer related questions about the presentation.

-Education, E. L. (2022, May 19). Debrief circles-teaching channel deeper learning series. Vimeo. Retrieved May 21, 2022, from https://vimeo.com/100438366
-Fisher, D., & Frey, N. (2020, July 16). Speaking and listening in content area learning. Reading Rockets. Retrieved May 20, 2022, from https://www.readingrockets.org/article/speaking-and-listening-content-area-learning

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Of the main subject areas, mathematics is often the subject that gets overlooked when it comes to oral language. However, it is arguably the subject that requires the most oral language skills. Mathematics is a language by itself. It utilizes words, phrases, symbols, graphs, charts, tables, and many more. Many of these are used simultaneously in different problems and it requires students to be able to interpret the problem and communicate their answer using those words, symbols, etc. Therefore, the ability for students to comprehend and speak the language of mathematics is of utmost importance for developing mathematical prowess. Below is a link to a National Council of Teachers of Mathematics article which describes a strategy for integrating vocabulary into mathematics instruction:

https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5ffa2c5d6bbc7c34529b4567/t/600a448a5e3e3924148a97f3/1611285643312/Elem_OralLangNeeds.pdf

-Pace, M. H., & Ortiz, E. (2015). Oral language needs: Making math meaningful. Teaching Children Mathematics, 21(8), 494–500. https://doi.org/10.5951/teacchilmath.21.8.0494

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Importance to Equity and Justice for All Learners

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Importance to Equity and Justice for All Learners

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When it comes to oral language, every person has the ability to learn and progress at a high level. As Dr. Patricia Kuhl presents in her TED Talk, which is linked below, children are geniuses when it comes to developing oral language. Up until about age 7, they are able to listen and acquire unbelievable skill in language and communication. They do this mainly by listening to adults speak to them and to others.

https://www.ted.com/talks/patricia_kuhl_the_linguistic_genius_of_babies?language=en

As shown in the other sections, oral language has a lot of impact on academic performance. Young children will be able to make gains in their oral language skills by themselves, but continued development is needed. Also, ELL students will need extra support as they are attempting to learn a whole new language. Therefore, it is imperative that equitable practices are enacted in classrooms, especially at an early age, so that children have the opportunity to build on their initial skills and understandings. Every child deserves those opportunities, and it is the duty of our schools to provide such chances.

-The linguistic genius of babies. (2010). Patricia Kuhl: The linguistic genius of babies | TED Talk. Retrieved May 23, 2022, from https://www.ted.com/talks/patricia_kuhl_the_linguistic_genius_of_babies.

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Phonological awareness refers to one's ability to recognize the different attributes of a spoken language and be able to work with its sounds. A few beginning skills in this area are being able to recognize words that rhyme, the presence of alliteration, and counting syllables in words. The most advanced skill in this area is phonemic awareness, which is being able to think about individual sounds in words (Phonological and phonemic awareness 2020). Gaining efficiency in these areas is extremely important when learning how to read and to pronounce and enunciate words. The linked video describes phonological awareness in more detail.

-Phonological and phonemic awareness. Reading Rockets. (2020, October 16). Retrieved May 21, 2022, from https://www.readingrockets.org/teaching/reading-basics/phonemic

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Phonological awareness is a cornerstone for developing proficient reading skills. If students can reach the highest level of phonological awareness, which is called phonemic awareness, they will be able to segment new words. This is crucial for learning new vocabulary and being able to read more advanced texts. One way to help develop such skills in our students is to find and point out "patterns of rhyme, initial/final sound, onset/rime, consonants and vowels" (Victoria State Government, 2020, para. 8). Words such as "exponent, exponential, and experiment" have the same initial sound. These words can be pointed out through rhyming card games or having students match pictures to words (Victoria State Government, 2020).

Another strategy is to teach students is how to segment words into sounds and blend sounds (Victoria State Government, 2020). When I was little, I remember using magnet letters on the refrigerator to put words together and pull some apart into their separate pieces. This would be a great way to help students learn how to segment and blend sounds. Another way to do this is by finding an interactive online game (Victoria State Government, 2020).

Lastly, it is important to note that older students, such as 4th graders, can also struggle with phonological awareness. The previous strategies can help a lot with these students as well. Additionally, teachers can "rehearse the repetition of phrases and sentences that are being written, to reduce the load on working memory" (Moats & Tolman, 2019, para. 10). All of these strategies will go a long way to helping students gain phonological awareness and make gains in their reading skills.

-Moats, L., & Tolman, C. (2019, August 29). Phonological instruction for older students. Reading Rockets. Retrieved May 23, 2022, from https://www.readingrockets.org/article/phonological-instruction-older-students
-Victoria State Government. (2020). Examples to promote phonological awareness. Retrieved May 27, 2022, from https://www.education.vic.gov.au/school/teachers/teachingresources/discipline/english/literacy/readingviewing/Pages/litfocusphonologicalexample.aspx

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Similar to oral language, phonological awareness is often overlooked in the subject of mathematics. But as addressed in the oral language section, mathematics is a language all by itself. There are words and phrases only used in mathematics. If students can't break apart and understand the words in a word problem, then they won't be able to answer the question. Research shows that phonological awareness does have an impact on math competencies. For example, "In a classic study, Bradley and Bryant (1985) reported that phonological awareness (sound categorization task) assessed in kindergarten not only correlated with reading and spelling (r = .50) but also correlated with math achievement assessed 3 years later (r = .33)" (Krajewski & Schneider, 2009, para. 11). In another study, 5-year-olds were assessed on their phonological awareness by a rhyming task, and it predicted their reading and arithmetic skills a year later (Krajewski & Schneider, 2009). All this shows that phonological awareness is important to developing students in the mathematics classroom.

-Krajewski, K., & Schneider, W. (2009, May 8). Exploring the impact of phonological awareness, visual-spatial working memory, and preschool quantity–number competencies on mathematics achievement in elementary school: Findings from a 3-year longitudinal study. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. Retrieved May 23, 2022, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022096509000599?casa_token=0aTa6dpWMeQAAAAA%3AayKi_C7M4LABKVvHs59m8xJV5h2j_OmD4jLE5E5NmcsBmpURsKwxg1aOXWQI4ZdMkHU_cijhNQA

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Importance to Equity and Justice for All Learners

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Importance to Equity and Justice for All Learners

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As established, phonological awareness can be a predictor of academic success in reading and mathematics. It is a skill that everyone should be able to develop and continue to make progress in as they go through school. Many students can see how words can be broken down early on in their academic careers. Those who may struggle with these skills, such as English Language Learners, can gain proficiency through various activities and strategies outlined in the "Applications" section. Especially in the United States, immigrants arrive knowing little to no English. Phonological awareness is perhaps the most important reading skill to develop when learning a new language. Therefore, it is important for pre-service and active teachers to be aware of strategies they can use to help those ELL students learn the language. If educators don't provide ELL students with the necessary instruction to make progress, it becomes an equity issue. Below is a link to a video depicting a teacher helping her ELL students learn phonemic awareness.

https://youtu.be/5EO1_aR0GNQ

-Teaching Phonics for Reading to English Language Learners - Ell / Esl / Esol | Secret Stories®. (2020). YouTube. Retrieved May 23, 2022, from https://youtu.be/5EO1_aR0GNQ.

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Phonics deals with recognizing letters "represent the sounds of spoken language — and that there is an organized, logical, and predictable relationship between written letters and spoken sounds" (Phonics and decoding 2020, para. 2). In other words, it's being able to see a letter, recall what sound that letter makes, and be able to speak it. This is extremely important when it comes to reading and decoding new words. Decoding refers to one's ability to read printed words and then speak them out. A helpful skill for doing this is having print awareness. This refers to one's ability to understand that "print carries meaning, that books contain letters and words...[and understanding]...what books are used for and how a book "works" — how to turn pages..." (Print awareness 2020, para. 1). Each of these skills works together when students begin to gain proficiency in reading.

-Phonics and decoding. Reading Rockets. (2020, October 31). Retrieved May 28, 2022, from https://www.readingrockets.org/teaching/reading-basics/phonics
-Print awareness. Reading Rockets. (2020, October 16). Retrieved May 28, 2022, from https://www.readingrockets.org/teaching/reading-basics/printawareness

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Phonics is another very important skill that students need to be fluent readers. Recognizing that letters correspond to a sound is the first step in being able to read out loud and communicate ideas. Therefore, it is paramount that phonics skills are taught early. One way to do this is to instruct students on how to recognize and pronounce their short vowels so they can read whole words more effectively. The linked video above is a great example of teaching phonics by matching the sound of a letter to a physical motion that students can remember.

A strategy to help promote print awareness is to incorporate instruction on it during the read-aloud time (Print awareness during read Alouds 2019). For example, teachers can point out the different parts of a book like the front, the pages, and the spine (Print awareness during read Alouds 2019). They can select specific vocabulary from a story that can be discussed and briefly talk about the pictures on each page as well (Print awareness during read Alouds 2019). Little bits of instruction like this will develop students' print awareness quickly.

Lastly, teachers can help students develop their decoding skills by using decodable text sources in their classrooms. The advantage of these is that "decodable texts are carefully sequenced to progressively incorporate words that are consistent with the letter-sound relationships that have been taught to the new reader" (Decodable text sources 2022, para. 1). This provides a systematic way for students to main gains in their decoding skills and it provides teachers a great way to scaffold their learning.

-Phonics and decoding. Reading Rockets. (2020, October 31). Retrieved May 28, 2022, from https://www.readingrockets.org/teaching/reading-basics/phonics
-Reading Rockets. (2019, December 31). Print awareness during read Alouds. Reading Rockets. Retrieved May 28, 2022, from https://www.readingrockets.org/article/print-awareness-during-read-alouds
-The Reading League. (2022, April 15). Decodable text sources. Reading Rockets. Retrieved May 28, 2022, from https://www.readingrockets.org/article/decodable-text-sources

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Mastering Short Vowels and Reading Whole Words with Calista, First Grader

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In a mathematics classroom, phonics and decoding skills are just as important as computational skills. Of the many types of problems that students are presented in mathematics, none are dreaded the most than word problems. These problems often involve a short story that requires the student to read through the paragraph and pick out the important information to solve the ultimate problem. Therefore, phonics and decoding skills are needed so they can sound out unfamiliar words and derive the meaning of the passage. Researchers from Liverpool John Moores University in England found that students "who spend more time learning about the relationship between letters and sounds are better at counting, calculating, and recognizing numbers" (Schwartz, 2020, para. 1). This means that students who practice phonics skills are more likely to develop proficient math skills. What could be the cause of this correlation? One of the authors of the study suggests that vocabulary abilities  and phonics prowess can help students understand "abstract symbolic systems" better (Schwartz, 2020, para. 7). From this, it is easy to see how phonics and decoding competence is just as important as computational skills.

-Schwartz, S. (2020, November 20). Preschoolers who practice phonics show stronger math skills, study finds. Education Week. Retrieved May 29, 2022, from https://www.edweek.org/teaching-learning/preschoolers-who-practice-phonics-show-stronger-math-skills-study-finds/2019/07#:~:text=Preschoolers%20Who%20Practice%20Phonics%20Show%20Stronger%20Math%20Skills%2C%20Study%20Finds,-By%20Sarah%20Schwartz&text=Young%20children%20who%20spend%20more,a%20new%20study%20has%20found.

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Importance to Equity and Justice for All Learners

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Importance to Equity and Justice for All Learners

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Like oral language and phonological awareness before it, phonics is something that all children can learn and should be given the opportunity to learn. Without phonics and decoding skills, students will not be able to gain fluency in reading. As presented previously, research suggests phonics and decoding have a major impact on mathematical achievement. It is evident then that learning phonics is imperative and should be apart of instruction early on. What is the best way to ensure that all students are receiving adequate phonics instruction? A few strategies were pointed out in the "Applications" section of this topic, which could be of some help and be a good starting point. In the linked video above, vice president of Amplify CKLA Susan Lambert presents a systematic approach to phonics instruction and highlights the importance of ensuring equity is at the forefront of such instruction. This video is a great resource that can be used to help teachers understand what phonics is and how to equitably teach it.

-Amplifyeducation. (2018, November 8). Systematic phonics instruction: Ensuring equity in early literacy | CKLA. YouTube. Retrieved May 29, 2022, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nNJridlJylc

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0:00 / 52:55•Watch full video

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Systematic phonics instruction: Ensuring equity in early literacy | CKLA

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The last three sections have been skills that are vital to developing the topic of this section. That is, all of them lead to students gaining fluency. Put simply, fluency is one's ability to "read a text accurately, quickly, and with expression" (Fluency 2020, para. 1). It also involves being able to understand what they are reading and gain meaning from it (Fluency 2020). Those readers who have not become fluent read slowly and might have trouble comprehending what they read (Fluency 2020). Gaining fluency allows for high level thinking and is critical in today's society.

-Fluency. Reading Rockets. (2020, October 16). Retrieved May 29, 2022, from https://www.readingrockets.org/teaching/reading-basics/fluency

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Students should hone their skills in the previous three areas discussed to truly achieve fluency. However, there are some ways to impart knowledge that will allow students to achieve fluency faster. For example, in the linked video above, Linda Farrell guides Xavier in reading multisyllable words. Throughout this video, she checks Xavier's skills in the previous three areas of oral language, phonological awareness, and phonics. Having Xavier read aloud and Linda helping him when necessary is a great way to develop fluency and enhance the skills that are already present. Pairing students up to do partner activities of this kind would be a great strategy to help students achieve fluency. Teaching and helping others is a great way to gain a greater understanding of a topic yourself.

Another strategy to help promote fluency is audio-assisted reading (Audio-assisted reading: Classroom strategy 2022). This can be an individual or group activity in which a fluent reader is recorded reading book and the students read along (Audio-assisted reading: Classroom strategy 2022). As their reading proficiency increases, students can reread the same passage without the recording (Audio-assisted reading: Classroom strategy 2022). This would be a great way to help English Language Learners who are on the cusp of becoming more fluent with their reading.

-Audio-assisted reading: Classroom strategy. Reading Rockets. (2022, March 2). Retrieved May 29, 2022, from https://www.readingrockets.org/strategies/audio_assisted_reading
-Reading Multisyllable Words with Xavier, Third Grader. (2019). YouTube. Retrieved May 29, 2022, from https://youtu.be/5xXEWm-6bnE?list=PLLxDwKxHx1yKg9kZG6NCIjsofK0AUQlqh.

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Reading Multisyllable Words with Xavier, Third Grader

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Since mathematics is a language itself, there is often talk in the realm of mathematics education that students need to develop "mathematical fluency." Mathematical fluency is not unlike reading fluency. It is where students have an understanding of mathematical concepts and can quickly and accurately solve basic problems. However, to gain mathematical fluency, students must simultaneously gain reading fluency. In a study by Reut Balhinez and Shelley Shaul, they aimed to determine the underlying cognitive processes of reading and arithmetic fluency, and if there was any relationship between the two. They discovered that there was a relationship and "the results of the present study suggest that both fluencies share the same underlying cognitive mechanisms" (Balhinez and Shaul, 2019, para. 1). Mathematical fluency and reading fluency go hand in hand and increasing proficiency in one will most likely increase proficiency in the other. Therefore, it is just as important to teach reading fluency in a mathematics classroom. Below is the link to the study.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6555082/#:~:text=In%20today's%20fast%2Dpaced%20society,et%20al.%2C%202018).

-Balhinez, R., & Shaul, S. (2019). The Relationship Between Reading Fluency and Arithmetic Fact Fluency and Their Shared Cognitive Skills: A Developmental Perspective. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 1281. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01281

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Importance to Equity and Justice for All Learners

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Importance to Equity and Justice for All Learners

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While the other skills presented previously are all very important and impact one's fluency, developing and reaching maximum fluency is perhaps the most crucial skill to have for both school and in life. In today's society, many jobs and careers have become professionalized to the point where every employee or worker is expected to have a certain level of fluency. They must be able to communicate, read, and write at a high level to even be considered for the position. Even jobs such as construction workers, who are mainly doing physical labor, still need to be able to communicate properly and quickly when working on a project with others. Any job that doesn't require much fluency will often be a low-paying job. People who come from low socioeconomic backgrounds will have a harder time moving up if they aren't property instructed and learn fluency. Therefore, at the bare minimum, students must leave school with as much development in their reading fluency as possible.

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Comprehension is the main purpose behind why we read in the first place. Comprehension refers to one's ability to read a text, understand it, and make connections to other readings or previously learned knowledge. Like fluency, comprehension is a major skill that needs to be developed and it is crucial for all students to master.

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In everyday life, comprehension is a must. Without it, a person wouldn't be able to read and order the sandwich they may desire from a fast-food restaurant. Since comprehension is such an important skill to have in today's society, students must be given the proper instruction to gain mastery. The video linked above details a cooperative learning activity designed to help students develop comprehension skills. The teacher in the video, Kathy Doyle, uses the "jigsaw strategy" in which students are assigned to a "home group" of 3 to 5 students and are tasked with becoming "experts" in a specific part of a text and then relay it to other home groups (Meier & Doyle, 2012). This is a great stepping stone to being able to understand and retell read information.

A main component of comprehension is being able to summarize a text and retell it (Comprehension 2020). Summarizing consists of picking out main ideas, disregarding irrelevant information, and concisely retell those main ideas (Summarizing: Classroom strategy 2022). Below are a few questions that can be used to help scaffold summarizing for students:

1. What are the main ideas?

2. What are the crucial details necessary for supporting the ideas?

3. What information is irrelevant or unnecessary?

(Summarizing: Classroom strategy 2022, para. 6)

A final strategy to help students gain comprehension skills is to do a "Think-Pair-Share" activity (Comprehension 2020). Students are first presented with a question or problem from a text and are given a moment to think about it individually. Students will then pair up and share their thoughts and feelings with their partners. This activity is effective since every student must individually think about a topic first, then they must be able to express their ideas to another person.

-Comprehension. Reading Rockets. (2020, October 16). Retrieved June 3, 2022, from https://www.readingrockets.org/teaching/reading-basics/comprehension
-Cooperative Learning: The Jigsaw Method. (2012). YouTube. Retrieved June 3, 2022, from https://youtu.be/mtm5_w6JthA?list=PLLxDwKxHx1yLuGsYgW_v43wF3qVGj5LMx.
-Summarizing: Classroom strategy. Reading Rockets. (2022, March 2). Retrieved June 3, 2022, from https://www.readingrockets.org/strategies/summarizing

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As established, the mathematics classroom uses many different words, phrases, symbols, graphs, charts, tables, and much more. Before even beginning any calculations, students must first read and comprehend what a particular problem or situation is presented to them. Word problems are especially dreaded by many students because it requires them to read a short passage, pick out the important information, and then apply their mathematics knowledge to answer the problem. A student may be adequate mathematically, but if they don't understand the questions, they will struggle to apply the mathematical knowledge. Below is a link to a pdf that details many comprehension strategies for mathematics:

http://gabriellec12.weebly.com/uploads/3/7/1/7/37176479/comprehension_and_mathema_1.pdf

Draper, D. (2012). Comprehension Strategies Applied to Mathematics. Northern Adelaide; DECD.

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Importance to Equity and Justice for All Learners

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Importance to Equity and Justice for All Learners

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Like fluency, many of the other reading skills detailed in the other tabs are crucial to being able to comprehend different texts. As discussed in the "Application" section everyday life demands comprehension skills. It is an unavoidable truth. Also, comprehension skills are incredibly important when it comes to academic success. However, more and more students are entering and leaving high school with less and less ability in this area. Because of this, there are consequences like an "increased dropout rate, affiliation with the criminal justice system, unemployment, and reduced income earning power" (Weaver, 2020). In terms of equity and justice for all learners, this is unacceptable. Many believe that by the time students reach high school, they either have the necessary comprehension skills or they don't. However, there are still many ways teachers can help students increase their reading skills as shown in the previous sections. Below is a link to a dissertation that discusses the impact of teaching reading strategies in secondary education and how properly prepared secondary teachers can help students' academic performance:

https://fisherpub.sjfc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1475&context=education_etd

-Weaver, S. D. (2020). Secondary Content Area Teachers’ Perceptions of the Impact of Teaching Explicit Reading Strategies on Reading Comprehension and Student Academic Performance. Rochester; Fisher Digital Publications.

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Vocabulary can be defined as the ability to understand words to communicate appropriately and effectively (Vocabulary 2020). There are four ways that vocabulary can be broken down. These include "listening, speaking, reading, and writing" (Vocabulary 2020, para. 1). The four areas are the different contexts in which vocabulary is needed and one's abilities in each can vary. Learning new words and understanding their meanings is crucial for reading comprehension and communicating ideas.

-Vocabulary. Reading Rockets. (2020, October 16). Retrieved June 8, 2022, from https://www.readingrockets.org/teaching/reading-basics/vocabulary

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Since vocabulary is so important, teachers must know a few strategies to help students hone their skills. While a lot of kids can learn vocabulary through indirect means, such as listening to others, direct instruction can help as well. Some examples include teaching specific content area vocabulary and general word learning strategies like identifying the root words (Vocabulary 2020).

Another great strategy to help students learn vocabulary is to use technology in the form of multimedia. Images and videos can be of great help when students are learning new words. In the article "Using Multimedia to Teach Vocabulary: The Bridge That Leads to Deeper Understanding," Donna Mecca describes how using images helped her students understand a story. She writes, "We had shown the class images of lochs in Scotland and talked about what a glen was, and as a result we could picture the setting pretty clearly" (Mecca, 2020, para. 13). The internet is a great resource to use when looking up unknown things. The picture above is a glen.

Lastly, a word wall is another great strategy that teachers can use to help students learn new vocabulary (Vocabulary 2020). Word walls can be displayed in a visible area of the classroom where new words are added every week. My Spanish teacher in high school utilized a word wall to help us as we were expanding our Spanish vocabulary.

-Mecca, D. (2020, January 3). Using multimedia to teach vocabulary: The bridge that leads to deeper understanding. Reading Rockets. Retrieved June 9, 2022, from https://www.readingrockets.org/article/using-multimedia-teach-vocabulary-bridge-leads-deeper-understanding
-Vocabulary. Reading Rockets. (2020, October 16). Retrieved June 8, 2022, from https://www.readingrockets.org/teaching/reading-basics/vocabulary

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As stated many times before, mathematics is a language. With learning any new language, there are vocabulary words that need to be learned to make any further progress. In mathematics, there are many different vocabulary words for the many different types of math. For example, there are vocabulary words for algebra, trigonometry, geometry, calculus, and the list goes on. While there is some overlap between the different types of mathematics, a lot of it is different. The linked video above goes through a list of important geometry vocabulary words and it includes the very basic words. With so much content vocabulary and not much overlap between different types of math, it is imperative that mathematics teachers emphasize vocabulary in their instruction. Word walls and pairing words to images would be two great strategies to apply to the mathematics classroom to help students increase their math vocab.

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Math Vocabulary: Learn Mathematics Vocabulary Words in English

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Importance to Equity and Justice for All Learners

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Importance to Equity and Justice for All Learners

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As discussed in the previous section, it is vital to learn vocabulary and it is crucial for whatever setting one is in. As students enter the workforce, they will require new vocabulary skills about things like HVAC systems, construction, plumbing, woodworking, and business. Therefore, schools need to provide students with as many opportunities to increase their vocabulary as they can and as quickly as they can. A limited vocabulary hinders all development in reading and comprehension. Many students make strides in their vocabulary without much instruction. However, it can be more difficult for English Language Learners and those who have certain disabilities to learn new words. But this doesn't mean those students should be neglected. In fact, they will just need more direct instruction and opportunities to use new words and interact with other students to help them refine their meaning and usage (Weiser, 2015). The picture above depicts the responsibilities of teachers when they are teaching vocabulary and it is paramount that all teachers are aware of such responsibilities.

-Weiser, B. (2015, June 22). Vocabulary knowledge: Reading comprehension: Council for learning disabilities. Council for Learning Disabilities | The Council for Learning Disabilities (CLD) is an international organization that promotes evidence-based teaching, collaboration, research, leadership, and advocacy. Retrieved June 9, 2022, from https://council-for-learning-disabilities.org/effective-vocabulary-instruction-for-kindergarten-to-12th-grade-students-experiencing-learning-disabilities/

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Writing is defined as "the activity or skill of marking coherent words on paper and composing text" (Oxford languages and google - english). In other words, it is taking verbal language and transferring it onto a document in the form of a written text. Writing is a complex process and it requires many of the previously mentioned skills to effectively communicate one's thoughts and ideas. It often takes years to develop writing skills because it combines so many of the previous skills. However, this makes writing an extremely important skill to master.

-Oxford languages and google - english. Oxford Languages. (n.d.). Retrieved June 9, 2022, from https://languages.oup.com/google-dictionary-en/

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Since writing is such a multifaceted skill, it is paramount that students begin learning the basics as soon as possible so they can become more than proficient come high school graduation. In the linked video above, Ms. Sterkin, a third-grade teacher, has her third-grade class write every day by having them do a writer's notebook (Sterkin, 2013). In these notebooks, the students brainstorm and draft ideas for their writing assignments. Starting this in the third grade and having them do this every day is a great strategy to help students develop their writing skills.

Another strategy that can help students' writing abilities is using writing conferences during revision time (Writing conferences: Classroom strategy 2022). During the writing process, there is often time set aside for other people to read your work and offer suggestions for revision. Arranged revision times are called writing conferences, and they can be done with peers or the teacher (Writing conferences: Classroom strategy 2022). Having this flexibility allows students to get different perspectives on their writing, and they are more likely to have a positive attitude toward revising if their peers suggest something (Writing conferences: Classroom strategy 2022).

A final strategy that I was introduced to in the third grade is the "paragraph hamburger." The "paragraph hamburger" helps students understand all the important parts of a paragraph. The hook sentence is the top bun, the various ingredients in the middle are the supporting information, and the concluding sentence is the bottom bun. This visual representation helped me to understand the organization of a good paragraph and was foundational in developing my writing skills.

-A Room of Writers. (2013). YouTube. Retrieved June 16, 2022, from https://youtu.be/UPIxc7IR2YI?list=PLLxDwKxHx1yJ7JXLfNh-atP4CehGEgFiZ.
-Writing conferences: Classroom strategy. Reading Rockets. (2022, March 2). Retrieved June 16, 2022, from https://www.readingrockets.org/strategies/writing_con

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When people think about mathematics, they often think about numbers, symbols, formulas, and equations. However, the written word is also a fundamental part of mathematics and is demonstrated most in proof-based mathematics. Proofs are often first introduced in Geometry, where students are supposed to prove foundational geometrical theorems and postulates by writing and composing an argument. Proofs are often difficult for students to grasp at first because they must now use their writing skills with their mathematical understanding to craft a coherent argument that proves or disproves a mathematical statement. This type of argumentative writing is a very specific kind of writing that English classes don't address because proofs are discipline-specific writing. Therefore, it is paramount that mathematics teachers are familiar with this kind of argumentative writing and help students develop their writing skills in this area.

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Importance to Equity and Justice for All Learners

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Importance to Equity and Justice for All Learners

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Because writing is such a complex skill, students must be given as many chances to improve their writing skills as possible at all levels of education. In the article "The Importance of Writing Well & How to Grow as a Writer," published by the University of Arizona, the number one reason to improve one's writing is that it has become the number one way we communicate with others  (The importance of writing well & how to grow as a writer: UAGC: University of Arizona Global Campus 2021). Daily, people communicate via text message, email, social media, and many other platforms that require writing skills. As mentioned in the fluency section, writing is an essential career skill that can make a big difference in pay and status. Because of the importance to society and one's career, students who may have dyslexia or a disability that hinders their ability to write must be given every opportunity to increase their proficiency. Utilizing the strategies presented in the "Applications" portion of this section is a great place to start helping those students.

-Member, U. A. G. C. S. (2021). The importance of writing well & how to grow as a writer: UAGC: University of Arizona Global Campus. UAGC. Retrieved June 17, 2022, from https://www.uagc.edu/blog/the-importance-of-writing-well-how-to-grow-as-a-writer#:~:text=Writing%20is%20an%20essential%20job%20skill.&text=Improving%20your%20writing%20helps%20you,step%20to%20getting%20a%20job.